Measurements of electron-phonon coupling factor and interfacial thermal resistance of metallic nano-films using a transient thermoreflectance technique

Using a transient thermoreflectance （TTR） technique, several Au films with different thicknesses on glass and SiC substrates are measured for thermal characterization of metMlic nano-films, including the electron phonon coupling factor G, interfazial thermal resistance R, and thermal conductivity Ks of the substrate. The rear heating-front detecting （RF） method is used to ensure the femtosecond temporal resolution. An intense laser beam is focused on the rear surface to heat the film, and another weak laser beam is focused on the very spot of the front surface to detect the change in the electron temperature. By varying the optical path delay between the two beams, a complete electron temperature profile can be scanned. Different from the normally used single-layer model, the double-layer model involving interfaciM thermal resistance is studied here. The electron temperature cooling profile can be affected by the electron energy transfer into the substrate or the electron-phonon interactions in the metallic films. For multiple-target optimization, the genetic algorithm （GA） is used to obtain both G and R. The experimental result gives a deep understanding of the mechanism of ultra-fast heat transfer in metals.

New Resolution to Coupling Loss Factor of Beam Plate Structure

The transmission of transverse vibrational energy of a vertically rigid beam plate coupled structure is analyzed to get the theoretical results of coupling loss factor(CLF), a very important parameter in statistical energy analysis(SEA). The modal analysis method is used to discuss the vibration energy of the typical model, as well as the power flow between the two subsystems. Furthermore, the resolution to the coupling loss factor is also derived and compared with the measured values. The analytical results of the coupling loss factor agree with the measured ones fully, this new resolution is significant for the application of SEA.

Impact of transparent exopolymer particles on the dynamics of dissolved organic carbon in the Amundsen Sea,Antarctica

The Southern Ocean is an important carbon sink pool and plays a critical role in the global carbon cycling.The Amundsen Sea was reported to be highly productive in inshore area in the Southern Ocean.In order to investigate the influence of transparent exopolymer particles(TEP)on the behavior of dissolved organic carbon(DOC)in this region,a comprehensive study was conducted,encompassing both open water areas and highly productive polynyas.It was found that microbial heterotrophic metabolism is the primary process responsible for the production of humic-like fluorescent components in the open ocean.The relationship between apparent oxygen utilization and the two humic-like components can be accurately described by a power-law function,with a conversion rate consistent with that observed globally.The presence of TEP was found to have little impact on this process.Additionally,the study revealed the accumulation of DOC at the sea surface in the Amundsen Sea Polynya,suggesting that TEP may play a critical role in this phenomenon.These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the dynamics and surface accumulation of DOC in the Amundsen Sea Polynya,and provide valuable insights into the carbon cycle in this region.

Nonlinear modal electromechanical coupling factor for piezoelectric structures containing nonlinearities

Within the linear framework,the Modal Electromechanical Coupling Factor(MEMCF)is an important indicator to quantify the dynamic conversion of mechanical energy and electrical energy of piezoelectric structures.It is also an important tool to guide the piezoelectric damping design of linear structures.Advanced aircraft often fly in maneuvers,and the variable working conditions induce drastic changes in the load level on structures.Geometric and contact nonlinearities of thin-walled structures and joint structures are often activated.To achieve a good vibration reduction effect covering all working conditions,one cannot directly use linear electromechanical coupling theory to instruct the piezoelectric damping design for nonlinear structures.Therefore,this paper defines the Nonlinear Modal Electromechanical Coupling Factor(NMEMCF)and proposes the corresponding numerical method for the first time to quantitatively evaluate the electromechanical coupling capability of nonlinear piezoelectric structures.Three candidate definitions of the NMEMCF are given,including two frequency definitions and one energy definition.The energy definition is the most promising one.It is not only applicable to both conservative and dissipative nonlinear structures but also compatible with the linear MEMCF.In addition,based on the energy formula,the NMEMCF can be obtained by only performing one nonlinear modal analysis in the open-circuit state.The analytical findings and the numerical tool are validated against two piezoelectric structures with different types of nonlinearities.A strong correlation among the NMEMCF,geometric parameters,and energy dissipation is observed.The results confirm that the proposed NMEMCF captures the physics of the electromechanical coupling phenomenon associated with nonlinear piezoelectric structures and can be used as an essential design indicator of piezoelectric damping,especially for variable working conditions.

