Characteristics and Affinity of Tropical Flora in Southern China

The tropical flora in southern China is represented mainly by three regional flora, i.e. southern Yunnan (southwestern China), southwestern Guangxi (southwestern China) and Hainan Island (southern China). The floristic composition of each is concisely enumerated. Their geographical elements at generic level are analyzed. Furthermore, a comparison of floristic similarities between southern Yunnan and Hainan Island and Malay Peninsula and Brunei of western Malesia is made, based on existing regional flora treatments. The following is concluded: (1) The flora of southern China consists mainly of tropical floristic elements which contribute about 60% at the family level and more than 80 % at the generic level of its total flora. The dominant distribution type of the flora of southern China at the generic level is the tropical Asian distribution pattern. This reveals that the flora of southern China is of tropical nature with a strong tropical Asian affinity; (2) Most of the dominant families from the flora of southern China are also dominant in the Malesian flora. The floristic similarities between the regional flora of southern China and the regional flora of western Malesia are over 70% at the family level and more than 50% at the generic level. This suggests that the tropical flora of southern China belongs to the Malesian floristic region; (3) Situated at the northern margin of tropical Asia, on the other hand it is also obvious that the flora of southern China comprises less strictly tropical elements compared to the Malesian flora, and is consequently only a marginal type of the latter; (4) The close affinity of the flora of southern China to the Malesian flora can be explained by the geological history of southeast Asia.

On Some Dispersed Cordaitean Cuticles from Cathaysian Flora in the Permian of China and Their Significance

Although the research on Cordaites of the Cathaysian Flora in China started early in 1883, the study of the cordaitean cuticles began late in 1991. Up to now, four types of cordaitean cuticles in situ and three types of dispersed ones have been reported from the Cathaysian Flora in China. However compared with the Euramerican Flora, the research work on cordaitean cuticles from the Cathaysian Flora in China is much more insufficient. In this paper, three kinds of dispersed cordaitean cuticles are described in detail from the Permian coal-bearing strata in China. Among these cuticles two kinds are collected from the roof shale of Coal Seam No. A(1) in Shanxi Formation (Lower Permian) in Xinzhuangzhi Coal Mine of Huainan, Anhui Province, southern border of North China Subprovince of the Cathaysian Flora in China. The third one was collected from Coal Seam No. 11 in the top of Longtan Formation (lower Upper Permian) in Dahebian Coal Mine of Shuicheng Mining District, Guizhou Province, South China Subprovince of the Cathaysian Flora in China. Comparison of these three kinds of cordaitean cuticles with the known ones from the Cathaysian Flora in China and from the Euramerican Flora is made. The authors consider that they are all new types of cordaitean cuticles. The significance they bear on palaeobotany is discussed.

An Early Carboniferous Flora of the Huadu Locality from South China:Its Taxonomic Composition,Paleophytogeographical Position and Paleoecological Interpretation

The Huadu flora of Guangdong Province, South China contains the lepidodendrid Lepidodendron shanyangense Wu et He, its putative rhizophore Stigmaria cf. ficoides （Brongniart） Sternberg; sphenophyte s.l. Archaeocalamites scrobiculatus （Brongniart） Stur; bowmanitid Sphenophyllum tenerrimum （Ettingshausen） Stur; pteridophyll Sphenopteris sp. of uncertain taxonomic position; undetermined ferns gen. et sp. nov.; lyginopterid pteridosperm Rhodeopteridium hsianghsiangense （Sze） Zhang, Zhao et Wu, a trigonocarpoid pteridosperm represented by fronds and isolated pinnules of Paripteris gigantea （Sternberg） Gothan, male fructifications of Potoniea sp., and seeds of Trigonocarpus sp. Ecologically, the Early Carboniferous （Visean） Huadu vegetation was divided into two neighboring communities： （1） a near-shore hydrophilous ＂community A＂ with predominating Archaeocalamites and Rhodeopteridium; and （2） a wet forest ＂community B＂ with predominating shrubby trigonocarpalean pteridosperm Paripteris gigantea （Sternberg） Gothan and tall tree-like lepidodendrid Lepidodendron shanyangense Wu et He. The Huadu vegetation was physiognomically similar to present-day low-latitude mangrove forest.

