Efficient unequal error protection for online fountain codes

In this paper,an efficient unequal error protection(UEP)scheme for online fountain codes is proposed.In the buildup phase,the traversing-selection strategy is proposed to select the most important symbols(MIS).Then,in the completion phase,the weighted-selection strategy is applied to provide low overhead.The performance of the proposed scheme is analyzed and compared with the existing UEP online fountain scheme.Simulation results show that in terms of MIS and the least important symbols(LIS),when the bit error ratio is 10-4,the proposed scheme can achieve 85%and 31.58%overhead reduction,respectively.

Integrated, reliable laser system for an ^(87)Rb cold atom fountain clock

We designed, assembled, and tested a reliable laser system for ^(87)Rb cold atom fountain clocks. The laser system is divided into four modules according to function, which are convenient for installing, adjusting, maintaining, and replacing of the modules. In each functional module, all optical components are fixed on a baseplate with glue and screws, ensuring the system's structural stability. Mechanical stability was verified in a 6.11g RMS randomvibration test, where the change in output power before and after vibration was less than 5%. Thermal stability was realized by optimizing of the structure and appropriate selection of component materials of the modules through thermal simulation. In the laser splitting and output module, the change in laser power was less than 20% for each fiber in thermal cycles from 5℃ to 43℃. Finally,the functionality of the laser system was verified for a rubidium fountain clock.

Measurements of Majorana transition frequency shift in caesium atomic fountain clocks

The caesium atomic fountain clock is a primary frequency standard.During its operation,a Majorana transition frequency shift will occur once a magnetic field at some special locations along the atomic trajectory is singular.In this study,by developing a physical model,we analyzed the magnetic field requirements for atomic adiabatic transition and calculated the influence of the Majorana atomic transition on the atomic state via a quantum method.Based on the simulation results for the magnetic field in the fountain clock,we applied the Monte Carlo method to simulate the relationship between the Majorana transition frequency shift and the magnetic field at the entrance of the magnetic shielding,as well as the initial atomic population.Measurement of the Majorana transition frequency shift was realized by state-selecting asymmetrically populated atoms.The relationship between the Majorana transition frequency shift and the axial magnetic field at the entrance of the magnetic shielding was obtained.The measured results were essentially consistent with the calculated results.Thus,the magnetic field at the entrance of the magnetic shielding was configured,and the Majorana transition frequency shift of the fountain clock was calculated to be 4.57×10^(-18).

A NUMERICAL STUDY ON THE UNSTEADY EVOLUTION OF WEAK AXISYMMETRIC FOUNTAIN FLOWS IN A HOMOGENEOUS AMBIENT

Weak axisymmetrical fountains resulting from the injection of a dense fluid upwards into a large container of homogeneous fluid of lower density has been studied numerically in this paper using a time-accurate finite volume scheme. The behaviour of fountains for both the uniform and parabolic profiles of the discharge velocity at the fountain source has been investigated. The evolution of transient fountain flow has been analysed and two distinct stages of evolution have been identified. The time trace of the position of the fountain front has been presented and the initial, temporary and final fountain height and fountain width have been determined.

Fountain码编译码算法结构的改进

在LT码的基础上对Raptor码进行了分析。根据IRA码的结构及其线性时间的编译码特性,提出了Raptor码和IRA码相结合的改进Fountain码结构。研究结果表明,该结构既保持了线性的编译码特性又能有效增强信元的恢复能力。利用其它编码技术与Raptor码相结合是今后进一步的研究方向。

充模过程Fountain区的流动分析

提出了一种研究和分析注塑充模过程中Fountain(喷泉)区流动的方法,得到充模过程的流线图、速度分布和压力分布的图形,从而使得充模过程数值化,对确定工艺条件和提高产品的产量和质量都有实际意义。

Fountain Rockburst and Inductive Rockburst

A new test method—the load relaxation test after the peak value, was used to investigate rockburst proneness. Two new concepts—fountain and inductive rockbursts, were proposed to distinguish two kinds of rockbursts. The breaking process of rock, mutation condition and occasion of rockburst and source of kinetic energy of rockburst were discussed.

