In the disturbance of unsteady flow field under the sea, the monitoring accuracy and precision of the bottom-mounted acoustic monitoring platform will decrease. In order to reduce the hydrodynamic interference, the pl...In the disturbance of unsteady flow field under the sea, the monitoring accuracy and precision of the bottom-mounted acoustic monitoring platform will decrease. In order to reduce the hydrodynamic interference, the platform wrapped with fairing structure and separated from the retrieval unit is described. The suppression effect evaluation based on the correlation theory of sound pressure and particle velocity for spherical wave in infinite homogeneous medium is proposed and the difference value between them is used to evaluate the hydrodynamic restraining performance of the bottom-mounted platform under far field condition. Through the sea test, it is indicated that the platform with sparse layers fairing structure(there are two layers for the fairing, in which the inside layer is 6-layers sparse metal net, and the outside layer is 1-layer polyester cloth, and then it takes sparse layers for short) has no attenuation in the sound pressure response to the sound source signal, but obvious suppression in the velocity response to the hydrodynamic noise. The effective frequency of the fairing structure is decreased below 10 Hz, and the noise magnitude is reduced by 10 d B. With the comparison of different fairing structures, it is concluded that the tighter fairing structure can enhance the performance of sound transmission and flow restraining.展开更多
The problem of ship hull plate processing surface fairing with constraints based on B-spline is solved in this paper. The algorithm for B-spline curve fairing with constraints is one of the most common methods in plan...The problem of ship hull plate processing surface fairing with constraints based on B-spline is solved in this paper. The algorithm for B-spline curve fairing with constraints is one of the most common methods in plane curve fairing. The algorithm can be applied to global and local curve fairing. It can constrain the perturbation range of the control points and the shape variation of the curve, and get a better fairing result in plane curves. In this paper, a new fairing algorithm with constraints for curves and surfaces in space is presented. Then this method is applied to the experiments of ship hull plate processing surface. Finally numerical results are obtained to show the efficiency of this method.展开更多
A method of fairing B spline surfaces by wavelet decomposition is investigated. The wavelet decomposition and reconstruction of quasi uniform bicubic B spline surfaces are described in detail. A method is introduce...A method of fairing B spline surfaces by wavelet decomposition is investigated. The wavelet decomposition and reconstruction of quasi uniform bicubic B spline surfaces are described in detail. A method is introduced to approximate a B spline surface by a quasi uniform one. An error control approach for wavelet based fairing is suggested. Samples are given to show the feasibility of the algorithms presented in this paper. The practice showed that the wavelet based fairing is better than energy based one in case where the number of vertices of the B spline surface is greater than 1000. The quantitative variance of the approximation error in accordance with the change of decomposition levels needs to be further explored.展开更多
A method for fairing a surface composed of a set of discrete data points distributed in a nonrectangular topological mesh is presented.All curves are expressed by nonuniform cubic B-spline curves.The fairing method is...A method for fairing a surface composed of a set of discrete data points distributed in a nonrectangular topological mesh is presented.All curves are expressed by nonuniform cubic B-spline curves.The fairing method is minimizing the elastic strain energy of mesh curves and of springs at- tached to the data points.The fairing surface can be generated by interpolating through the mesh curves.The generation and fairing of a ship hull surface is given as an example.展开更多
A new method to the problem of fairing planar cubic B-spline curves is introduced in this paper. The method is based on weighted progressive iterative approximation (WPIA for short) and consists of following steps:...A new method to the problem of fairing planar cubic B-spline curves is introduced in this paper. The method is based on weighted progressive iterative approximation (WPIA for short) and consists of following steps: finding the bad point which needs to fair, deleting the bad point, re-inserting a new data point to keep the structm-e of the curve and applying WPIA method with the new set of the data points to obtain the faired curve. The new set of the data points is formed by the rest of the original data points and the new inserted point. The method can be used for shape design and data processing. Numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method.展开更多