ON PHYTOGEOGRAPHICAL AFFINITIES OF THE FOREST FLORAS BETWEEN EAST CHINA AND JAPAN

The flora of the eastern China is the main part of Sino-Japaners floristic region. It shows from the analysis and comparison that the floristic relation of East China with Japan is closer than that with northeast China and Korea. The similarity indices of genera and species of seed plants in the two regions are very high, being 72.6% and 43.3% respectively. The structure and species composition of broad-leaval evergreen forests in the two regions are also similar, and there exist many corresponding communities, such as the forests of Castanopsis carlesii and C. sieboldii. Many plants in East China are conspecific with there in Japan, such as Cercidiphyllum japonicum, Magnolia sieboldii, Nandina domestica etc. Though the genera of Ginkgo, Liriodendron, Sassafras etc. existing now in China are extinct from Japan, their fossils have been discovered from the Tertiary strata in Japan. It seems to indicate that the phytogeographical affinities between East China and Japan are closer in ancient the than it is now, and both of the forest floras originated from the same flora. The flora in Japan did not evolve independently until it separated from Chinese continent and drifted northeastwards in the late period of the Tertiary.

Phytogeographical Affinities of Forest Floras between China and Japan

The flora of eastem China is the main part of Sino-Japanese floristic region. It shows by the analysis and com-parison that the floristic relations of Eastem China with Japan are closer than that ofnortheast China with Korea. The simi-larity indices of genera and species of seed plants in the two regions are very high, being 72.6% and 43.3% respectively.The strure and species compositi6n of broad-leaved evergreen forests in the two regions are also similar, in which there'exist the corresponding communities, such as the forests of Castanopsis carlesii,C.Sieboldii.. Many plants in Easter Chinaare nonspecilic with those in Japan, e. g, Cercidiphyllum japonicum, Magolia sieboldii, Nandina domestica etc.. Though thegnera Ginkgo, Liriodendron, Sassafixis etc. existing now in China are extinct from Japan, their fossils have been discov-ered from the Tertiary Strata in Japan. It seems to indicate that the Phytogeographical affinities between Japan and E. Chinawas closer in ancient time than it is now; and both of the forest floras originated from one same flora. The flora in Japan did not evolve indepently until it separated from Chinese continent and drifted to northeast in the late period of the Tertiary.

A Standards System for the Proteetion and Utilization of Wild Fauna and Flora in China

This paper analyzed the current state of protection and utilization of wild fauna and flora and its standardization. The principles needed to establish a standardized system for the protection and utilization of wild fauna and flora were put forward. A comprehensive standards system consisting of the basic standards, technical regulations, and various other standards related to products, epidemic disease prevention and control, first-aid and propagation, viewing and hunting was proposed. Such a standards system will play an important role for wild fauna and flora protection and utilization in China.

Comparison of Early Jurassic flora from South Primorye of Russia with its main coeval floras of China

The Early Jurassic flora,with over 42 species of 26 genera and documented in age by sandwiched marine beds,from the Lower Jurassic Schitukhe Formation of South Primorye,Russia,is further reported.The flora is dominated by cycadophytes,ferns and conifers,with some of ginkgoales and czekanowskiales,and characterized by occurrence of Cycadocarpidium,with very rare Coniopteris.A comparison of this flora with its coeval Early Jurassic floras of China is discussed.The Russian flora is considered as the early assemblage of Early Jurassic flora,and more similar to the Early Jurassic floras from the Shansonggang-and Yihe formations of Jilin,Beipiao Formation of Liaoning,and lower-middle Guanyintan Formation of Hunan in China.

A New Lycopsid, Zhenglia radiata gen. et sp. nov., from the Lower Devonian Posongchong Formation of Southeastern Yunnan, China, and Its Evolutionary Significance

A new plant, Zhenglia radiata gen. et sp. nov., from the Posongchong Formation （Early Devonian, Pragian age） of the Wenshan District of southeastern Yunnan Province, China is a small herbaceous lycopsid. The aerial branches divide into foliar and fertile stems. The arrangement of the leaf bases on the stem shows lepidodendroid-like phyllotaxy. Possibly the leaf base bears a ligulate pit. The microphyll consists of a swollen, decurrent base, and an entire, linear lamina. The fertile axis is composed of sporophylls arranged helically, forming a compact area similar to cone-like structure. Each sporophyll consists of a widened lateral extension and a distal lamina. The ovoid-elongate sporangia are attached adaxially on the surface of sporophylls. Based on morphological similarities, especially the undivided microphylls, the style of phyllotaxy, the form of the cone-like structures and sporangia, the new lycopsid Zhenglia radiata is placed in the order Protolepidodendrales and a possible evolutionary relationship with the arborescent lycopsids of the Late Devonian and Carboniferous is considered.

