Factor Price Distortion and Conseq uential A dverse Wealth Transfers in China

As critical piece of China＇s gradualist economic transition, domestic price reform still faces major challenges. In particular, factor price, which is still tightlycontrolled and not market-based, is lower than market equilibrium price. Factor price distortion not only reduces market efficiency but also affects wealth distribution. Subsequent wealth transfer has, over the past ten to fifieen years, created a powerful vested interests and spawned social resentment, both of which may constitute major hazards in China＇s future reform and development. Keeping in mind that China will have to address factor price distortion in its next step of reform, this paper takes stock of China＇s journey toward price rejorm; examines the relationship among factor price distortion, previous economic growth, and policy; and estimates＇ the size of resulting wealth transfer.

Factor Price Distortion,Technological Innovation,and High-Quality Economic Development

The entropy method is used to measure the high-quality economic development levels of 30 provinces(autonomous regions,municipalities)in China from 2011 to 2020,and the impacts of factor price distortion,technological innovation,and their interaction terms on high-quality economic development are analyzed based on Tobit regression.The results show that highquality economic development of 30 provinces(autonomous regions,municipalities)in China is on the rise;factor price distortion has an inhibitory effect on high-quality economic development,while technological innovation has a promoting effect on high-quality economic development,and both of them have a lag effect;technological innovation level can help alleviate the negative impact of factor price distortion on high-quality economic development;and sub-regional research shows that the inhibitory effect of factor price distortion on highquality economic development in the east is significantly higher than that in the central and western regions,but the positive effect of technological innovation and the interaction terms between the two on high-quality economic development is significantly lower than that in the central and western regions.Accordingly,it is proposed to optimize top-level design for the two-wheel drive for high-quality economic development,strengthen the primary role of enterprises in innovation to promote high-quality economic development,and optimize the market-oriented allocation of factors to improve the efficiency of resource allocation.

The Threshold Effect of Factor Price Distortion on Technological Content of Exports:Evidence from China

Using panel data from 31 provinces in China,covering the period from 2003 to 2017,this article analyzes the threshold effect of factor price distortion on the technological content of exports.The results show that factor price distortion does not necessarily impede improvement in the quality of the technological content of exports.Instead,the adverse ejfect can be weakened when the value of per capita GDP is higher than RMB13,154 or the value of FDI goes beyond RMB480.9 billion.This is because a high regional economic development level alleviates the adverse effect of factor price distortion on the technological content of exports.Our results are robust when the dependent variable and sample years are changed.This article also addresses the endogeneity issue.We also consider the underlying mechanism through which factor price distortion affects the technological content of exports.

Analysis on Stability Factors of Grain Price in China

To make grain price stable is an important goal for the Chinese government. The paper compared the grain supply elasticity and demand elasticity to determine the grain price stability in China; used ＂k value＂ method to analyze the grain price fluctuation from 1985 to 2010; divided the grain price volatility into three stages; and analyzed the factors in each phase. On the base, it put forward some countermeasures to guarantee the stability of the grain price.

Cassava sector development in Cameroon: Production and marketing factors affecting price

Regular and available supply is the prerequisite of an effective and efficient commercialization process. Using multivariate regression analysis on field data, this research appraises the production and marketing factors that influence cassava market price. The production factors include cultivated area, planting material, yield, and farmers’ field schools;while farmers access to a paved road, having a telephone, the transportation costs of fresh roots, the level of root perishability, and the prices of rice and maize stand as marketing factors. The results show that farmers who attended farmers’ field school adopted improved planting materials, propagated them in their localities and the yields in these communities increased significantly. The farm size also has a significant influence on the availability of fresh roots. On the marketing side, transportation costs, access to a paved road, the prices of rice and maize significantly affect cassava’s market price and tighten the relationship between producers and marketers. We conclude that to increase fresh roots supply, roads leading to cultivating areas should be paved, better transportation provided, communication costs reduced, even distribution of planting materials and appropriate warehouses.

Active and Passive Factors of Oil Prices

Price volatility analysis is a basic problem in the price modification,financial risk estimation and management process.Among the global commodities,oil plays an important role in the development of modern industry and economy.Hence the price of crude oil analysis is a hot topic.It is also a difficult topic since there are so many factors associating the price volatilities.And some factors give the different influences in the different periods.Based on data computing,people generally classify the factors into positive and negative ones.But some factors do not affect the price as the nominal effect.For instance,the output of OPEC gave the positive contributions to the oil price in the past long time.Hence,the investigation of the historic WTI oil price is well proposed and the factors are classified into active and passive ones.And then the better explanations are given using this type of classification.

