Gradient nanostructure enabled exceptional fretting fatigue properties of Inconel 718 superalloy through submerged abrasive waterjet peening

Submerged Abrasive Waterjet Peening(SAWJP)shows great application potential in augmenting the fatigue properties of metallic parts.Thus,the present work aims to investigate the influence of SAWJP on the Surface Integrity(SI)and Fretting Fatigue(FF)properties of Inconel 718(IN718)superalloy and illustrate the microstructural evolution,FF life improvement,and fretting wear mechanism.First,the SI of the IN718 specimen was examined following treatment via SAWJP.Results showed that the specimen subjected to SAWJP formed a total plastic deformation layer of 56μm.The maximum microhardness and Compressive Residual Stress(CRS)measured across the depth of the SAWJP-treated specimens exhibited an increase in values ranging between 522 HV and 541 HV and 1171–1380 MPa,respectively.The FF test results of the specimen before and after SAWJP treatment at ambient temperatures indicated that the FF life of the SAWJP-treated specimen surpassed that of the as-received specimen by a factor of 2.81.The examination of the FF fracture,contact surface,and crack propagation behavior revealed the crucial factors contributing to the enhanced FF resistance of the IN718 specimen,including the gradient nanostructure characterized by ultra-refined grains,substantial CRS,and elevated microhardness,which were all induced by the SAWJP treatment.

Dual motion fretting wear behaviors of titanium and its alloy in artificial saliva

A dual motion combined by radial and tangential fretting was achieved on a modified hydraulic fretting wear test rig. The dual motion fretting tests of medical pure titanium （TA2） and Ti6Al7Nb alloy in artificial saliva were carried out under varied contact inclined angles （45° and 60°）, and the maximum imposed load varied from 200 to 400 N at a constant loading speed of 6 mm/min. The effects of the cyclic vertical force and the inclined angle were investigated in detail. Dynamic analysis in combination with microscopic examinations shows that the wear scar and plastic deformation accumulation present a strong asymmetry. The Ti6Al7Nb has better wear resistance than TA2 in artificial saliva at the same test parameters, and with the increase of inclined angle and decrease of imposed load, the wear reduces accordingly. The wear mechanisms of pure titanium TA2 and Ti6Al7Nb alloy under the condition of dual motion fretting in artificial saliva are abrasive wear, oxidative wear and delamination.

Effect of Different Laser Energy Nitriding on the Fretting Wear Performance of Zr Alloy

The zirconium(Zr)alloy fuel cladding is one of the key structural components of a nuclear reactor and the first and most important line of defense for accommodating fission products.During the operation of nuclear reactors,Zr alloy fuel cladding is subjected to extreme harsh environments,such as high temperature,high pressure and high flow rate for a long period of time.The wear and corrosion resistance of Zr alloys is important for the safe operation of nuclear reactors.Surface modification can effectively improve the corrosion and wear resistance of fuel cladding.Compared with coating technology,nitriding technology does not have problems for bonding between the coating and the substrate.Current research on surface nitriding of Zr alloys mainly focuses on plasma nitriding and ion implantation techniques.Research on laser nitriding of Zr alloy surfaces and their fretting wear characteristics is scarce.In this study,the surface of Zr alloy was treated with laser nitriding at different laser energies.The microstructure of Zr alloy treated with different laser energies and its fretting wear performance were studied.The results showed that after nitriding with different laser energies,the surface of the Zr alloy showed a typical molten state after melting,vaporizing and cooling under the thermal effect of the laser,and this state was more obvious with the increase of the laser energy.At the same time,doping of N atoms and formation of the ZrN phase led to different cooling rates in the molten zone that produced large tensile stresses after cooling.This led to cracks on the surface of Zr alloys after laser nitriding at different energies,and the crack density increased with increasing laser energy.This also led to an increase in the surface roughness of the Zr alloy with increasing laser energy after laser nitriding treatment.Due to the presence of water in the industrial nitrogen,nitrides were generated on the surface of the sample along with some oxides.When the laser energy was 100 mJ,there was no ZrN generation,and N existed mainly as a diffusion layer within the Zr alloy substrate.ZrN generated when the laser energy reached 200 mJ and above,which increased with the increase of laser energy.Due to the generation of ZrN phase and the presence of some oxides,the surface Vickers hardness of Zr alloys after laser nitriding treatment at different energies increased by 37.5%compared to Zr alloys.After laser nitriding treatment,the wear mechanism of Zr alloys changed.For the untreated Zr alloys,the wear mechanism was dominated by delamination and spalling wear,accompanied by oxidative and abrasive wear.The phenomenon of delamination and peeling decreased with the increase of laser energy.Wear mechanisms changed to predominantly abrasive wear with oxidative wear and delamination spalling.The wear volume of sample nitriding with laser energy 400 mJ was reduced by 46.5%compared with that of untreated Zr alloy.