Characterization of Energy_Transduction in Thermal Pretreated Chloroplast from Spinach

Characterization of energy-transduction on die chloroplast thylakoid membranes from spinach (Spinacia oleracca L.) after thermal pretreatment was investigated. The related reactions of energy-transduction in chloroplasts were seriously affected by thermal pretreatment. The results were obtained as following: (1) The rate of cyclic photophosphorylation declined when the pretreatment temperature increased in the range of 25 to 45 degreesC. (2) The thermal pretreatment led to a decrease of the activity of thylakoid membrane-bounded ATPase. (3) Proton uptake of chloroplasts acid the fluorescence quenching of 9-aminoacridine (9-AA) in thylakoid membrane decreased after the thermal pretreatment, but addition of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD) could partially restore the fluorescence quenching of 9-AA. (4) Both the rates of fast phase in electrochroism absorption change at 515 nm and the millisecond delayed light emission (ms-DLE) of chloroplast showed a progressive decrease upon raising the temperature of pretreatment. (5) Immunbloting analysis showed that the thermal pretreatment caused the changes of protein content and the electrophoresis mobility of thylakoid membrane-bound ATPase and its alpha -subunit. (6) If the temperature of pretreatment were higher than 33 degreesC, oxygen uptake of PS I -mediated in the samples was rapidly inhibited, but addition of sinapine into the reaction medium could partially restore the ability of oxygen uptake in the samples. These results are briefly discussed in relation to the change of permeability of thylakoid membranes, the dissociation of coupling factor complex as well as accumulation of the radicals in the thylakoid membranes after thermal pretreatment.

Interactions between water-land resources and oasis urban development at the northern slopes of the Tianshan Mountains,Xinjiang,China

Urban development in arid and semi-arid regions is largely constrained by fragile physical environ- ments. The characteristics of an urban settlement are different from those in other regions of China. This paper analyses the coupling characteristics and spatio-temporal variations for oasis urban development and water-land resources at the northern slopes of the Tianshan Mountains by principal component analysis and a coupling degree model. The result shows that the degree and change in regional use of water and land resources are different among the studied cities/counties during their development. The built-up areas of these cities/counties have changed little with increasing populations and urbanization levels, which well reflects that the urban development in arid and semi-arid regions is limited by oasis areas. Per capita amount of water supplied, however, presented a trend of slowed growth with increasing levels of urbanization. Water consumption gradually increased with urban development and the improvement of people＇s living standards, accompanied by enhanced water use efficiency. The level of urbanization can be assessed through the coupling degree between oasis urban development and the use of water and land resources. A high coupling degree represents a high level of comprehensive urban devel- opment and use of water-land resources. Alternatively, a low coupling degree denotes a low level of urban devel- opment and water-land resource use.

Decomposition Method of Complex Optimization Model Based on Global Sensitivity Analysis

The current research of the decomposition methods of complex optimization model is mostly based on the principle of disciplines, problems or components. However, numerous coupling variables will appear among the sub-models decomposed, thereby make the efficiency of decomposed optimization low and the effect poor. Though some collaborative optimization methods are proposed to process the coupling variables, there lacks the original strategy planning to reduce the coupling degree among the decomposed sub-models when we start decomposing a complex optimization model. Therefore, this paper proposes a decomposition method based on the global sensitivity information. In this method, the complex optimization model is decomposed based on the principle of minimizing the sensitivity sum between the design functions and design variables among different sub-models. The design functions and design variables, which are sensitive to each other, will be assigned to the same sub-models as much as possible to reduce the impacts to other sub-models caused by the changing of coupling variables in one sub-model. Two different collaborative optimization models of a gear reducer are built up separately in the multidisciplinary design optimization software iSIGHT, the optimized results turned out that the decomposition method proposed in this paper has less analysis times and increases the computational efficiency by 29.6%. This new decomposition method is also successfully applied in the complex optimization problem of hydraulic excavator working devices, which shows the proposed research can reduce the mutual coupling degree between sub-models. This research proposes a decomposition method based on the global sensitivity information, which makes the linkages least among sub-models after decomposition, and provides reference for decomposing complex optimization models and has practical engineering significance.

Synthesis and Piezoelectric Properties of Lead-free (Bi_(0.5)Na_ (0.5))_ 1-x(Ba_aSr_b)_xTiO_3 Ceramics

A new group of lead-free piezoelectric ceramics,（Bi0.5 Na0.5）1-x（BaaSrb）xTiO3（abbreviated as BNBST[100x-100a/100b],0〈x〈1,a＋b=1）,was synthesized.The ceramics were prepared by conventional ceramic sintering technique,and the ceramics with density of 95% of the theoretical one can be sintered without the atmosphere control during the sintering process.The results of the X-ray diffraction（XRD） data show that the ceramics possess a single perovskite phase.The measurements of dielectric and piezoelectric properties reveal that the ceramics provide relatively high piezoelectric charge constant d33 and high planar electromechanical coupling factor kp.For the BNBST6-95/5 ceramics,d33 is equal to 170pC/N,and kp is equal to 32.0%.The fabrication technique for these ceramics is conventional and stable.