Technological anxiety:Analysis of the impact of industrial intelligence on employment in China

Employment is the greatest livelihood.Whether the impact of industrial robotics technology materialized in machines on employment in the digital age is an“icing on the cake”or“adding fuel to the fire”needs further study.This study aims to analyze the impact of the installation and application of industrial robots on labor demand in the context of the Chinese economy.First,from the theoretical logic and the economic development law,this study gives the prior judgment and research hypothesis that industrial intelligence will increase jobs.Then,based on the panel data of 269 cities in China from 2006 to 2021,we use the two-way fixed effect model,dynamic threshold model,and two-stage intermediary effect model.The objective is to investigate the impact of industrial intelligence on enterprise labor demand and its path mechanism.Results show that the overall effect of industrial intelligence on the labor force with the installation density index of industrial robots as the proxy variable is the“creation effect”.In other words,advanced digital technology has created additional jobs,and the overall supply of employment in the labor market has increased.The conclusion is still valid after the endogeneity identification and robustness test.In addition,the positive effect has a nonlinear effect on the network scale.When the installation density of industrial robots exceeds a particular threshold value,the division of labor continues to deepen under the combined action of the production efficiency and compensation effects,which will cause enterprises to increase labor demand further.Further research showed that industrial intelligence can increase employment by promoting synergistic agglomeration and improving labor price distortions.This study concludes that in the digital China era,the introduction and installation of industrial robots by enterprises can affect the optimal allocation of the labor market.This phenomenon has essential experience and reference significance for guiding industrial digitalization and intelligent transformation and promoting the high-quality development of people’s livelihood.

Electricity Price Influence Factors Analysis Using Stochastic Matrix for Real-Time Electricity Price Forecasting

Real-time electricity price( RTEP) influence factor extraction is essential to forecasting accurate power system electricity prices. At present,new electricity price forecasting models have been studied to improve predictive accuracy,ignoring the extraction and analysis of RTEP influence factors. In this study,a correlation analysis method is proposed based on stochastic matrix theory.Firstly, an augmented matrix is formulated, including RTEP influence factor data and RTEP state data. Secondly, data correlation analysis results are obtained given the statistical characteristics of source data based on stochastic matrix theory.Mean spectral radius( MSR) is used as the measure of correlativity.Finally,the proposed method is evaluated in New England electricity markets and compared with the BP neural network forecasting method. Experimental results show that the extracted index system comprehensively generalizes RTEP influence factors,which play a significant role in improving RTEP forecasting accuracy.

要素价格扭曲对绿色经济效率的影响研究——基于中国省级动态面板数据的分析

1994年中国正式启动分税制改革,明确了央地财政收支关系,充分调动各地政府促进经济增长积极性,成为支撑改革开放的重要制度安排之一。但是,以GDP为导向的经济增长目标和晋升激励加剧了地方政府竞争,区际行政壁垒林立,要素价格扭曲、资源配置低效问题长期存在,同时生态环境隐患悄然累积,影响人与自然和谐共生,制约了中国经济绿色转型。文章基于1994-2021年中国省级数据,运用动态GMM模型实证分析,发现要素价格扭曲对绿色经济效率的影响主要体现于抑制绿色进步层面;影响机制方面,要素价格扭曲通过阻碍产业升级和技术创新抑制绿色经济效率;消除扭曲后绿色经济效率将提升7.72%。门槛效应结果显示,吸引FDI的“逐底”竞争会加剧要素价格扭曲,产业结构升级则会抵消要素价格扭曲的负向影响。基于以上发现,文章提出深化要素市场改革,合理引导资本要素流向,推进劳动力要素升级,规范FDI引进等政策建议,为推进绿色转型、实现高质量发展提供了方案与方向。

严控“溢价率”条件下住宅用地定价影响因素研究

土地市场是全国统一大市场的有机组成部分,地价管理是土地市场建设的核心工作之一。文章从土地的商品属性和特征价格出发,阐述了不完全竞争状态下的地价波动现象,强调了建立要素市场价格异常波动调节机制的必要性。基于评估方法交叉混淆、评估参数偏差不当、权重选取主观随意、土地评估对未来房价走势及库存和销售情况不敏感等问题,分析了土地评估的局限性。结合严控“溢价率”政策对住宅用地定价的更高要求,指出政府在确定土地出让价格时需一并考虑土地出让底价与15%“溢价率”之间的上下限关系。研究认为:确定住宅用地出让价格是一项复杂而庞大的系统工程,并非由单一因素决定,除参考土地评估价格以外,还应重视土地储备成本、土地出让计提、土地隐性成本、出让年度计划、土地使用强度、地价房价关系、房屋去化周期等7种因素对土地出让价格的影响。在此基础上,将土地出让成本的硬性约束作用、土地供应的政策导向作用、房地联动的产业关联作用纳入住宅用地价格形成机制之中。

