Reliability-Based Topology Optimization of Fail-Safe Structures Using Moving Morphable Bars

This paper proposes an effective reliability design optimizationmethod for fail-safe topology optimization(FSTO)considering uncertainty based on the moving morphable bars method to establish the ideal balance between cost and robustness,reliability and structural safety.To this end,a performancemeasure approach(PMA)-based doubleloop optimization algorithmis developed tominimize the relative volume percentage while achieving the reliability criterion.To ensure the compliance value of the worst failure case can better approximate the quantified design requirement,a p-norm constraint approach with correction parameter is introduced.Finally,the significance of accounting for uncertainty in the fail-safe design is illustrated by contrasting the findings of the proposed reliabilitybased topology optimization(RBTO)method with those of the deterministic design method in three typical examples.Monte Carlo simulation shows that the relative error of the reliability index of the optimized structure does not exceed 3%.

基于“fail-safe”原理对甬温动车追尾事故的机理分析和对策研究

本文基于"fail-safe"对"7.23"甬温线特别重大铁路交通事故做出了分析,介绍了"7.23"甬温线特别重大铁路交通事故形成的原因,并提出了在高速铁路改革过程中对设备故障安全更加重视的问题。

Overexpression of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase(SAMDC)in Xeno-pus embryos activates maternal program of apoptosis as a "fail-safe"mechanism of early embryogenesis

In Xenopus, injection of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (SAMDC) mRNA into fertilized eggs or 2-cell stage embryos induces massive cell dissociation and embryo-lysis at the early gastrula stage due toactivation of the maternal program of apoptosis. We injected SAMDC mRNA into only one of the animalside blastomeres of embryos at different stages of cleavage, and examined the timing of the onset of theapoptotic reaction. In the injection at 4-and 8-cell stages, a considerable number of embryos developed intotadpoles and in the injection at 16-and 32-cell stages, all the embryos became tadpoles, although tadpolesobtained were sometimes abnormal. However, using GFP as a lineage tracer, we found that descendant cellsof the blastomere injected with SAMDC mRNA at 8-to 32-cell stages are confined within the blastocoel atthe early gastrula stage and undergo apoptotic cell death within the blastocoel, in spite of the continued development of the injected embryos. These results indicate that cells overexpressed with SAMDC undergo apoptotic cell death consistently at the early gastrula stage, irrespective of the timing of the mRNA injection.We assume that apoptosis is executed in Xenopus early gastrulae as a 'fall-safe' mechanism to eliminate physiologically-severely damaged cells to save the rest of the embryo.

Fail-Safe Topology Optimization of Continuum Structures with Multiple Constraints Based on ICM Method

Traditional topology optimization methods may lead to a great reduction in the redundancy of the optimized structure due to unexpected material removal at the critical components.The local failure in critical components can instantly cause the overall failure in the structure.More and more scholars have taken the fail-safe design into consideration when conducting topology optimization.A lot of good designs have been obtained in their research,though limited regarding minimizing structural compliance(maximizing stiffness)with given amount of material.In terms of practical engineering applications considering fail-safe design,it is more meaningful to seek for the lightweight structure with enough stiffness to resist various component failures and/or to meet multiple design requirements,than the stiffest structure only.Thus,this paper presents a fail-safe topology optimization model for minimizing structural weight with respect to stress and displacement constraints.The optimization problem is solved by utilizing the independent continuous mapping(ICM)method combined with the dual sequence quadratic programming(DSQP)algorithm.Special treatments are applied to the constraints,including converting local stress constraints into a global structural strain energy constraint and expressing the displacement constraint explicitly with approximations.All of the constraints are nondimensionalized to avoid numerical instability caused by great differences in constraint magnitudes.The optimized results exhibit more complex topological configurations and higher redundancy to resist local failures than the traditional optimization designs.This paper also shows how to find the worst failure region,which can be a good reference for designers in engineering.