The coupling loss factors for non-conservatively coupled structures

The method to calculate the coupling loss factors for non-conservatively coupled structures by using the mobilities of substructures is studied. By using the form of the energy balance equations of conservatively coupled systems, the relationship between the coupling loss factors and the energy ratios in non-conservatively coupled systems is derived. The method to calculate the energy ratios by using the mobilities of substructures is introduced, and experiment verification is carried out. The test data agree well with the predicted results.

Corrected Statistical Energy Analysis Model in a Non-Reverberant Acoustic Space

Statistical Energy Analysis(SEA)is a well-known method to analyze the flow of acoustic and vibration energy in a complex structure.This study investigates the application of the corrected SEA model in a non-reverberant acoustic space where the direct field component from the sound source dominates the total sound field rather than a diffuse field in a reverberant space which the classical SEA model assumption is based on.A corrected SEA model is proposed where the direct field component in the energy is removed and the power injected in the subsystem considers only the remaining power after the loss at first reflection.Measurement was conducted in a box divided into two rooms separated by a partition with an opening where the condition of reverberant and non-reverberant can conveniently be controlled.In the case of a non-reverberant space where acoustic material was installed inside the wall of the experimental box,the signals are corrected by eliminating the direct field component in the measured impulse response.Using the corrected SEA model,comparison of the coupling loss factor(CLF)and damping loss factor(DLF)with the theory shows good agreement.

Lateral-field-excitation properties of LiNbO_3 single crystal

LiNbO3 has been found attractive for lateral field excitation （LFE） applications due to its high piezoelectric coupling. In this paper, bulk acoustic wave propagation properties for LiNbO3 single crystal excited by a lateral electric field have been investigated using the extended Christoffel Bechmann method. It is found that the LFE piezoelectric coupling factor for c mode reaches its maximum value of 95.46% when ψ = 0° for both （yxl）-58° and （yxwl）±60°/58° LiNbO3. The acoustic wave phase velocity of c mode TSM （thickness shear mode） changes from 3456 m/s to 3983 m/s as a function of ψ. Here ψ represents the angle between the lateral electric field and the crystallographic X-axis in the substrate major surface. A 5 MHz LFE device of （yxl）-58° LiNbO3 with ψ = 0° was designed and tested in air. A major resonance peak was observed with the motional resistance as low as 17 Ω and the Q-factor value up to 10353. The test result is well in agreement with the theoretical analysis, and suggests that the LFE LiNbO3 device can be a good platform for high performance resonator or sensor applications.

STUDY ON STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF PMMN PIEZOELECTRIC CERAMICS

Piezoelectric ceramics based on PZT ceramics were prepared in solid state reaction with mixture of PbO, TiO2 and ZrO2, etc. XRD and SEM were used to confirm that the main phase in the material is tetragonal P4mm symmetry. Samples sintered are of high density. Measurement on polarized products indicate that dielectric constant, piezoelectric constant, electromechanic coupling factor and mechanical quality factor are epsilon(r)=2015, d33=578.06X10(12)C/N, K-33=0.81 and Q(m)=543.8,,respectively.

The Role of PZT in Flexible 1-3 Piezoelectric Composite for Smart Structure

Piezoelectric composite materials have the ability to perform both sensing and actuating functions.It is a viable candidate for smart actuation in underwater noise controlling with its higher coupling factor and lower acoustic impedance, when the piezoelectric rods are inclined to control its both the shear and the compression damping characteristics.In this paper, a simple physical model of 1-3 piezoelectric composite is advanced for maximizing the electromechanical coupling factor,the acoustic impedance,and the hydrophone figure of merit.

High Quality of Piezoelectric Response of Nano Ni Doped Pb1-xNixTiO3 Ceramic

A series of Pb1-xNixTiO3 (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5) were prepared by the general ceramic and co-precipitation method. The grain size decreased with increasing Ni contents. The piezoelectric modulus d33 increased with increasing Ni contents. It was observed also the d33 of the nanocomposite Pb1-xNixTiO3 prepared by co-precipitation method is higher than those of the prepared by general ceramic method. The coupling factor kp increased by the more doping of Ni. The ultrasonic wave velocity decreased also with increasing Ni contents. The polarized nano-sample of composition Pb0.5Ni0.5TiO3 is suitable for improving application of useful piezoelectric technology.