Anti-Jamming Performance of Fountain Coded Differential Frequency Hopping Systems in AWGN

Based on the anti-jamming performance of differential frequency hopping （DFH） systems in Additive White Gaussian Noise （AWGN） channel, Fountain code is introduced to the DFH systems as the outer error correcting code in this paper to investigate the improvements against partial-band jamming over AWGN channel. The performance of Fountain coded DFH is theoretically analyzed and numerically simulated. The total frequency of hopping in the simulation is 16, and results show that, on one hand, when exact jamming state information （JSI） is available, and the number of jamming frequency is n= 16, the bit error rate （BER） of 10~3 is achieved with the signal to interference ratio （SIR） approximately 7.5 dB over AWGN channel, and the performance improves about 1-1.5dB compared with the no-coded system. When the number of jamming frequency is n=2, the performance increases 15-17dB. On the other hand, when JSI is unavailable, a joint JSI estimation and decoding algorithm is proposed. The BER of 10 3 is achieved with jamming-frequency n 16, SIR=8dB and signal noise ratio （SNR） 10dB over AWGN channel. It＇s proved that this algorithm provides robust anti-jamming pertbrmance even without JSI. The anti-jamming performance of Fountain coded DFH systems is obviously superior to no-coded DFH systems.

Recent improvements on the atomic fountain clock at SIOM

We report the recent advance in our rubidium atomic fountain clock（AFC）. The parameters of the Ramsey cavity are optimized by balancing the coupling from the two ports. The temperature control system of the Ramsey interaction region is renovated, and the resonant temperature of the Ramsey cavity is regulated to be slightly above the room temperature.The quality of magnetic environment in the Ramsey interaction region is also improved. A new digital-to-analog converter（DAC） circuit that controls the local oscillator is adopted to decrease the noise of the oven-controlled crystal oscillator output. As a result, the short-term fractional frequency stability of 2.7 × 10^-13τ^-1/2τand the long-term fractional frequency stability of 1.6 × 10^-15 at the average time of 32800 s are achieved.

Fold optics path:an improvement for an atomic fountain

A fold optical path is utilized to capture and launch atoms in the atomic fountain. This improved technique reduces the laser power needed by 60 percent, facilitates suppression of the laser power fluctuations, and leads to a more simple and stable system.

Joint Network and Fountain Codes Design for RelayAssisted Multi-User System

In relay-assisted multi-user system, relay coding is important to enhance the robustness and reliability of cooperative transmission. For better adaptability and efficiency, two joint network and fountain coding(JNFC) schemes are proposed. When the condition of all direct channels is worse, JNFC scheme based on distributed LT(DLT) codes is used. Otherwise, JNFC scheme based on multi-dimensional LT(MD-LT) codes is suited. For both two above-mentioned schemes, the united degree distribution design method for short-length fountain codes is proposed. For the latter scheme, MD-LT codes are proposed for equal error protection(EEP) of each user. Simulation results and analysis show that the united degree distribution need less decoding overhead compared with other degree distribution for short-length fountain codes. And then, all users are protected equally in despite of asymmetric uplinks.

A Feedback Scheme for Fountain Codes Based Transport Protocol in Space Communications

This paper proposed a practical- feedback scheme for fountain codes based transportprotocol in space communications. In the proposed scheme, the sender is signaled by two types of acknowledgment （ACK） packets.Before decoding, packet loss probability isestimated on the receiver side and encapsulated intoa soft ACKand sent to the sender.After decoding,decoding results are encapsulated into hard ACKsandsent to the sender. There are two contributionsin the proposed scheme： 1. Empl layer calculation instead layer statistics to estimate oying physical of application the packet loss probability of space channel, which can improvethe accuracy and practicality. 2. A cascade overhead-failure probability relationship between the sender and the receiver has been analyzed to help determine the exact numberof packetsneeded byfountain decoding.Simulations show that for space communications,compared with the existing space transport protocols, fountain codes based transport protoeolwith the proposed schemecan not only ensure transmission reliability, but also greatly improvelink utilization.

A NOVEL APPROACH OF LIMITED-RANDOMNESS FOUNTAIN CODES IN DEEP SPACE COMMUNICATION

Digital fountain is applied into deep space communication for its rateless and non-feedback forward error correction.However,the long code length and encoding overhead are confined factors to guarantee a considerable recovery probability as power and buffer-limited equipment in deep space environment.At the same time,the typical fountain decoding is sub-optimum decoding algorithm.We propose a new approach,Dependent Sequences Compensation Algorithm(DSCA),to improve the encoding efficiency by restricting the randomness in fountain encoding.While decoding algorithm is also optimized by redundant information in stopping set.The results show that the optimized method can obtain a 10-4 decoding failure rate with overhead under 0.20 for code length 500,which indicates the usefulness of the proposed approach in deep space communication.