Comprehensive study on fail-safe topological design method for 3D structures

Fail-safe topology optimization is valuable for ensuring that optimized structures remain operable even under damaged conditions.By selectively removing material stiffness in patches with a fixed shape,the complex phenomenon of local failure is modeled in fail-safe topology optimization.In this work,we first conduct a comprehensive study to explore the impact of patch size,shape,and distribution on the robustness of fail-safe designs.The findings suggest that larger sizes and finer distribution of material patches can yield more robust fail-safe structures.However,a finer patch distribution can significantly increase computational costs,particularly for 3D structures.To keep computational efforts tractable,an efficient fail-safe topology optimization approach is established based on the framework of multi-resolution topology optimization(MTOP).Within the MTOP framework,the extended finite element method is introduced to establish a decoupling connection between the analysis mesh and the topology description model.Numerical examples demonstrate that the developed methodology is 2 times faster for 2D problems and over 25 times faster for 3D problems than traditional fail-safe topology optimization while maintaining similar levels of robustness.

Multiresolution and multimaterial topology optimization of fail-safe structures under B-spline spaces

This study proposes a B-spline-based multiresolution and multimaterial topology optimization(TO)design method for fail-safe structures(FSSs),aiming to achieve efficient and lightweight structural design while ensuring safety and facilitating the postprocessing of topological structures.The approach involves constructing a multimaterial interpolation model based on an ordered solid isotropic material with penalization(ordered-SIMP)that incorporates failsafe considerations.To reduce the computational burden of finite element analysis,we adopt a much coarser analysis mesh and finer density mesh to discretize the design domain,in which the density field is described by the B-spline function.The B-spline can efficiently and accurately convert optimized FSSs into computer-aided design models.The 2D and 3D numerical examples demonstrate the significantly enhanced computational efficiency of the proposed method compared with the traditional SIMP approach,and the multimaterial TO provides a superior structural design scheme for FSSs.Furthermore,the postprocessing procedures are significantly streamlined.

Fail-safe topology optimization of continuum structures with fundamental frequency constraints based on the ICM method

It is an important topic to improve the redundancy of optimized configuration to resist the local failure in topology optimization of continuum structures.Such a fail-safe topology optimization problem has been solved effectively in the ficld of statics.In this paper,the fail-safe topology optimization problem is extended to the field of frequency topology optimization.Based on the independent continuous mapping(ICM)method,the model of fail-safe topology optimization is established with the objective of minimal weight integrating with the discrete condition of topological variables and the constraint of the fundamental frequency.The fail-safe optimization model established above is substituted by a sequence of subproblems in the form of the quadratic program with exact second-order information and solved efficiently by the dual sequence quadratic programming(DSQP)algorithm.The numerical result reveals that the optimized fail-safe structure has more complex configuration and preserved materials than the structure obtained from the traditional frequency topology optimization,which means that the optimized fail-safe structure has higher redundancy.Moreover,the optimized fail-safe structure guarantees that the natural frequency meets the constraint of fundamental frequency when the local failure ocurs,which can avoid the structural frequency to be sensitive to local failure.The fail-safe optimirzation topology model is proved effective and feasible by four numerical examples.

Superconducting fault current limiter(SFCL)for fail-safe DC-DC conversion:From power electronic device to micro grid protection

In DC micro grids and networks,DC-DC power converters having a large number of semiconductor-based power electronic devices are usually adopted to interconnect the renewable sources and flexible loads.Most of the semiconductor-based devices suffer from poor fault withstanding abilities,but conventional power electronic protection schemes have the bottlenecks of the time-delay,self-malfunction and mis-judgement.This paper presents a novel solution using the superconducting fault current limiter(SFCL)to protect a power electronic device and extend the usage to a micro grid.This SFCL is actually a self-triggering,recoverable,and passive current limiter,which does not involve any additional circuit hardware and software.Experimental investigations and simulation analyses clarify the feasibility of using this superconductor-based protection scheme to implement the self-acting fail-safe protection of DC-DC converters.Further system-level simulations explore the SFCL to suppress the over-current and stabilize the bus voltage of a photovoltaic based DC micro grid,particularly facing millisecond-level transients and faults.Our experimental and theoretical investigations lay some technical bases to establish a superconductor-semiconductor-coupled interdisciplinary application from the view from the applied superconductivity,to power electronics,and to micro grids.

