Direct Resolution of the Pitch of DNA on Positively Charged Lipid Bilayers by Frequency-Modulation AFM

High resolution structural studies of DNA and DNA binding proteins by atomic force microscopy(AFM) require well-bound samples on suitably flat substrates. Adsorbing the DNA onto a positively charged supported lipid bilayer has previously been shown to be a potentially effective strategy for structural studies with AFM. Here, using our home-built frequency-modulation AFM(FM-AFM), we show that these bilayer substrates are only maximally effective for high resolution AFM when the samples are short, linear DNA, compared with circular plasmid DNA. We find that, with the former sample, the measured width of the DNA is about 2 nm, the known DNA diameter, and there is a clear height modulation along the length of the DNA with a periodicity of about 3.4 nm, in excellent agreement with the known pitch of the double helix. This sample preparation strategy is expected to enable higher resolution studies of DNA and DNA binding proteins with FM-AFM than that can presently be achieved.

Re-evaluation of the Widely Applied Force-Frequency Relation for Frequency-Modulation AFM Under Solution

Frequency-modulation atomic force microscopy(FM-AFM) is a highly versatile tool for surface science.Besides imaging surfaces, FM-AFM is capable of measuring interactions between the AFM probe and the surface with high sensitivity, which can provide chemical information at sub-nanometer resolution. This is achieved by deconvoluting the frequency shift, which is directly measured in experiments, into the force between the probe and sample. At present, the widely used method to perform this deconvolution has been shown to be accurate under high quality(high-Q) factor vacuum conditions. However, under low quality(low-Q) factor conditions, such as in solution, it is not clear if this method is valid. A previous study apparently verified this relation for experiments in solution by comparing the force calculated by this equation with that obtained in separate experiments using the surface force apparatus(SFA). Here we show that, in solution, a more direct comparison of the force calculated by this relation with that directly measured by the cantilever deflection in AFM reveals significant differences,both qualitative and quantitative. However, we also find that there are complications that hinder this comparison.Namely, while contact with the surface is clear in the direct measurements(including the SFA data), it is less certain in the FM-AFM case. Hence, it is not clear if the two methods are measuring the same tip-sample distance regimes. Thus, our results suggest that a more thorough verification of this relation is required, as application of this formulation for experiments in solution may not be valid.

Frequency-modulated excitation of Rydberg potassium atoms by using B-spline

By using the B-spline expansion technique and a model potential of the alkali atoms, the properties of frequency- modulated excitation of Rydberg potassium atoms in a static electric field and a microwave field are investigated by using the time-dependent two-level approach. We successfully reproduce the square wave oscillations in the low frequency, the stair step population oscillations in the intermediate frequency, and the multiphoton transitions in the high frequency with respect to the unmodulated Rabi frequency, which have been observed experimentally by Noel et al. [Phys. Rev. A 58 2265 （1998）]. Furthermore, we also numerically obtain the discretized Rabi oscillations predicted in the Landau Zener accumulation model.

A TECHNIQUE FOR MEASURING THE LINEARITY OF A LINEARLY FREQUENCY-MODULATED SIGNAL

A technique for measuring the linearity of a linearly frequency-modulated continuous wave (LFM-CW) signal is presented. It uses a delay-line and a mixer to sense the slope of the output of a sweep oscillator, so that the original form of frequency function deviated from idealized linear slope is retrieved by means of spectrum analysis. Consequently,the linearity of the LFM signal is determined. The formulation is performed based on the principle that an angle-modulated signal can be approximated by an amplitude-modulated signal if the modulation coefficient is sufficiently small. To examine the validity of the procedure and to study the effect of each parameter on the accuracy of measurement, a number of computer simulations has been made. The results of simulation show that the error of the measurement is less than 2%.

Unconventional geometric phase gate and multiqubit entanglement for hot ions with a frequency-modulated field

We present an alternative scheme for implementing the unconventional geometric two-qubit phase gate and prepar- ing multiqubit entanglement by using a frequency-modulated laser field to simultaneously illuminate all ions. Selecting the index of modulation yields selective mechanisms for coupling and decoupling between the internal and the external states of the ions. By the selective mechanisms, we obtain the unconventional geometric two-qubit phase gate, multiparticle Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger states and highly entangled cluster states. Our scheme is insensitive to the thermal motion of the ions.