Taxonomic synopsis of Berberis(Berberidaceae)from the northern Hengduan mountains region in China,with descriptions of seven new species

Though Berberis(Berberidaceae)is widely distributed across the Eurasian landmass it is most diverse in the Himalaya-Hengduan Mountain(HHM)region.There are more than 200 species in China where it is one of the most common mountain shrubs.The study on the taxonomy and evolution of Berberis in this region can thus provide an important insight into the origin and diversification of its flora.A prerequisite to this is mapping and describing the various species of Berberis in the region-a task that despite recent progress is by no means complete.It is clear that in China there may be a significant number of species still to be described and that even with published species much about their distribution remains to be discovered.As a contribution to the first of these tasks seven new species from the northern Hengduan Mountain of N.Sichuan and S.Qinghai:Berberis chinduensis,Berberis degexianensis,Berberis jiajinshanensis,Berberis jinwu,Berberis litangensis,Berberis longquensis and Berberis riparia,are described here.Differences in overall morphology and especially in floral structures with each other and with similar species of Berberis in the same region are presented.The report is the result of phylogenetic analyses based on plastome and partial nrDNA sequences of both the seven proposed new species and a significant number of similar species already published.Provisional conclusions as to the insights provides on the history of the genetic divergence are discussed.

亚硝酸盐对东北酸菜细菌菌群丰度及理化指标的影响

为探究亚硝酸盐对东北酸菜发酵过程中优势细菌属及理化指标的动态变化,设计自然发酵体系(S)和添加亚硝酸盐发酵体系(YS),监测发酵过程中东北酸菜理化指标及OD600nm值的变化,采用16S rDNA技术对理化指标变化明显时期的酸菜样本进行细菌属组成分析。结果表明,东北酸菜中的uncultured_bacterium_f_Enterobacteriaceae、Serratia等有害菌属大量繁殖,导致亚硝酸盐大量积累,而积累的亚硝酸盐对uncultured_bacterium_f_Enterobacteriaceae、Serratia和Enterococcus等有害菌的生长繁殖又起到抑制作用,其中对Serratia的抑制作用最强;乳酸菌能够降解亚硝酸盐,但亚硝酸盐对Lactococcus与Leuconostoc的生长代谢具有促进作用,对Lactobacillus具有抑制作用,随着亚硝酸盐被大量降解,其对Lactobacillus的抑制作用会解除。亚硝酸盐通过影响菌属结构及丰度,进而影响发酵体系的理化指标及OD600nm值的变化。

华南地区湿生乡土植物资源及其区系特征分析

近年来不合理开发利用湿地的问题日益严重,人们对湿地的片面认识更加速了破坏湿地。乡土植物能更好地适应当地的环境,选择适用的乡土湿生植物可能是恢复退化湿地的关键途径。文章利用植物志在线网站结合文献,分析华南地区湿生乡土植物资源及其区系特征,为华南地区利用乡土湿生植物和恢复湿地生态系统提供依据。结果如下:(1)华南地区湿生乡土植物资源丰富,共有128科430属1080种;被子植物占华南地区湿生植物总种数的95%以上,是整个区域的主要组成部分。(2)华南地区湿生植物以草本为主,共有959种,占总种数的88.7%。(3)区系类型复杂,热带成分占优势地位;在科级水平,华南地区乡土湿生植物以热带分布科为主;在属的水平,泛热带分布占比高且有多种温带成分的组成。