Research on Approaches of Multidisciplinary Design Optimization for Non-hierarchic Systems

In complex engineering optimization, multilevel or two-level approaches are often applied. These approaches are carried out in assumption that there are no connections among sub problems at the same level. But it is difficult to construct the models that suit to this assumption. In recent years, the complexity of engineering systems has led to the rapid development in the field of Multidisciplinary Design Optimization (MDO). In MDO, two kinds of coupled factors, coupled variables (or functions) and system (or global) variables, always exist among all disciplines. These variable5 or functions make it disordered to solve the whole system. So, how to handle these variables is one of important studies in MDO. In this paper two approaches are discussed for handling these coupled factors in non-hierarchic system in MDO. And a test engineering example gives a demonstration about the implemeniation of these approaches.

模拟城际人口流动的量子谐振子模型

The simulation of intercity population mobility helps to deepen the understanding of intercity population mobility and its underlying laws,which has great importance for epidemic prevention and control,social management,and even urban planning.There are many factors that affect intercity population mobility,such as socioeconomic attributes,geographical distance,and industrial structure.The complexity of the coupling among these factors makes it difficult to simulate intercity population mobility.To address this issue,we propose a novel method named the quantum harmonic oscillator model for simulation of intercity population mobility(QHO-IPM).QHO-IPM describes the intercity population mobility as being affected by coupled driving factors that work as a multioscillator-coupled quantum harmonic oscillator system,which is further transformed by the oscillation process of an oscillator,namely,the breaking point of intercity population mobility.The intercity population mobility among seven cities in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and its surrounding region is taken as an example for verifying the QHO-IPM.The experimental results show that(1)compared with the reference methods(the autoregressive integrated moving average(ARIMA)and long and short-term memory(LSTM)models),the QHO-IPM achieves better simulation performance regarding intercity population mobility in terms of both overall trend and mutation.(2)The simulation error in the QHO-IPM for different-level intercity population mobility is small and stable,which illustrates the weak sensitivity of the QHO-IPM to intercity population mobility under different structures.(3)The discussion regarding the influence degree of different driving factors reveals the significant“one dominant and multiple auxiliary”factor pattern of driving factors on intercity population mobility in the study area.The proposed method has the potential to provide valuable support for understanding intercity population mobility laws and related decision-making on intercity population mobility control.

Understanding coupled factors that affect the modelling accuracy of typical planar compliant mechanisms

In order to accurately model compliant mechanism utilizing plate flexures, qualitative planar stress （Young＇s modulus） and planar strain （plate modulus） assumptions are not feasible. This paper investigates a quantitative equivalent modulus using nonlinear finite element analysis （FEA） to reflect coupled factors in affecting the modelling accuracy of two typical distrib- uted-compliance mechanisms. It has been shown that all parameters have influences on the equivalent modulus with different degrees; that the presence of large load-stiffening effect makes the equivalent modulus significantly deviate from the planar assumptions in two ideal scenarios; and that a plate modulus assumption is more reasonable for a very large out-of-plane thickness if the beam length is large.

Lead-free 0-3-type composites:From piezoelectric sensitivity to modified figures of merit

Effective piezoelectric properties,electromechanical coupling factors(ECF)and figures of merit(FOM)are studied in leadfree 0-3-type composites based on novel ferroelectric 0.965(K_(0.48)Na_(0.52))(Nb_(0.96)Sb_(0.04))O_(3)-0.035Bi_(0.5)Na_(0.5)Zr_(0.15)Hf_(0.75)O_(3) ceramic.Systems of prolate ceramic inclusions are surrounded by a large polymer matrix that can be either monolithic(in the 0-3 composite)or porous(in the 0-3-0 composite).Non-monotonic volume-fraction dependences of the effective piezoelectric coefficients g_(3j)^(*),ECF k_(3j)^(*),squared FOM d_(3j)^(*)g_(3j)^(*)and their modified analogs for stress-driven systems are analysed,and examples of the high longitudinal piezoelectric sensitivity(g33^(*)>100 mV.m/N)are considered.A role of microgeometrical factors,that promote the large effective parameters and anisotropy of properties in the 0-3-type composites,is highlighted.New“aspect ratio-volume fraction”diagrams are first built to describe conditions for high piezoelectric sensitivity,large modified FOM and their anisotropy in the studied composites.These advanced materials can be of value for piezoelectric sensor,energy-harvesting and related applications.