Computationally efficient MUSIC based DOA estimation algorithm for FMCW radar

This paper proposes low-cost yet high-accuracy direction of arrival(DOA)estimation for the automotive frequency-modulated continuous-wave(FMcW)radar.The existing subspace-based DOA estimation algorithms suffer fromeither high computational costs or low accuracy.We aim to solve such contradictory relation between complexity and accuracy by using randomizedmatrix approximation.Specifically,we apply an easily-interpretablerandomized low-rank approximation to the covariance matrix(CM)and R∈C^(M×M)throughthresketch maties in the fom of R≈OBQ^(H).Here the approximately compute its subspaces.That is,we first approximate matrix Q∈C^(M×z)contains the orthonormal basis for the range of the sketchmatrik C∈C^(M×z)cwe whichis etrated fom R using randomized unifom counsampling and B∈C^(z×z)is a weight-matrix reducing the approximation error.Relying on such approximation,we are able to accelerate the subspacecomputation by the orders of the magnitude without compromising estimation accuracy.Furthermore,we drive a theoretical error bound for the suggested scheme to ensure the accuracy of the approximation.As validated by the simulation results,the DOA estimation accuracy of the proposed algorithm,eficient multiple signal classification(E-MUSIC)s high,closely tracks standardMUSIC,and outperforms the well-known algorithms with tremendouslyreduced time complexity.Thus,the devised method can realize high-resolutionreal-time target detection in the emerging multiple input and multiple output(MIMO)automotive radar systems.

Lorentz force electrical impedance tomography using pulse compression technique

Lorentz force electrical impedance tomography （LFEIT） combines ultrasound stimulation and electromagnetic field detection with the goal of creating a high contrast and high resolution hybrid imaging modality. In this study, pulse compression working together with a linearly frequency modulated ultrasound pulse was investigated in LFEIT. Experiments were done on agar phantoms having the same level of electrical conductivity as soft biological tissues. The results showed that：（i） LFEIT using pulse compression could detect the location of the electrical conductivity variations precisely; （ii） LFEIT using pulse compression could get the same performance of detecting electrical conductivity variations as the traditional LFEIT using high voltage narrow pulse but reduce the peak stimulating power to the transducer by 25.5 dB; （iii） axial resolution of 1 mm could be obtained using modulation frequency bandwidth 2 MHz.

Real-time and wearable functional electrical stimulation system for volitional hand motor function control using the electromyography bridge method

Voluntary participation of hemiplegic patients is crucial for functional electrical stimulation therapy.A wearable functional electrical stimulation system has been proposed for real-time volitional hand motor function control using the electromyography bridge method.Through a series of novel design concepts,including the integration of a detecting circuit and an analog-to-digital converter,a miniaturized functional electrical stimulation circuit technique,a low-power super-regeneration chip for wireless receiving,and two wearable armbands,a prototype system has been established with reduced size,power,and overall cost.Based on wrist joint torque reproduction and classification experiments performed on six healthy subjects,the optimized surface electromyography thresholds and trained logistic regression classifier parameters were statistically chosen to establish wrist and hand motion control with high accuracy.Test results showed that wrist flexion/extension,hand grasp,and finger extension could be reproduced with high accuracy and low latency.This system can build a bridge of information transmission between healthy limbs and paralyzed limbs,effectively improve voluntary participation of hemiplegic patients,and elevate efficiency of rehabilitation training.

Generalized Parseval’s Theorem on Fractional Fourier Transform for Discrete Signals and Filtering of LFM Signals

This paper investigates the generalized Parseval’s theorem of fractional Fourier transform (FRFT) for concentrated data. Also, in the framework of multiple FRFT domains, Parseval’s theorem reduces to an inequality with lower and upper bounds associated with FRFT parameters, named as generalized Parseval’s theorem by us. These results theoretically provide potential valuable applications in filtering, and examples of filtering for LFM signals in FRFT domains are demonstrated to support the derived conclusions.

IMAGING ANALYSIS OF FREQUENCY MODULATION CONTINUOUS WAVE SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR IN NEAR RANGE MODE

Frequency-Modulation Continuous-Wave Synthetic Aperture Radar(FMCW SAR)has shown great potential in the applications of civil and military fields because of its easy deployment and low cost.However,most of these work and analysis are concentrated on airborne FMCW SAR,where the characteristics of the imaging geometry and signal are much similar to that of traditional pulsed-SAR.As a result,a series of test campaigns of automobile-based FMCW SAR were sponsored by Institute of Electronics,Chinese Academy of Sciences(IECAS)in the autumn of 2012.In this paper,we analyze the imaging issues of FMCW SAR in automobile mode(named as near range mode),where a vehicle is used as moving platform and a large looking angle is configured.The imaging geometry and signal properties are analyzed in detail.We emphasize the difference of the near range mode from the traditional airborne SAR mode.Based on the analysis,a focusing approach is proposed in the paper to handle the data focusing in the case.Simulation experiment and real data of automobile FMCW SAR are used to validate the analysis.