To many industrial products such as cell phone, family appliance, vehicle, a pretty shape of nice visual effect is indispensable. To fulfill this target, designers are endeavoring to make the curve and surface of the ...To many industrial products such as cell phone, family appliance, vehicle, a pretty shape of nice visual effect is indispensable. To fulfill this target, designers are endeavoring to make the curve and surface of the products smooth and continuous during the shape design. Through the analysis and generalization of the present smoothing methods, the energy optimization method which combines the merits of energy method and least squares method together is studied, the target function of energy optimization method is derived, the solution to the target function and steps of curve fairing is introduced, the skills and methods building A-class surface which are based on cloud data measured from 3D scanning are studied, the validity of energy optimization method is verified with the example of the shape design ofa mini-EV as well.展开更多
Resorting to cubic spline function instead of parametric spline representation, an explicit fairness indicator and an efficient fairing algorithm for 2D curves are presented. The input point sequence is firstly partit...Resorting to cubic spline function instead of parametric spline representation, an explicit fairness indicator and an efficient fairing algorithm for 2D curves are presented. The input point sequence is firstly partitioned into several overlapped function segments. For each segment, a cubic spline function is used as the representation tool which entails a polyline approximation of curvature plot. Based on the extrinsic relationship between the polyline and the positions of data points, a coarse-to-fine faring method is proposed which efficiently identifies and eliminates the unnecessary inflection points. Our algorithm generates the best results to date, which is validated by numerous practical examples.展开更多
A method of fairing parametric cubic B_spline curves and bicubic B_spline surfaces is presented. The basic idea of the method is to reposition the control points by an optimization process.A new objectijve function pr...A method of fairing parametric cubic B_spline curves and bicubic B_spline surfaces is presented. The basic idea of the method is to reposition the control points by an optimization process.A new objectijve function presented is based on the variation of the third order derivatives of the cubic B_spline curves and bicubic B_spline surfaces at the nodes. The curves and surfaces faired using this method tend to possess curvature continuities. The numerical examples show that the effect of this method is acceptable.展开更多
A new approach for NURBS(Non-uniform rational B-spline) curve and surface fitting for measured points was presented which employs a fairing method applied to digitized point data with discrete curvature. If measured p...A new approach for NURBS(Non-uniform rational B-spline) curve and surface fitting for measured points was presented which employs a fairing method applied to digitized point data with discrete curvature. If measured points are used as control points to construct an NURBS curve, then the curvature of each data point corresponding to control point of the constructed curve can be computed. According to the convex hull and local properties of NURBS, based on the curvatures obtained, the measured points can be faired. If faired measured points are used as target points to modify, the constructed curve passing through these faired points can produce a smooth NURBS curve. This paper also presented the justification for utilizing the curvatures of constructed NURBS curve instead of the conventional interpolated curve to fair the measured points. Based on the presented algorithms, some qualities of the constructed curves can be improved.展开更多
A pantograph serves as a vital device for the collection of electricity in trains.However,its aerodynamic resistance can limit the train’s running speed.As installing fairings around the pantograph is known to effect...A pantograph serves as a vital device for the collection of electricity in trains.However,its aerodynamic resistance can limit the train’s running speed.As installing fairings around the pantograph is known to effectively reduce the resistance,in this study,different fairing lengths are considered and the related aerodynamic performances of pantograph are assessed.In particular,this is accomplished through numerical simulations based on the k-ωShear Stress Transport(SST)two-equation turbulence model.The results indicate that the fairing diminishes the direct impact of high-speed airflow on the pantograph,thereby reducing its aerodynamic resistance.However,it also induces interferences in the flow field around the train,leading to variations in the aerodynamic resistance and lift of train components.It is shown that a maximum reduction of 56.52%in pantograph aerodynamic resistance and a peak decrease of 3.38%in total train aerodynamic resistance can be achieved.展开更多
[目的/意义]为揭示数据论文与期刊论文关联出版的新形态,对目前数据期刊的开放共享、数据论文与期刊论文之间的关联进行研究,有助于推动科学数据的开放共享发展,促进科学数据的高效流通,使科学数据在多层维度释放数据价值。[方法/过程]...[目的/意义]为揭示数据论文与期刊论文关联出版的新形态,对目前数据期刊的开放共享、数据论文与期刊论文之间的关联进行研究,有助于推动科学数据的开放共享发展,促进科学数据的高效流通,使科学数据在多层维度释放数据价值。[方法/过程]基于FAIR原则,从元数据元素、文献服务等角度出发,构建数据流向视角下数据论文与期刊论文之间的互关联模型,分析数据论文与期刊论文之间的关联过程,并选取代表性数据期刊Data in Brief的数据论文为实例展开模型验证与实践参照。[结果/结论]本文基于“可访问”“可发现”对“开放共享”展开研究;基于“可互操作”和“可重用”对“关联”展开研究。通过构建理论模型、实例验证,厘清数据论文与期刊论文之间的关联模式以及验证理论模型的可行性与合理性。展开更多