短区间特殊信号显示关系及点灯电路设计方案优化研究

针对短区间列车反向追踪运行的特殊需求,深入研究信号显示关系及其配套点灯电路设计方案。首先,分析车站正线与到发线列车行车组织方式和允许速度的差异性,提出基于实际允许速度设计短区间信号显示关系,取消侧线红灯重复显示,以提升到发线的行车组织效率和车站的通过能力;其次,根据信号“故障-安全”原则及点灯电路技术条件,在兼容现有四显示出站信号机点灯电路的基础上,通过增加灯丝监督继电器,优化反向发车信号显示,以适应短区间反向按四显示追踪运行的需求。经仿真测试和实际应用验证,结果表明该方案能够保障行车安全,提高短区间列车运行效率,为铁路枢纽和繁忙干线短区间特殊信号显示关系优化及点灯电路设计提供参考和借鉴。

针对磁电式转速传感器的故障检测电路设计与实现

文章采用电阻、电容、二极管及三极管组成的信号采集电路模块,实现了磁电式转速传感器的信号采集和传感器线圈及连线的故障检测功能.该电路模块设计原理简单,所用器件的失效模式已在实践中得到验证.通过对样机的测试验证了模块功能,通过FMEA分析确认了器件失效模式影响,证明该电路模块满足故障安全要求,可有效提升列车自动控制系统的安全性.

带窗口比较器的高速RS-485接收器

将窗口比较器和高速比较器相结合,在实现RS-485接收器开路、短路和端接失效保护功能的前提下,解决了阈值偏斜方法造成的工作速率低的问题。采用5 V工艺,在稍增接收器静态功耗(5%)和版图面积(10%)后,将工作速率提高到50 Mbit/s。

结构安全观念的进化直至破损-安全的结构拓扑优化

确保结构安全是力学在工程应用中永远关心的问题,为此,综述了结构安全观念的进化过程,将其划分为5个阶段:其一、从材料的永驻安全到材料的常驻安全,这是观念的滥觞;其二,从材料的尽驻安全到构件的尽驻安全,这是观念的渐变;其三,从构件的尽驻安全到结构的破损-安全,这是观念的飞跃;其四,基于破损-安全的结构截面与形状优化,这是观念的叠加;其五,基于破损-安全的结构拓扑优化,这是观念的昇华。由于第五阶段是学者们在当前最关注的研究之一,对此着墨颇多,且举出了有代表性的理论和算例。接着,又在观念的启迪和观念本质上,进行了两方面的展开:其一,从基于破损-安全的结构分析和结构优化,讨论了观念的启迪,启迪1是,遵循破损-安全设计原则而不放弃安全-经济设计原则,启迪2是,沿袭超静定结构的感性设计经验上升到理性生成冗余区域的阶段;其二,从结构在役破损-安全的时间与空间剖析,讨论了观念的本质,并且给出了清晰的列表。

