Effects of formal credit on pastoral household expense: Evidence from the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau of China

Formal credit is critical in agricultural production,allowing more expenditure and productive input,thereby improving farmers'welfare.In pastoral China,formal financial institutions are gradually increasing.However,a limited understanding remains of how formal credit affects herders'household expenses.Based on a survey of 544 herders from the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau of China,this study adopted the propensity score matching approach to identify the effect of formal credit on herders'total household expenses,daily expenses,and productive expenses.The results found that average age,grassland mortgage,and other variables significantly affected herders'participation in formal credit.Formal credit could significantly improve household expenses,especially productive expenses.A heterogeneity analysis showed that formal credit had a greater impact on the household total expense for those at higher levels of wealth;however,it significantly affected the productive expense of herders at lower wealth levels.Moreover,the mediating effect indicated that formal credit could affect herders'household income,thus influencing their household expenses.Finally,this study suggests that policies should improve herders'accessibility to formal credit.

A Formal Model for Analyzing Fair Exchange Protocols Based on Event Logic

Fair exchange protocols play a critical role in enabling two distrustful entities to conduct electronic data exchanges in a fair and secure manner.These protocols are widely used in electronic payment systems and electronic contract signing,ensuring the reliability and security of network transactions.In order to address the limitations of current research methods and enhance the analytical capabilities for fair exchange protocols,this paper proposes a formal model for analyzing such protocols.The proposed model begins with a thorough analysis of fair exchange protocols,followed by the formal definition of fairness.This definition accurately captures the inherent requirements of fair exchange protocols.Building upon event logic,the model incorporates the time factor into predicates and introduces knowledge set axioms.This enhancement empowers the improved logic to effectively describe the state and knowledge of protocol participants at different time points,facilitating reasoning about their acquired knowledge.To maximize the intruder’s capabilities,channel errors are translated into the behaviors of the intruder.The participants are further categorized into honest participants and malicious participants,enabling a comprehensive evaluation of the intruder’s potential impact.By employing a typical fair exchange protocol as an illustrative example,this paper demonstrates the detailed steps of utilizing the proposed model for protocol analysis.The entire process of protocol execution under attack scenarios is presented,shedding light on the underlying reasons for the attacks and proposing corresponding countermeasures.The developedmodel enhances the ability to reason about and evaluate the security properties of fair exchange protocols,thereby contributing to the advancement of secure network transactions.

Rice vs.Wheat:How Rice Farming Shaped Informal Finance in China

China’s financial system is characterized by the coexistence of both formal and informal finance,and informal finance appears to be more prevalent in the south of the country compared to the north.In this paper,we use the historical demarcation of rice-farming regions and the percentage area of rice sown to ascertain the regional distribution of rice farming in the south and wheat farming in the north in order to analyze the role of rice farming in the evolution of different types of financial institutions in China.We find that rice cultivation has a positive effect on informal financial development,though its impact on formal finance is insignificant.Unlike wheat farming,rice cultivation requires farmers to collaborate during busy farming seasons and necessitates the construction of irrigation systems.Such collaboration helped enhance an acquaintance society,in which both parties to transactions enforced the rules and contract terms of their own initiative,paving the way for informal finance.This paper not only demonstrates the cultural roots of the regional financial disparities in China but also expands the research on the ways in which farming practices from the past have shaped the development of China’s present financial markets.

Generativity of Self-Organizing Processes and Their Correlative Description in Terms of a Formal Language of Meta-Ordinal Generative Nature, in the Light of the Maximum Ordinality Principle and the Explicit Solution to the “Three-Body Problem”

The main objective of this paper is to demonstrate that the internal processes of Self-Organizing Systems represent a unique and singular process, characterized by their specific generativity. This process can be modeled using the Maximum Ordinality Principle and its associated formal language, known as the “Incipient” Differential Calculus (IDC).