Lopingian mixed floras from Linxi Formation in Soron area,Inner Mongolia

A lot of well-preserved plants from the Linxi Formation are collected in the Soron area,Inner Mongolia,consisting of 34 species of 16 genera. They are Late Permian in age. The flora is characterized by a lot of Angaran plants,such as Paracalamites,Comia,Rhachiphyllum,Iniopteris,Rufloria,etc. Some Cathaysian elements,such as Lobatannularia lingulata,L. multifolia,Fascipteris Cathaysiantus,F. densata,Taeniopteris szei,Cladophlebis liulinensis and C. permica,are also mixed within the present flora. This indicates that the Soron of Inner Mongolia was located in the sector between the Angaran and Cathysian floristic provinces in Lopingian. It is beneficial for depicting the location and the evolution of the Solenker--Xar Moron suture zone in the phytogeographic view. The transmigration of tropical and subtropical Cathaysian plants to the north indicates that the Paleoasian Ocean was closed during the late Permian along the suture zone.

FOC基础上的福建石松类及蕨类植物科属分类系统

依据中国植物志(flora of China,FOC)系统,对《福建植物志》(第一卷)蕨类植物科、属分类进行修订,结果表明福建现代石松类和蕨类植物共有32科101属,撤销17个科,新增4个科;在属等级,因归并而减少23属,新增19属;与福建原蕨类植物分类系统比较,在科和属的划分上存在较大差异。同时,指出科、属分类位置及一些中文名、拉丁名的变更情况,以资正确鉴定与应用。

基于“FOC”的福建特有种子植物研究

在系统查阅《Flora of China》的基础上,结合《中国植物志》《福建植物志》以及中国生物物种名录植物卷(2019版)进行比较研究,通过收集近年来有关专家、学者对福建种子植物资源调查所取得的成果,对福建特有种子植物进行增补,并对部分种类的归并和植物名称的修订进行阐述。研究显示:补充、完善后的福建特有种子植物共有72种,其中裸子植物1种、被子植物71种。研究结果可为福建省特有种子植物的调查研究提供重要的科学依据。

中国植物志、Flora of China和维管植物新系统中科的比较

《中国植物志》和"Flora of China"是目前世界上最大型、记录植物种类最多的植物志,它为有效保护和合理利用我国的植物资源提供了极为重要的基础信息和科学依据。近年来,基于分子系统学研究提出的APG系统被广泛接受,相应方法得到的系统也相继应用于整个维管植物中。以APG系统为代表的维管植物新系统为全面和系统地修订植物志提供了新的系统框架。本文依据最新的分子系统学"线性排列"成果与《中国植物志》和"Flora of China"在科级水平上进行对比,确定了以APG系统为代表的分子系统框架下中国维管植物为309科,其中石松类和蕨类植物38科,裸子植物10科和被子植物261科。尽管中国维管植物不少科的界限发生了较大的变化,其总数却变化不大,在《中国植物志》中为300科,"Flora of China"为309科。此外,还重点介绍了一些主要科的变动情况。

中国新疆地衣新记录

为了摸清巩乃斯林场地衣物种多样性,对该地区地衣进行了分类学研究.使用形态解剖学、化学成分分析、生态特征分析等经典分类学和现代分子系统学相结合的方法,对该地区地衣进行鉴定,按照亲缘关系梳理成等级分类系统和名录.发现了一个新疆新记录属:四胞极衣属Tetramelas Norman.和五个新记录种:多变橙衣Caloplaca variabilis(Pers.) Müll. Arg、旱生野粮衣Circinaria arida Owe-Larss、祁连鸡皮衣Pertusaria qilianensis Ren Q&Zhao ZT、肉饼干衣Rinodina sarcogynoides(H. Magn.) Q. Y. Zhong&Li S. Wang和绿色四胞极衣Tetramelas chloroleucus(Korb.) A. Nordin.使用最大似然分析(ML)和贝叶斯分析(BI)构建了基于ITS位点的系统发育树,详细描述每个种的形态特征、分布及栖息地等情况,并提供了地衣体、子囊盘及子囊孢子的彩色图片.