Contour Detection Algorithm forαPhase Structure of TB6 Titanium Alloy fused with Multi-Scale Fretting Features

Aiming at the problems of inaccuracy in detecting theαphase contour of TB6 titanium alloy.By combining computer vision technology with human vision mechanisms,the spatial characteristics of theαphase can be simulated to obtain the contour accurately.Therefore,an algorithm forαphase contour detection of TB6 titanium alloy fused with multi-scale fretting features is proposed.Firstly,through the response of the classical receptive field model based on fretting and the suppression of new non-classical receptive field model based on fretting,the information maps of theαphase contour of the TB6 titanium alloy at different scales are obtained;then the information map of the smallest scale contour is used as a benchmark,the neighborhood is constructed to judge the deviation of other scale contour information,and the corresponding weight value is calculated;finally,Gaussian function is used to weight and fuse the deviation information,and the contour detection result of TB6 titanium alloyαphase is obtained.In the Visual Studio 2013 environment,484 metallographic images with different temperatures,strain rates,and magnifications were tested.The results show that the performance evaluation F value of the proposed algorithm is 0.915,which can effectively improve the accuracy ofαphase contour detection of TB6 titanium alloy.

Friction and wear of 7075 aluminum alloy induced by torsional fretting

The torsional fretting wear tests of 7075 aluminum alloy flat against 52100 steel ball in dry condition were carried out on a new high-precision torsional fretting-wear tester.The kinetics behaviors and damage mechanism of 7075 aluminum alloy under different angular displacement amplitudes were investigated in detail.The results show that the torsional fretting running behaviors of 7075 aluminum alloy can be defined by three fretting regimes(i.e.partial slip regime(PSR),mixed fretting regime(MFR) and slip regime(SR)) with the increase of angular displacement amplitudes.In PSR,the damage occurs at the lateral portion of the contact zone with a slight annular shape.However,in MFR and SR,more severe damages are observed and the debris layer covers the wear scars.Friction torque and dissipation energy which are strongly dependent upon the imposed angular displacement amplitudes and presented in three stages were discussed in detail.The mechanisms of torsional fretting wear of aluminum alloy are mainly oxidative wear,abrasive wear and delamination in the three fretting regimes.In addition,the oxidative debris plays an important role during the torsional fretting wear processes.

Effect of fretting amplitudes on fretting wear behavior of steel wires in coal mines

Given that fretting wear causes failure in steel wires, we carried out tangential fretting wear tests of steel wires on a self-made fretting wear test rig under contact loads of 9 and 29 N and fretting amplitudes ranging from 5 to 180 μm. We observed morphologies of fretted steel wire surfaces on an S-3000N scanning electron microscope in order to analyze fretting wear mecha-nisms. The results show that the fretting regime of steel wires transforms from partial slip regime into mixed fretting regime and gross slip regime with an increase in fretting amplitudes under a given contact load. In partial slip regime, the friction coefficient has a relatively low value. Four stages can be defined in mixed fretting and gross slip regimes. The fretting wear of steel wires in-creases obviously with increases in fretting amplitudes. Fretting scars present a typical morphology of annularity, showing slight damage in partial slip regime. However, wear clearly increases in mixed fretting regime where wear mechanism is a combination of plastic deformation, abrasive wear and oxidative wear. In gross slip regime, more severe degradation is present than in the other regimes. The main fretting wear mechanisms of steel wires are abrasive wear, surface fatigue and friction oxidation.