Formal Modeling of Self-Adaptive Resource Scheduling in Cloud

A self-adaptive resource provisioning on demand is a critical factor in cloud computing.The selection of accurate amount of resources at run time is not easy due to dynamic nature of requests.Therefore,a self-adaptive strategy of resources is required to deal with dynamic nature of requests based on run time change in workload.In this paper we proposed a Cloud-based Adaptive Resource Scheduling Strategy(CARSS)Framework that formally addresses these issues and is more expressive than traditional approaches.The decision making in CARSS is based on more than one factors.TheMAPE-K based framework determines the state of the resources based on their current utilization.Timed-Arc Petri Net(TAPN)is used to model system formally and behaviour is expressed in TCTL,while TAPAAL model checker verifies the underline properties of the system.

MF2-DMTD: A Formalism and Game-Based Reasoning Framework for Optimized Drone-Type Moving Target Defense

Moving-target-defense(MTD)fundamentally avoids an illegal initial compromise by asymmetrically increasing the uncertainty as the attack surface of the observable defender changes depending on spatial-temporal mutations.However,the existing naive MTD studies were conducted focusing only on wired network mutations.And these cases have also been no formal research on wireless aircraft domains with attributes that are extremely unfavorable to embedded system operations,such as hostility,mobility,and dependency.Therefore,to solve these conceptual limitations,this study proposes normalized drone-type MTD that maximizes defender superiority by mutating the unique fingerprints of wireless drones and that optimizes the period-based mutation principle to adaptively secure the sustainability of drone operations.In addition,this study also specifies MF2-DMTD(model-checkingbased formal framework for drone-type MTD),a formal framework that adopts model-checking and zero-sum game,for attack-defense simulation and performance evaluation of drone-type MTD.Subsequently,by applying the proposed models,the optimization of deceptive defense performance of drone-type MTD for each mutation period also additionally achieves through mixed-integer quadratic constrained programming(MIQCP)and multiobjective optimization-based Pareto frontier.As a result,the optimal mutation cycles in drone-type MTD were derived as(65,120,85)for each control-mobility,telecommunication,and payload component configured inside the drone.And the optimal MTD cycles for each swarming cluster,ground control station(GCS),and zone service provider(ZSP)deployed outside the drone were also additionally calculated as(70,60,85),respectively.To the best of these authors’knowledge,this study is the first to calculate the deceptive efficiency and functional continuity of the MTD against drones and to normalize the trade-off according to a sensitivity analysis with the optimum.

Formal Verification Platform as a Service:WebAssembly Vulnerability Detection Application

In order to realize a general-purpose automatic formal verification platform based on WebAssembly technology as a web service(FVPS),which aims to provide an automated report of vulnerability detections,this work builds a Hyperledger Fabric blockchain runtime model.It proposes an optimized methodology of the functional equivalent translation from source program languages to formal languages.This methodology utilizes an external application programming interface(API)table to replace the source codes in compilation,thereby pruning the part of housekeeping codes to ease code inflation.Code inflation is a significant metric in formal language translation.Namely,minor code inflation enhances verification scale and performance efficiency.It determines the efficiency of formal verification,involving launching,running,and memory usage.For instance,path explosion increases exponentially,resulting in out-of-memory.The experimental results conclude that program languages like golang severely impact code inflation.FVPS reduces the wasm code size by over 90%,achieving two orders of optimization magnitude,from 2000 kilobyte(KB)to 90 KB.That means we can cope with golang applications up to 20 times larger than the original in scale.This work eliminates the gap between Hyperledger Fabric smart contracts and WebAssembly.Our approach is pragmatic,adaptable,extendable,and flexible.Nowadays,FVPS is successfully applied in a Railway-Port-Aviation blockchain transportation system.

Relative Ding Projective Modules over Formal Triangular Matrix Rings

Let U be a (B, A)-bimodule, A and B be rings, and be a formal triangular matrix ring. In this paper, we characterize the structure of relative Ding projective modules over T under some conditions. Furthermore, using the left global relative Ding projective dimensions of A and B, we estimate the relative Ding projective dimension of a left T-module.

Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory Formally Kicks Off

The Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory(LHAASO),a major project as part of China’s national scientific and technological infrastructure,passed the national acceptance assessment and formally went into operation on May 10.Dedicated to cosmic ray observation and research,the design of LHAASO was approved by the national authorities on December 31,2015.Jointly sponsored by the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)and the People’s Government of Sichuan Province,the construction of the principal part of the facility began in 2017 and was completed in 2021.

A Natural Language Generation Algorithm for Greek by Using Hole Semantics and a Systemic Grammatical Formalism

This work is about the progress of previous related work based on an experiment to improve the intelligence of robotic systems,with the aim of achieving more linguistic communication capabilities between humans and robots.In this paper,the authors attempt an algorithmic approach to natural language generation through hole semantics and by applying the OMAS-III computational model as a grammatical formalism.In the original work,a technical language is used,while in the later works,this has been replaced by a limited Greek natural language dictionary.This particular effort was made to give the evolving system the ability to ask questions,as well as the authors developed an initial dialogue system using these techniques.The results show that the use of these techniques the authors apply can give us a more sophisticated dialogue system in the future.

Formal Inferring the Law of Conservation of Energy from Assuming A-Priori-ness of Knowledge in a Formal Axiomatic Epistemology System Sigma

The research purpose is invention (construction) of a formal logical inference of the Law of Conservation of Energy within a logically formalized axiomatic epistemology-and-axiology theory Sigma from a precisely defined assumption of a-priori-ness of knowledge. For realizing this aim, the following work has been done: 1) a two-valued algebraic system of formal axiology has been defined precisely and applied to proper-philosophy of physics, namely, to an almost unknown (not-recognized) formal-axiological aspect of the physical law of conservation of energy;2) the formal axiomatic epistemology-and-axiology theory Sigma has been defined precisely and applied to proper-physics for realizing the above-indicated purpose. Thus, a discrete mathematical model of relationship between philosophy of physics and universal epistemology united with formal axiology has been constructed. Results: 1) By accurate computing relevant compositions of evaluation-functions within the discrete mathematical model, it is demonstrated that a formal-axiological analog of the great conservation law of proper physics is a formal-axiological law of two-valued algebra of metaphysics. (A precise algorithmic definition of the unhabitual (not-well-known) notion “formal-axiological law of algebra of metaphysics” is given.) 2) The hitherto never published significantly new nontrivial scientific result of investigation presented in this article is a formal logical inference of the law of conservation of energy within the formal axiomatic theory Sigma from conjunction of the formal-axiological analog of the law of conservation of energy and the assumption of a-priori-ness of knowledge.

范式的补充还是取代？——评塞西尔·巴尔蒙的informal

本文主要以informal书中库哈斯和巴尔蒙合作的两个作品为例,阐述informal思想中的若干重要概念。并引申出对结构技术进步的可能性,工程师和建筑师间的可能关系以及建筑学的可能发展方向等方面的反思,从而完成对informal这种以鼓励原创性为主的思想方式的批判性继承。

Formally Deriving the Third Newton’s Law from a Pair of Nontrivial Assumptions in a Formal Axiomatic Theory “Sigma-V”

The article is devoted to hitherto never undertaken applying an almost unknown logically formalized axiomatic epistemology-and-axiology system called “Sigma-V” to the Third Newton’s Law of mechanics. The author has continued investigating the extraordinary (paradigm-breaking) hypothesis of formal-axiological interpreting Newton’s mathematical principles of natural philosophy and, thus, has arrived to discrete mathematical modeling a system of formal axiology of nature by extracting and systematical studying its proper algebraic aspect. Along with the proper algebraic machinery, the axiomatic (hypothetic-deductive) method is exploited in this investigation systematically. The research results are the followings. 1) The Third Newton’s Law of mechanics has been modeled by a formal-axiological equation of two-valued algebraic system of metaphysics as formal axiology. (Precise defining the algebraic system is provided.) The formal-axiological equation has been established (and examined) in this algebraic system by accurate computing compositions of relevant evaluation-functions. Precise tabular definitions of the evaluation-functions are given. 2) The wonderful formula representing the Third Newton’s Law (in the relevant physical interpretation of the formal theory Sigma-V) has been derived logically in Sigma-V from the presumption of a-priori-ness of knowledge. A precise axiomatic definition of the nontrivial notion “a-priori-ness of knowledge” is given. The formal derivation is implemented in strict accordance with the rigor standard of D. Hilbert’s formalism;hence, checking the formal derivation submitted in this article is not a difficult task. With respect to proper theoretical physics, the formal inference is a nontrivial scientific novelty which has not been discussed and published elsewhere yet.