劳动力成本与技术进步偏向性——来自最低工资调整的证据

技术进步偏向性是影响要素收入份额变化的重要因素,探讨技术进步偏向性变化背后的逻辑对于构建科学合理的要素收入分配体系具有积极意义。本文基于最低工资调整视角探讨影响技术进步偏向性变化的价格效应。理论结果表明,当资本与劳动要素之间存在互补(替代)关系时,最低工资提升促使技术进步偏向劳动(资本)。采用中国城市数据测算技术进步偏向性指数,发现城市技术进步整体偏向资本,而在2004年之后出现偏向劳动的趋势。实证研究显示,随着最低工资水平上升,技术进步倾向于偏向劳动,且这一效应在要素互补样本更为显著,在要素替代样本不显著。考虑内生性问题、技术进步偏向性动态变化等稳健性检验均得到一致结果,且这一效应在2004年之后和在中西部地区尤为明显。进一步考察城市异质性特征发现,最低工资对技术进步偏向性的影响在非省会、中小经济规模、劳动密集型及对外开放度较低的城市更为显著;随着所在省份市场化水平和出口开放度提高而减弱,随着民营化水平提高而加强。本文研究结论为驱动技术进步偏向性变化的价格效应提供了证据支持,为各地区因地制宜实施和完善最低工资制度提供现实借鉴。

ESG投资绩效因子对公司股票资产定价的影响——基于中国A股市场的实证检验

环境、社会责任与公司治理(ESG)投资绩效对公司股票资产定价的作用正日益受到关注,但尚缺乏系统的计量检验。为此,依据上海华证公布的ESG投资绩效评级信息,构建ESG投资绩效因子,将其纳入三因子模型形成四因子股票资产定价计量模型。基于2011年至2022年中国A股上市公司月度数据的实证分析显示,中国A股市场上存在ESG投资绩效因子,拓展的四因子模型有效,但是整体上对于资产价格的解释力度提升有限。分组研究发现,相对于大市值规模公司或高账面市值比公司,ESG投资绩效因子对小市值规模和低账面市值比公司股票价格的影响更为显著,中国A股市场投资者在对小市值规模和低账面市值比公司股票估值时对ESG投资绩效给予了更高溢价。研究结论为深入理解ESG投资绩效在股票市场上的作用以及对公司股票做出更加准确的资产定价提供参考借鉴。

基于融合影响因素PSO-Prophet模型的农产品价格预测

为了提高价格预测的准确度,在Prophet模型中融入了消费者物价指数(CPI)和经济政策不确定性指数(EPU)等影响因素,并使用粒子群算法优化参数。利用国际大蒜贸易网中的日价格数据,将该方法应用于山东省大蒜的价格预测。结果表明,融合影响因素的PSO-Prophet模型大蒜价格预测结果的平均绝对误差(MAE)、平均绝对百分比误差(MAPE)和均方根误差(RMSE)比Prophet模型分别降低了82.88%、82.86%和77.49%。融合影响因素的PSO-Prophet模型可以有效提高预测精度。

中国碳酸锂期货市场的价格发现功能研究

自碳酸锂期货上市以来,其价格发现功能对引导碳酸锂现货市场健康发展具有重要作用。以中国碳酸锂期货市场价格为研究对象,选取2023年7月21日—2024年8月21日中国碳酸锂期货和现货市场的交易数据,建立向量误差修正模型,探究碳酸锂期货和现货市场价格之间的动态调整关系,并结合共同因子份额模型、信息份额模型和信息领先份额模型等三个模型,测算碳酸锂期货市场的价格贡献度。结果表明,中国碳酸锂期货市场价格是现货市场价格的格兰杰原因,碳酸锂期货市场对新信息的反应更为迅速,在价格发现中起着主导作用,并已经成为碳酸锂现货价格的有效参考依据,有助于促进碳酸锂价格的稳定和锂电企业的健康发展。

土地价格扭曲与城市企业全要素生产率——来自中国地级市尺度的经验证据

以土地出让价格扭曲为切入点,探究了城市工业用地出让对企业全要素生产率的影响效应及路径,并利用2007—2015年中国工业企业数据库和土地出让数据进行了实证检验。研究发现,工业用地价格扭曲显著降低了城市平均企业生产率,并且在西部地区、规模较小、土地要素市场化程度较低的城市影响效应更为显著。研究还发现,工业用地价格扭曲通过加剧工业企业过度投资,吸引低生产率企业选址,从而降低全要素生产率。地方政府低价出让工业用地不仅仅是因为招商引资带来的集聚经济效益考量,还可能是财政压力下冲动投资的结果。对此,提出加快推进要素市场改革、建立高效的产业用地供给制度体系和完善政绩考核体系等相关建议,以促进企业生产率提高,整合地区生产要素,提升地区发展水平。