荧光共振能量转移(FRET)的定量检测及其应用

荧光共振能量转移(Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer,FRET)技术被广泛应用于活细胞中生物大分子构象变化和分子间动态相互作用的实时研究.针对光谱串扰和供体受体间的浓度比等困扰FRET效率定量检测的两大难题,已经发展了多种定量检测FRET效率的方法.作者结合自己的研究结果介绍了多种FRET效率定量检测技术在细胞信号转导机制研究中的应用.

FRET技术及其在蛋白质-蛋白质分子相互作用研究中的应用

简要综述了FRET方法在活细胞生理条件下研究蛋白质 蛋白质间相互作用方面的最新进展 .蛋白质 蛋白质间相互作用在整个细胞生命过程中占有重要地位 ,由于细胞内各种组分极其复杂 ,因此一些传统研究蛋白质 蛋白质间相互作用的方法 ,例如酵母双杂交、免疫沉淀等可能会丢失某些重要的信息 ,无法正确地反映在当时活细胞生理条件下蛋白质 蛋白质间相互作用的动态变化过程 .荧光共振能量转移 (fluorescenceresonanceenergytransfer ,FRET)是近来发展的一项新技术 ,此项技术的应用 ,为在活细胞生理条件下对蛋白质 蛋白质间相互作用进行实时的动态研究 。

Fretting wear and friction oxidation behavior of 0Cr20Ni32AlTi alloy at high temperature

The fretting wear behavior of 0Cr20Ni32AlTi alloy was investigated with crossed cylinder contact under 80 N at 300 and 400 °C.Wear scar and debris were analyzed systematically by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.The results show that the friction logs are mixed fretting regime and gross slip regime with the magnitudes of displacement of 10 and 20 μm,respectively.Severe wear and friction oxidation occur on the material surface.A large number of granular debris produced in the fretting process can be easily congregated and adhered at the contact zone after repeated crushes.The resultant of friction oxidation is mainly composed of Fe3O4,Fe2O3,Cr2O3 and NiO.Temperature and friction are the major factors affecting the oxidation reaction rate.The fretting friction effect can enhance the oxidation reaction activity of surface atoms of 0Cr20Ni32AlTi alloy and reduce the oxidation activation energy.As result,the oxidation reaction rate is accelerated.

Effect of nitrogen ion implantation dose on torsional fretting wear behavior of titanium and its alloy

Various doses of nitrogen ions were implanted into the surface of pure titanium, Ti6Al7Nb and Ti6Al4V, by plasma immersion ion implantation. Torsional fretting wear tests involving flat specimens of no-treated and treated titanium, as well as its alloys, against a ZrO2 ball contact were performed on a torsional fretting wear test rig using a simulated physiological medium of serum solution. The treated surfaces were characterized, and the effect of implantation dose on torsional fretting behavior was discussed in detail. The results showed that the torsional fretting running and damage behavior of titanium and its alloys were strongly dependent on the dose of the implanted nitrogen ions and the angular displacement amplitude. The torsional fretting running boundary moved to smaller angular displacement amplitude, and the central light damage zone decreased, as the ion dose increased. The wear mechanisms of titanium and its alloys were oxidative wear, abrasive wear and delamination, with abrasive wear as the most common mechanism of the ion implantation layers.