Formally Inferring Galileo Galilei Principle of Relativity of Motion in an Axiomatic System “Sigma+V” from a Triple of Nontrivial Assumptions

The present paper submits a result of applying a hitherto unknown logically formalized axiomatic axiology-and-epistemology theory “Sigma+V” to the relativity principle formulated by Galileo Galilei. By this application, the author has continued checking the remarkable (paradigm-breaking) hypothesis that formal-axiological interpreting strictly universal laws of classical theoretical mechanics could have a heuristic value for the theory proper. Along with systematical studying proper algebraic structure of formal axiology of nature, the axiomatic (hypothetic-deductive) method is used in this research as well. The investigation accomplishments are the followings. Galileo Galilei principle of relativity of motion has been represented in a two-valued algebraic system of formal axiology by a wonderful formal-axiological equation which could be called a “formal-axiological analog of Galileo relativity principle”. A precise definition of that algebraic system is given. The remarkable formal-axiological equation has been created (and checked) in that algebraic system by attentive computing relevant compositions of evaluation-functions. Precise definitions of the relevant evaluation-functions are accomplished by tables. The remarkable formula modeling Galileo Galilei principle of relativity of motion (given the appropriate interpretation of the formal theory) has been formally-logically inferred within Sigma+V from a couple of nontrivial assumptions, namely, 1) a precisely defined assumption of a-priori-ness of knowledge, 2) the above-mentioned formal-axiological analog of the relativity principle by Galileo Galilei. A not-manifest but quite exact axiomatic definition of “a-priori-ness of knowledge” is provided. The formal-logical inference is performed in perfect accordance with the mathematical rigor norms formulated within the formalism doctrine by D. Hilbert, therefore, examining the formal deductive inference submitted in the paper can be accomplished easily. Being a nontrivial scientific novelty for proper theoretical physics, hitherto the formal-logical derivation has not been published and discussed elsewhere.

A FORMAL REPRESENTATION FOR FEATURE-BASED DESIGN

Feature based design has been regarded as a promising approach for CAD/CAM integration.This paper aims to establish a domain independent representation formalism for feature based design in three aspects: formal representation,design process model and design algorithm.The implementing scheme and formal description of feature taxonomy,feature operator,feature model validation and feature transformation are given in the paper.The feature based design process model suited for either sequencial or concurrent engineering is proposed and its application to product structural design and process plan design is presented. Some general design algorithms for developing feature based design system are also addressed.The proposed scheme provides a formal methodology elementary for feature based design system development and operation in a structural way.

A Formal Deductive Inference of the Law of Inertia in a Logically Formalized Axiomatic Epistemology System Sigma from the Assumption of Knowledge A-Priori-Ness

The general purpose of the research—systematical clarifying and explicating the too vague proper philosophical concepts of space, void, matter, motion, inertia, for making a logical harmony between them and the corresponding notions of proper physics. The special purpose of the research—invention (construction) of a formal inference of the well-known Newton’s first law of mechanics within a logically formalized axiomatic epistemology system from a set of precisely defined presumptions. For realizing this aim the following work has been done: a two-valued algebraic system of metaphysics as formal axiology has been applied to philosophical epistemology and philosophy of nature;a formal axiomatic theory called Sigma has been applied to physics for realizing the above-indicated special purpose of the research. Thus, constructing a discrete mathematical model of relationship between universal epistemology and philosophy of physics has been done. Research results: The main hitherto not published significantly new nontrivial scientific result of applied investigations presented in this article is a formal inference of the well-known Newton’s first law of mechanics within the formal axiomatic epistemology system Sigma from conjunction of the formal-axiological analog of the proper-law-of-mechanics (which analog is the formal-axiological law of two-valued algebra of metaphysics) and the assumption of a-priori-ness of knowledge. For obtaining this main research result, a set of accessory nontrivial novelties has been used, for instance;a precise algorithmic definition is given for the notion “law of metaphysics” in the algebraic system of metaphysics as formal axiology;a formal-axiological equivalence in the algebraic system is defined precisely. Precise tabular definitions are given for relevant evaluation-functions determined by evaluation-arguments, for example;“movement of (what, whom) x”;“speed of x”;“vector of x”;“velocity of x”;“magnitude of x”;“finiteness (definiteness) of x”;“dynamical closed-ness (isolated-ness) of x”;“constant-ness, immutability, conservation of x”.