基于响应面方法的破损-安全结构可靠性拓扑优化

传统结构由于缺少冗余,忽略了不确定性因素的影响,更容易受到局部刚度损失的影响,文章针对载荷不确定性下破损-安全结构的设计问题提出了一种有效的基于响应面的可靠性拓扑优化方法,以提高结构的安全性,确保结构在发生局部破损时仍能满足服役性能及可靠性要求.为此,建立了柔度概率约束下的结构体积比最小化的双循环可靠性拓扑优化模型,其中内层循环实施可靠性分析,外层循环实施拓扑优化.为了有效处理可靠性分析中响应函数关于随机变量的导数计算高成本问题,基于响应面方法建立了响应函数关于随机变量的显式表达式.详细推导了响应函数关于设计变量和随机变量的解析灵敏度列式,并采用移动渐近线方法(method of moving asymptotes,MMA)对优化问题进行求解.将基于响应面的可靠性拓扑优化方法与基于解析导数的方法作对比,并实施蒙特卡洛仿真验证了所提方法的有效性和优越性,讨论了随机载荷标准差对优化结果的影响.结果表明,本文方法可以有效设计满足指定可靠性水平的破损-安全结构,优化后结构可靠性指标的相对误差不超过1.3%,另外基于响应面的可靠性设计方法相对于基于解析导数的可靠性设计方法可节省约74%的可靠性分析时间.

基于节点偏序关系的路由可用性框架研究

为了维护路由可用性,需要采取一定的路由保护策略来防止网络故障可能对网络造成的影响。因此,提出了一种基于节点偏序关系的路由可用性框架,该框架首先利用节点之间的偏序关系构造有向无环图,然后根据构造的有向无环图为每个节点计算备份下一跳节点。在此框架基础上,根据节点之间的偏序关系提出了四种路由保护方法。实验结果表明,四种路由保护算法都拥有较高的故障保护率,能有效降低故障造成的网络中断,在真实拓扑中故障保护率可以到达89.76%,在模拟拓扑中故障保护率达到98.995%,几乎接近100%。

融合点式后备模式的CTCS-4级新型列控系统研究

首先介绍移动闭塞基本原理,分析新型列控系统的主要故障场景及站间闭塞后备模式下的故障处理方式,指出存在的问题。其次参考CBTC的点式ATP后备模式,按照“故障-安全-运行”的理念,创新性的提出融合点式后备模式的CTCS-4级新型列控系统结构。最后通过局部建模,解析点式后备模式的工作原理以及各种故障场景下的运行方式。

西门子故障安全型PLC在高压电极锅炉中的应用

简述了西门子故障安全型PLC与普通PLC在安全保障性方面的不同,介绍了故障安全型PLC在高压电极锅炉中的应用情况。在高压电极锅炉实际运行中,故障安全型PLC组成的控制系统在检测到错误信号或者发生故障时,能够自行恢复到安全状态,防止了故障范围扩大和故障严重程度增加,极大保障了设备和人身安全。

电厂热工保护完善原则的探讨

根据实践总结了热工保护回路改造应遵循的原则,并用实例予以说明。

“二乘二取二”冗余系统的可靠性和安全性分析

提出了"二乘二取二"冗余系统两种不同工作策略,利用马尔柯夫过程研究了不同策略的可靠度和安全度,通过MATLAB的仿真计算,分析了故障检测覆盖率和修复率对可靠度和安全度的影响。与三模冗余和双机热备系统的对比研究表明,策略1的安全度最大,可靠度最小;策略2的可靠度最大,安全度在修复率为0.9时大于三模冗余和双机热备系统,在修复率为0时略低于三模冗余系统,而高于双机热备系统。

基于二乘二取二的全电子计算机联锁系统

基于二乘二取二的铁路车站全电子计算机联锁系统由人机接口、二乘二取二联锁计算机、全电子执行系统3部分组成。人机接口由监控机、维修监测机组成。二乘二取二联锁计算机由2套联锁主机、冗余光纤网络和冗余热备的实时通信单元3部分组成。CPU主板由2路独立的CPU处理器、总线硬件比较控制器、硬件自检控制器、硬件同步控制器、I/F控制部件、全局冗余时钟和光纤通信接口组成。通过采取硬件同步控制器、总线硬件比较控制器和软件时间点同步相结合的方式实现1种新的同步机制。全电子执行系统由道岔模块、信号模块、轨道模块和其他接口模块等全电子执行单元构成。全电子执行单元均采用"二取二"与逻辑控制结构,具有过流保护功能,实现了信号的控制、监测、监督一体化。该系统已在铁路车站投入应用,运行稳定、可靠。