基于SPHD及FRET技术的蛋白质传感器

蛋白质传感器作为一种分析蛋白质与其他分子之间作用力的有效手段已经越来越显示出其优点,但是蛋白质在基底表面的变性问题对于研究者来说仍然是一个挑战.作者介绍了一种具有高灵敏度的蛋白质传感器,即利用DNA引导固定(DDI)方法,将DNA-蛋白质复合物通过DNA双链特异性杂交固定在硅基底表面,从而有效保持了蛋白质的活性,并且引入荧光共振能量传递(FRET)技术以及电势扫描发卡去杂交(SPHD)技术降低非特异性吸附带来的荧光信号.这种蛋白质传感器在蛋白质识别以及DNA杂交方面具有显著区分不同体系荧光信号的能力.

利用FRET技术在活细胞内观察EGF对PKA作用的时空成像

cAMP依赖的蛋白激酶(protein kinase A, PKA)在细胞生长与分化过程中扮演重要角色,特别是在调节Ras信号通路引起的细胞增殖效应中起着重要作用。为了在活细胞内动态观察表皮生长因子(epidermal growth factor, EGF)对PKA的作用,采用一种可以检测PKA酶活性的报告蛋白(A-kinase activity reporter, AKAR)——这种报告蛋白是利用荧光共振能量转移(fluorescence resonance energy transfer,FRET)原理设计的,使其在人类肺癌细胞(ASTC-a-1)中稳定表达。加入EGF刺激因子后,随时间变化的成像分析显示出在活细胞生理条件下被EGF作用的PKA酶活性变化的时空信息。这些资料为EGF作用PKA提供了直接的实时证据。

基于FRET技术构建破伤风毒素和B型肉毒毒素酶类抑制剂高通量体外筛选方法

目的利用FRET技术构建破伤风毒素和B型肉毒毒素酶类抑制剂高通量体外筛选方法。方法构建针对破伤风毒素和B型肉毒毒素的双荧光标记底物的重组表达质粒,表达并纯化荧光标记底物重组蛋白;利用A型肉毒毒素轻链(ALc),B型肉毒毒素轻链(BLc)和破伤风毒素轻链(TLc)分别对目的蛋白进行酶切反应。对基于双荧光标记底物高通量体外筛选方法的条件进行优化。酶动力学参数分别测定TLc和BLc切割底物荧光标记底物的Km和Kcat值。结果设计并成功构建荧光标记底物的重组表达质粒。表达并纯化后获得纯度为90%左右的重组蛋白,命名为CYVAMP。利用ALc、BLc和TLc分别对CYVAMP进行酶切,CYVAMP能被BLc和TLc识别切割而不能被ALc切割。对基于双荧光标记底物高通量体外筛选方法的条件优化得到:CYVAMP较适宜的范围为0.2~32μmol/L,酶标仪滤光片灵敏度设定的较合适的设置范围在65~110;(对于96孔板)动态实时检测间隔时间2 min较为合适,检测持续时间从30 min到120 min较合适。CYVAMP在内肽酶BLc作用下随反应时间变化与荧光值528与485比值作图最大时在1.5左右,最小在0.5左右。酶动力学参数测定得到BLc酶切CYVAMP的Km和Kcat值分别为(17.6±2.6)μmol/L和(4.16±0.28)s-1。TLc酶切CYVAMP的Km和Kcat值分别为(40.8±3.5)μmol/L和(2.65±0.32)s-1。结论成功构建基于FRET技术的分析法能满足对破伤风毒素和B型肉毒毒素的检测及抑制剂的高通量体外筛选所需。

Fretting wear behavior of Inconel 690 in hydrazine environments

The friction and wear behaviors of Inconel 690 flat against Si3Ni4 ball were investigated using a hydraulic fretting test rig equipped with a liquid container device. The loads of 20-80 N, reciprocating amplitudes of 80-200 μm and two different environments （distilled water and hydrazine solution at temperatures from 25 to 90 ℃） were selected. The results show that the ratio of Ft/Fn is lower in distilled water than that in hydrazine solution at the same temperature in the slip regime. Both the ratio of Ft/Fn and wear volume gradually increase with increasing medium temperature under the given normal load and displacement amplitude. Besides the displacement amplitude and load, temperature also plays an important role for wear behavior of Inconel 690 material. The increase of temperature could reduce the concentration of dissolved oxygen, and promote the absorption reaction of hydrazine and dissolved oxygen. As a result, the oxidative corrosion rate is obviously lowered. Abrasive wear and delamination wear are the main mechanisms of Inconel 690 in distilled water. However, in hydrazine solution the cracks accompanied by abrasive wear and delamination wear are the main mechanisms.