多支守宫木在中国的发现及其补充描述

在多次野外调查、标本采集及大量文献查阅的基础上,我们确定了叶下珠科(Phyllanthaceae)1种中国新记录植物——多支守宫木(Sauropus racemosus Beille)。其为多年生常绿灌木,枝叶无毛,叶片膜质,总状花序3~5支聚生于老茎下部的小枝脱落处,蒴果扁球状,红色,果皮6爿裂,极易与守宫木属其他种区分,因其多支花序聚生于老枝而取名为多支守宫木。该文详细描述了多支守宫木的形态特征,并提供了植物彩色照片、分布信息,并基于IUCN的评估标准对该种的濒危等级进行了评估。多支守宫木的发现再次丰富了中越边境地区植物物种的多样性,不仅体现了中越边境地区是全球生物多样性热点地区和生物多样性保护的关键区域,同时也体现了该地区的植物调查尚不够充分,还需进一步深入调查研究。

污水处理厂低温运行期活性污泥核心菌群初探

东北部冬季污水处理效果较差,污泥效能不佳,该文以长春市5座污水处理厂为研究对象,利用高通量测序技术分析了污水处理厂活性污泥中的微生物组成,最后通过5座污水处理厂活性污泥微生物共有OTUs及优势菌属功能特性初步鉴定出核心功能微生物。结果表明,不同污水处理厂的活性污泥微生物丰富度及多样性没有显著差异性(P>0.05)。初步确定了2个阶元系统的优势微生物,在门水平上为Proteobacteria、Bacteroidetes、Firmicutes、Acidobacteria、Actinobacteria Verrucomicrobia,且均与生物降解相关。属水平上为Dechloromonas、Zoogloea、Arcobacter、Ferribacterium、Candidatus_Accumulibacter、Sulfuritalea,其中与生物降解污染物相关的有Dechloromonas、Arcobacter、Ferribacterium、Candidatus_Accumulibacter、Sulfuritalea;与促进活性污泥菌胶团生长相关的菌属有Zoogloea。以上微生物有较高可能性为东北地区城市污水处理厂冬季运行期活性污泥微生物核心菌群。该研究对于低温状态下城市污水处理厂活性污泥核心微生物菌群的判别及通过技术调控功能菌从而强化冰封期污水厂出水效果均具有借鉴意义。

Discovery of a Late Permian Angara-Cathaysia mixed flora from Acheng of Heilongjiang,China,with discussions on the closure of the Paleoasian Ocean

This work documents a new flora from the Upper Permian Hongshan Formation of Acheng County, Heilongjiang Province, Northwest China. The flora consists of 20 species: Paracalamites sp., Pecopteris tangwangheensis Huang, Callipteris obese Huang, Callipteris shenshuensis Huang, C. tangwangheensis Huang, C. heilongjiangensis Huang, C. zeilleri Zalessky, C. sp., Comia yichunensis Huang, C. tenueaxis Huang, Iniopteris sibirica Zalessky, Supaia teiliensis Huang, Compsopteris tchirkovae Zalessky, C. cf. adzvensis Zalessky, Nilssonia sp. 1, Nil. sp. 2, Taeniopteris cf. densissima Halle, T. cf. nystraemii Halle, T. sp. and Noeggerathiopsis derzavinii Neub. It is dominated by Angara species but mixed with some typical Cathaysian elements. The age of the flora is assigned to late of the Late Permian according to the stratigraphic ranges of the known species and the comparisons of it with the similar floras. The new discovery indicates that the final collision between the North China Plate and Siberian Plate occurred in Late Permian along the Xar Moron River-Changchun-Yanji sutured zone, and the Paleoasian Ocean was finally closed at the end of the Permian.

中国香港植物新记录

报道了中国香港6种本土维管植物新记录以及2个归化物种新记录,其中包含两个新记录属。6个新记录本土种分别是山楝Aphanamixis polystachya(Wall.)R.Parker、求米草Oplismenus undulatifolius(Ard.)Roemer&Schuit.、椭果雀梅藤SageretiaellipsoideaYiYang,H.Sun&H.Peng、钩刺雀梅藤Sageretiahamosa(Wall.)Brongn.、短柱络石Trachelospermum brevistylum Hand.-Mazz.、海南姜Zingiber hainanense Y.S.Ye,L.Bai&N.H.Xia;两个归化种是卵叶链荚豆Alysicarpus ovalifolius(Schum.)J.Léonard和美洲马瓟儿Melothria pendula L.;两个新记录属是山楝属Aphanamixis Blume和番马瓟属Melothria L.。本文描述了每个种的分布、生境、物候、主要识别特征以及与相似种的区别。