A Definition Formalism of Machining Features for DFM

Benefiting from advances in feature technology for design and manufacture can not be expected before a formal methodology is established. This paper makes attempt to establish a definition formalism of machining features in design for manufacturability from two aspects: formal definition and manufacturability analysis. Some definitions for machining feature based upon the selection and sequencing of material removal operations for component in accordance with the design geometry are presented and a framework of feature based design for manufacturability is outlined correspondingly. The proposed scheme contributes to several aspects of feature based CAD/CAM integration, especially to encourage potentially a more generic approach to the automation of design.

Quantum Chemical Studies on Structure and Detonation Performance of Bis（2,2-dinitropropyl ethylene）formal

Based on the full optimized molecular geometric structures via B3LYP/6-311＋G（2d,p） method, a new gem-dinitro energetic plasticizer, bis（2,2-dinitropropyl ethylene）formal was investigated in order to search for high-performance energetic material. IR spectrum, heat of formation, and detonation performances were predicted. The bond dissociation energies and bond orders for the weakest bonds were analyzed to investigate the thermal stability of the title compound. The results show that the four N-NO2 BDEs are nearly equal to the values of 164.38 kJ/mol, which shows that the title compound is a stable compound. The detonation velocity and pressure were evaluated by using Kamlet-Jacobs equations based on the theoretical density and condensed HOF. The crystal structure obtained by molec-ular mechanics belongs to P21 space group, with lattice parameters Z=2, a=13.8017 A, b=13.4072 A, c=5.5635 A.

FURTHER STUDIES ON STROH-TYPE FORMALISMS FOR ANISOTROPIC PLATES WITH BENDING-EXTENSION COUPLING

Stroh-type formalisms for anisotropic thin plates in literature axe reviewed and discussed, and two kinds of hybrid Stroh-type formalisms axe compared. It is seen that the two Stroh-type formalisms are essentially equivalent. With simple transfer relations, they can be expressed each other. In addition, with properly defined notation systems, the two Stroh-type formalisms can also be written in unified forms, which will be convenient in applications.

Necessity of Integral Formalism

To describe the physical reality, there are two ways of constructing the dynamical equation of field, differential formalism and integral formalism. The importance of this fact is firstly emphasized by Yang in case of gauge field [Phys. Rev. Lett. 33 （1974） 44fi], where the fact has given rise to a deeper understanding for Aharonov-Bohm phase and magnetic monopole [Phys. Rev. D 12 （1975） 3846]. In this paper we shall point out that such a fact also holds in general wave function of matter, it may give rise to a deeper understanding for Berry phase. Most importantly, we shall prove a point that, for general wave function of matter, in the adiabatic limit, there is an intrinsic difference between its integral formalism and differential formalism. It is neglect of this difference that leads to an inconsistency of quantum adiabatic theorem pointed out by Marzlin and Sanders [Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 （2004） 160408]. It has been widely accepted that there is no physical difference of using differential operator or integral operator to construct the dynamical equation of field. Nevertheless, our study shows that the Schroedinger differential equation （i.e., differential formalism for wave function） shall lead to vanishing Berry phase and that the Schroedinger integral equation （i.e., integral formalism for wave function）, in the adiabatic limit, can satisfactorily give the Berry phase. Therefore, we reach a conclusion： There are two ways of describing physical reality, differential formalism and integral formalism; but the integral formalism is a unique way of complete description.