基于FRET构建A型肉毒毒素活性检测的高通量方法

目的利用荧光共振能量转移(FRET)构建针对A型肉毒毒素酶活性检测的高通量体外方法。方法构建只识别A型肉毒毒素的基于双荧光标记底物的重组表达质粒,将其构建的质粒转入大肠杆菌表达系统进行表达,对表达后的荧光标记底物重组蛋白进行纯化和透析并保存备用;利用A型肉毒毒素轻链(ALc)对重组蛋白进行酶切检测活性;对本检测方法的条件进行优化;ALc切割荧光标记底物测定其酶动力学参数K_(m)与K_(cat)值。结果重组表达质粒构建成功,通过大肠杆菌表达系统表达后检测明显出现目的条带,对其纯化后获得的重组蛋白纯度在90%左右,命名重组蛋白为CYA。对CYA通过酶ALc、B型肉毒毒素轻链(BLc)进行酶切鉴定,结果显示CYA只能被ALc酶切产生与预期相符的两个蛋白片段,不能被BLc酶切。对基于FRET底物的条件优化得到:设定滤光片灵敏度在65~110之间;实时动态检测间隔为2 min/次,动态检测时间为30~120 min,底物CYA合适的浓度范围0.5~32μmol/L。CYA在ALc酶作用下随时时间的变化与荧光值528与485的比值作图最小在0.5左右,最大时约为0.9。酶动力学参数测定ALc切割CYA的值K_(cat)值为(5±0.4)s^(-1)和K_(m)为(2.33±0.21)μmol/L。结论成功构建了基于FRET技术的A型肉毒毒素活性检测的高通量体外分析方法。

Fretting Wear Behavior of Medium Carbon Steel Modified by Low Temperature Gas Multi-component Thermo-chemical Treatment

The introduction of surface engineering is expected to be an effective strategy against fretting damage. A large number of studies show that the low gas multi-component （such as carbon, nitrogen, sulphur and oxygen, etc） thermo-chemical treatment（LTGMTT） can overcome the brittleness of nitriding process, and upgrade the surface hardness and improve the wear resistance and fatigue properties of the work-pieces significantly. However, there are few reports on the anti-fretting properties of the LTGMTT modified layer up to now, which limits the applications of fretting. So this paper discusses the fretting wear behavior of modified layer on the surface of LZ50 （0.48%C） steel prepared by low temperature gas multi-component thermo-chemical treatment （LTGMTT） technology. The fretting wear tests of the modified layer flat specimens and its substrate （LZ50 steel） against 52100 steel balls with diameter of 40 mm are carried out under normal load of 150 N and displacement amplitudes varied from 2 μm to 40 μm. Characterization of the modified layer and dynamic analyses in combination with microscopic examinations were performed through the means of scanning electron microscope（SEM）, optical microscope（OM）, X-ray diffraction（XRD） and surface profilometer. The experimental results showed that the modified layer with a total thickness of 60 μm was consisted of three parts, i.e., loose layer, compound layer and diffusion layer. Compared with the substrate, the range of the mixed fretting regime（MFR） of the LTGMTT modified layer diminished, and the slip regime（SR） of the modified layer shifted to the direction of smaller displacement amplitude. The coefficient of friction（COF） of the modified layer was lower than that of the substrate in the initial stage. For the modified layer, the damage in partial slip regime（PSR） was very slight. The fretting wear mechanism of the modified layer both in MFR and SR was abrasive wear and delamination. The modified layer presented better wear resistance than the substrate in PSR and MFR; however, in SR, the wear resistance of the modified layer decreased with the increase of the displacement amplitudes. The experimental results can provide some experimental bases for promoting industrial application of LTGMTT modified layer in anti-fretting wear.