Novel joint encoding/decoding algorithms of fountain codes for underwater acoustic communication

Fountain codes are considered to be a promising coding technique in underwater acoustic communication（UAC） which is challenged with the unique propagation features of the underwater acoustic channel and the harsh marine environment. And Luby transform（LT） codes are the first codes fully realizing the digital fountain concept. However, in conventional LT encoding/decoding algorithms, due to the imperfect coverage（IC） of input symbols and short cycles in the generator matrix, stopping sets would occur and terminate the decoding. Thus, the recovery probability is reduced,high coding overhead is required and decoding delay is increased.These issues would be disadvantages while applying LT codes in underwater acoustic communication. Aimed at solving those issues, novel encoding/decoding algorithms are proposed. First,a doping and non-uniform selecting（DNS） encoding algorithm is proposed to solve the IC and the generation of short cycles problems. And this can reduce the probability of stopping sets occur during decoding. Second, a hybrid on the fly Gaussian elimination and belief propagation（OFG-BP） decoding algorithm is designed to reduce the decoding delay and efficiently utilize the information of stopping sets. Comparisons via Monte Carlo simulation confirm that the proposed schemes could achieve better overall decoding performances in comparison with conventional schemes.

Improvements and New Evaluation of NIM4 Cesium Fountain Clock and Construction of NIM5 Clock in 2006

The NIM4 cesium fountain clock has been operating stably and sub-continually since Aug. 2003. In this paper we present improvements on NIM4 in 2005-2006 and the most recent evaluation for its frequency shifts with an uncertainty of 5E-15. A 220 days comparison between NIM4 and GPS showed an agreement of 2E-14. Finally the construction of a NIM5 transportable cesium fountain clock is briefly reported.

Carbon dioxide heat pump for dual-temperature drinking fountain

Carbon dioxide trans-critical heat pump system for heating and cooling water was designed,and its thermodynamic steady-state concentration model was established. Based on the steady-state model,parameters of the carbon dioxide trans-critical heat pump were calculated by computer programming. According to these parameters,the effects and application prospect of the heat pump system were analyzed for dual-temperature drinking fountains.

Feedback-based unequal error protection fountain code over device-to-device broadcast

To enhance encoding efficiency, an unequal error protection （UEP） broadcast scheme based on one additional feedback is proposed. Different from the equal probability selection for source packets in traditional fountain encoding, the proposed scheme calculates the packet loss ratio （PLR） according to the feedback results in systematic broadcast phase （SBP） and then optimizes the selection probability for source packets to guarantee higher level error protection for those source packets with larger PLRs. Thus the amount of unnecessarily redundant encoded packets during encoding broadcast phase （EBP） is decreased significantly. Numerical results show that the proposed scheme can recover 60% more packets than the traditional non-feedback broadcast scheme at the ex- pense of tolerably only one feedback procedure.

FOUNTAIN THEOREM OVER CONES AND APPLICATIONS

In this paper, we establish fountain theorems over cones and apply it to the quasilinear elliptic problem{-△Pu=λ｜u｜q-2u＋μ｜u｜ y-2u,x∈Ω,u=0,x∈δΩ to show that problem （1） possesses infinitely many solutions, where 1 〈 p 〈 N, 1 〈 q 〈 P 〈 γ, Ω∩→ R^N is a smooth bounded domain and λ, μ∈ R.

Presence of Multidrug-Resistant <i>E. coli</i>, <i>Enterococcus</i>spp. and <i>Salmonella</i>spp. in Lakes and Fountains of Porto, Portugal

Urban lakes and fountains provide recreational activities that could facilitate the contact between humans, animals and biological agents. The objective of this work was to assess the water quality and safety of 17 lakes and 13 fountains in the city of Porto (Portugal), by detecting the presence of Escherichia coli, enterococci and Salmonella spp., and analyzing their antimicrobial resistance. (For more information,please refer to the pdf.)

Improvement of the short-term stability of atomic fountain clock with state preparation by two-laser optical pumping

To improve the signal to noise ratio(SNR)and the short-term stability of cesium atomic fountain clocks,the work of two-laser optical pumping is presented theoretically and experimentally.The short-term stability of the NIM6 fountain clock has been improved by preparing more cold atoms in the|F=4,m_(F)=0>clock state with a shortened cycle time.Two π-polarized laser beams overlapped in the horizontal plane have been applied after launching,one is resonant with|F=4>→|F′=4>transition and the other is resonant with|F=3>→|F′=4>transition.With optical pumping,the population accumulated in the|m_(F)=0>clock state is improved from 11%to 63%,and the detection signal is increased by a factor of 4.2,the SNR of the clock transition probability and the short-term stability are also improved accordingly.