Noise attenuation of frequency-modulated multi-rotor using sound field reproduction

Multi-rotor aircraft has great potential in urban traffic and military use and its noise problem has attracted more attention recently.Multi-rotor aircrafts are typically controlled by changing the rotation speeds of the rotors.To reduce the noise of multiple frequency-modulated rotors,a global noise attenuation method is proposed in this study.First,the fast prediction method is used to estimate the global noise of the multirotor with different configurations online.Meanwhile,the sound field reproduction method is used to obtain the control signal of the loudspeaker array to achieve global noise attenuation.Then,the influence of array arrangement on noise reduction is analyzed in the acoustic modal domain,which reveals that different optimization models are needed to minimize the noise power or/and the noise pressure in some directions when the scale of the array is limited.Next,to improve the real-time performance of the system,the online calculation of the optimal control signal is transformed into the offline design of the optimal filter,which satisfies the target frequency-domain characteristics.Finally,the experimental results of the noise of a model quadrotor in the anechoic chamber were consistent with the predicted results.The simulation results of noise attenuation for the quadrotor show that the method proposed reduced the global noise power by about 13 dB.Moreover,the noise region radiated from the quadrotor to the ground with the boundary of 40 dB was reduced to 8.4%of that before control.

The concise fractional Fourier transform and its application in detection and parameter estimation of the linear frequency-modulated signal

A concise fractional Fourier transform （CFRFT） is proposed to detect the linear frequency-modulated （LFM） signal with low signal to noise ratio （SNR）. The frequency axis in time-frequency plane of the CFRFT is rotated to get the spectrum of the signal in different an- gles using chirp multiplication and Fourier transform （FT）. For LFM signal which distributes as a straight line in time-frequency plane, the CFRFT can gather the energy in the corresponding angle as a peak and improve the detection SNR, thus the LFM signal of low SNR can be de- tected. Meanwhile, the location of the peak value relates to the parameters of the LFM signal. Numerical simulations and experimental results show that, the proposed method can be used to efficiently detect the LFM signal masked by noise and to estimate the signal＇s parameters accurately. Compared with the conventional fractional Fourier transform （FRFT）, the CFRFT reduces the transform complexity and improves the real-time detection performance of LFM signal.

Frequency-modulated continuous-wave dual-frequency LIDAR based on a monolithic integrated two-section DFB laser

We demonstrate a high-resolution frequency-modulated continuous-wave dual-frequency LIDAR system based on a monolithic integrated two-section(TS) distributed feedback(DFB) laser. In order to achieve phase locking of the two lasers in the TS-DFB laser, the sideband optical injection locking technique is employed. A high-quality linear frequency-modulated signal is achieved from the TS-DFB laser. Utilizing the proposed LIDAR system, the distance and velocity of a target can be measured accurately. The maximum relative errors of distance and velocity measurement are 1.6% and 3.18%, respectively.

Overview of Ultra-Wideband Transceivers——System Architectures and Applications

The Ultra-WideBand(UWB) technique, which offers good energy efficiency, flexible data rate, and high ranging accuracy, has recently been recognized as a revived wireless technology for short distance communication.This paper presents a brief overview of two UWB techniques, covering Impulse-Radio UWB(IR-UWB) and FrequencyModulation UWB(FM-UWB) methods. The link margin enhancement technique, Very-WideBand(VWB), and power consumption reducing technique, chirp UWB, are also introduced. Then, several potential applications of IR-UWB with transceiver architectures are addressed, including high data rate proximity communication and secure wireless connectivity. With fine-ranging and energy-efficient communication features, the UWB wireless technology is highly promising for secure mobile Internet of Things(IoT) applications.

Echolocation calls of Myotis frater (Chiroptera: Hipposi- deridae) during search flight

Echolocation calls of Myotis frater emitted during the search phase consist of brief frequency-modulated pulses. The sound signals are comprised of three harmonics of which the first one is of the highest intensity and occurs in all echolocation calls. The frequency of this fundamental harmonic ranges from 110.8 to 50.2 kHz, and its duration is about 3.5 ms. The second and the third harmonics are relatively weak, occurring in 50.0% and 25.0% of echolocation calls respectively, with frequencies ranging from 138.4 to 116.6 kHz for the second harmonic and from 193.6 to 170.8 kHz for the third harmonic. We presume that, according to the echolocation call features, Myotis frater probably forages the insects on the ground of complex environments.