Experimental and numerical study on fretting wear and fatigue of full-scale railway axles

This study investigated the fretting wear and fatigue of full-scale railway axles.Fatigue tests were conducted on full-scale railway axles,and the fretting wear and fretting fatigue in the fretted zone of the railway axles were analysed.Three-dimensional finite element models were established based on the experimental results.Then,multi-axial fatigue parameters and a linear elastic fracture mechanics-based approach were used to investigate the fretting fatigue crack initiation and propagation,respectively,in which the role of the fretting wear was taken into account.The experimental and simulated results showed that the fretted zone could be divided into zones I-III according to the surface damage morphologies.Fretting wear alleviated the stress concentration near the wheel seat edge and resulted in a new stress concentration near the worn/unworn boundary in zone II,which greatly promoted the fretting crack initiation at the inner side of the fretted zone.Meanwhile,the stress concentration also increased the equivalent stress intensity factor range DKeq below the mating surface,and thus promoted the propagation of fretting fatigue crack.Based on these findings,the effect of the stress redistribution resulting from fretting wear is suggested to be taken into account when evaluating the fretting fatigue in railway axles.

FRET检测tk基因诱导ACC-M细胞凋亡

研究肿瘤细胞凋亡是进行其药物筛选的重要方法之一。利用已构建的基于Caspase酶的指示剂CD3质粒与HSV-tk/ACV系统结合,通过荧光能量共振转移(FRET)技术研究了细胞凋亡,并采用ACV药物诱导表达了TK-GFP-CD3的ACC-M肿瘤细胞和CD3的ACC-M肿瘤细胞。结果表明,FRET成像检测分析出ACV药物能够诱导转有TK基因的人涎腺癌(ACC-M)肿瘤细胞凋亡,通过对仅转有CD3质粒的ACC-M肿瘤细胞没有影响。这种技术的结合可以用于细胞的凋亡药物的筛选。

利用FRET技术实时检测Bid蛋白在TNF-α诱导PC12细胞凋亡过程中的作用

】目的在活细胞中实时检测TNF-α诱导PCI2细胞凋亡过程中Bid蛋白的作用并探讨PCI2细胞凋亡的信号通路。方法利用基于荧光共振能量转移（nuoreseence resonance energyt ransfer，FRET）原理设计的荧光探针pFRET-Bid（YFP-Bid-CFP）转染PC12细胞后，在激光共聚焦显微镜下实时检测Bid蛋白的切割情况，并采用专用软件进行数据分析。结果TNF-α诱导细胞凋亡的过程中，在短时间内（3h）就凋亡的细胞中观测不到bid的切割，而在8h后凋亡的细胞中却观测到了bid的切割。结论通过分析实验结果推测不同时间凋亡的细胞经过的信号通路是不同的，一个是不通过线粒体的较快途径，一个是需要通过线粒体的较慢途径。

基于FRET机理的荧光探针的合成及其对汞离子的识别

基于FRET机理设计合成了一个包含罗丹明6G及香豆素的汞离子荧光探针Rh-6G-coumarin(RC),研究了它的光谱性能及对汞离子的识别作用。在V(C2H5OH)∶V(H2O)=9∶1溶液中加入汞离子后,575 nm处荧光强度迅速增大,荧光由蓝色变为明亮的红色,同时溶液的颜色由黄色变为红色。溶液中其他金属离子,如Na+、K+、Mg2+、Fe2+、Co2+、Pb2+、Zn2+、Cd2+和Cr3+对汞离子的荧光识别没有太大影响。该探针可在较宽的pH(4～10)范围内识别汞离子。光谱滴定实验表明,汞离子与RC以2∶1的计量比形成了配合物。