基于CCA-ELM模型的国产LNG出厂价格中短期预测研究——以陕西省为例

考虑供需基本面因素和非基本面因素,构建CCA-ELM模型用于国产LNG出厂价格的预测。供需基本面因素包括LNG的产量、销量、库存、气温以及原料气成本,非基本面影响因素包括原油、汽油、柴油、煤炭等替代能源价格与东北亚天然气现货价格。通过典型相关性分析,研究各个影响因素对价格的作用程度。以10个影响因素的周度数据为研究对象,以LNG出厂价格的历史序列与其影响因素构建CCA-ELM神经网络预测模型。10个影响因素整体与LNG出厂价格的相关性较强,中国LNG出厂价格受能源市场的影响程度较高,受供需基本面的影响程度较低。兼顾LNG出厂价格历史数据与影响因素的CCA-ELM模型有效改进了时间序列神经网络的预测方法,提高了预测精度。

基于多尺度地理加权回归模型的城市住宅价格影响因素空间异质性——以桂林市主城区为例

基于桂林市2022年10月二手房价格数据,结合多尺度地理加权回归(multi-scale geographically weighted regression,MGWR)模型,分析不同尺度下城市住宅价格影响因素的空间异质性。结果表明:(1)桂林市住宅价格呈显著空间自相关,局部空间自相关结果表明,桂林市住宅价格空间呈显著的集聚分布,以“高-高”和“低-低”集聚为主,“高-低”和“低-高”集聚范围较小;(2)相较于普通最小二乘法(ordinary least squares,OLS)和地理加权回归(geographically weighted regression,GWR)模型,MGWR模型的R2更高,能更准确地测度变量对住宅价格的影响程度和空间差异性;(3)住宅房龄、教育医疗和商务设施为全局变量,绿化率、公共交通设施、铁路设施配套、生活配套和旅游景点的空间异质性处于中等水平,对外交通设施的空间异质性较大,在局部范围内对住宅价格有显著影响且差异明显;(4)住宅房龄、生活配套和旅游景点对住宅价格具有负向影响,教育医疗和商务配套对住宅价格具有正向影响,其余变量在不同空间区位上对住宅价格表现出抑制或增值作用。

考虑动态电碳排放因子的新型电力系统电碳综合需求响应调度方法

为进一步促进用户侧用电行为低碳化,以动态电碳排放因子为信号、以碳税为手段,结合电价建立一种新的用户侧电碳综合需求响应。根据平均电碳排放因子的度电排放表征特性,提出能够反映不同时段用电碳排放差异的动态电碳排放因子计算方法。在现有发电计划安排能够保证用户碳税利益需求的前提下,将动态电碳排放因子与碳税结合,以碳税作为经济手段引导用户关注各时段用电产生的碳排放差异。将动态电碳排放因子和电价的特点相结合,提出一种考虑动态电碳排放因子的新型电力系统电碳综合需求响应调度方法,用户能够根据各时段电价和电碳排放因子信息调整自身用电行为,以期降低负荷峰谷差、缓解系统调峰压力的同时,加强用户侧用电低碳性。通过仿真分析,验证了所提方法能够在降低峰谷差的基础上,进一步发挥用户侧低碳用电方面的作用,有助于提高电力系统经济性和低碳性。

新能源入市风险下计及影响层的现货限价自适模型

在现货市场起步阶段,普遍采用扁平化限价标准以防范极端价格风险,而随着新型电力系统建设提速推动新能源规模化入市,现货价格受间歇性出力的影响面愈加扩大,新能源入市风险增加,限价设计须进一步考虑常规机组收益、新能源装机比例以及负荷需求量等。因此,综合考虑与现货价格有强联动的影响因素,选取主要因子构成限价影响层,并在改进传统价格管制模型的基础上引入影响因子及系列模型的自适系数,提出新能源入市风险下计及多因子影响层的现货市场限价自适模型,仿真结果表明:模型能够实现不同需求场景下对现货价格的动态跟踪以保障系统安全稳定。

天然气市场化改革背景下中国LNG出厂价格影响因素研究

从供需基本面和能源市场两个角度分析LNG出厂价格的影响因素。供需方面,选取生产、成本、供求关系、库存量以及气温水平等因素。能源市场方面,选取原油现货、燃料油、液化石油气(LPG)、汽柴油以及煤炭现货价格来衡量天然气替代能源价格,以东北亚现货价格代表国际天然气价格。以内蒙古地区的LNG价格为研究对象,实际数据来自隆众资讯公司和万得(Wind)公司数据库,采用2021年11月3日—2023年10月18日的周度数据。通过典型相关性分析探究影响因素整体对LNG出厂价格的影响,基于向量自回归(VAR)模型中的格兰杰因果检验,探究各因素对价格的作用效果。结论是,中国LNG出厂价格对供需反应程度较弱、受能源市场溢出效应影响较强。建议扩大天然气市场交易规模,完善天然气交易体系,以推进中国LNG市场化发展。