The problem of real-time trajectory optimization for small solid launch vehicle of operational responsive space (ORS) was studied by using pseudospectral method. According to the characteristic of the trajectory desig...The problem of real-time trajectory optimization for small solid launch vehicle of operational responsive space (ORS) was studied by using pseudospectral method. According to the characteristic of the trajectory design, the dynamics model was set up in the inertia right-angled reference frame, and the equation and parameter at the orbit injection point were simplified and converted. The infinite dimension dynamic optimal control problem was converted to a finite dimension static state optimization problem and the algorithm reduced the complexity so as to become a general algorithm in trajectories optimization. With the trajectories optimization of a three-stage solid vehicle with a liquor upper stage as example, the model of the trajectory optimization was set up and simulations were carried out. The results demonstrated the advantage and validity of the pseudospectral method. The rejection time of fairing was also analyzed by the simulation results, and the optimal flight procedure and trajectory were obtained.展开更多
Fair exchange protocols play a critical role in enabling two distrustful entities to conduct electronic data exchanges in a fair and secure manner.These protocols are widely used in electronic payment systems and elec...Fair exchange protocols play a critical role in enabling two distrustful entities to conduct electronic data exchanges in a fair and secure manner.These protocols are widely used in electronic payment systems and electronic contract signing,ensuring the reliability and security of network transactions.In order to address the limitations of current research methods and enhance the analytical capabilities for fair exchange protocols,this paper proposes a formal model for analyzing such protocols.The proposed model begins with a thorough analysis of fair exchange protocols,followed by the formal definition of fairness.This definition accurately captures the inherent requirements of fair exchange protocols.Building upon event logic,the model incorporates the time factor into predicates and introduces knowledge set axioms.This enhancement empowers the improved logic to effectively describe the state and knowledge of protocol participants at different time points,facilitating reasoning about their acquired knowledge.To maximize the intruder’s capabilities,channel errors are translated into the behaviors of the intruder.The participants are further categorized into honest participants and malicious participants,enabling a comprehensive evaluation of the intruder’s potential impact.By employing a typical fair exchange protocol as an illustrative example,this paper demonstrates the detailed steps of utilizing the proposed model for protocol analysis.The entire process of protocol execution under attack scenarios is presented,shedding light on the underlying reasons for the attacks and proposing corresponding countermeasures.The developedmodel enhances the ability to reason about and evaluate the security properties of fair exchange protocols,thereby contributing to the advancement of secure network transactions.展开更多
To meet the communication services with diverse requirements,dynamic resource allocation has shown increasing importance.In this paper,we consider the multi-slot and multi-user resource allocation(MSMU-RA)in a downlin...To meet the communication services with diverse requirements,dynamic resource allocation has shown increasing importance.In this paper,we consider the multi-slot and multi-user resource allocation(MSMU-RA)in a downlink cellular scenario with the aim of maximizing system spectral efficiency while guaranteeing user fairness.We first model the MSMURA problem as a dual-sequence decision-making process,and then solve it by a novel Transformerbased deep reinforcement learning(TDRL)approach.Specifically,the proposed TDRL approach can be achieved based on two aspects:1)To adapt to the dynamic wireless environment,the proximal policy optimization(PPO)algorithm is used to optimize the multi-slot RA strategy.2)To avoid co-channel interference,the Transformer-based PPO algorithm is presented to obtain the optimal multi-user RA scheme by exploring the mapping between user sequence and resource sequence.Experimental results show that:i)the proposed approach outperforms both the traditional and DRL methods in spectral efficiency and user fairness,ii)the proposed algorithm is superior to DRL approaches in terms of convergence speed and generalization performance.展开更多
As the EU passes the first AI law,the U.S.grapples with bipartisanship,and China proactively advances the issue-based approach and advocates the Global AI Governance Initiative,will AI become“a force for good,ensurin...As the EU passes the first AI law,the U.S.grapples with bipartisanship,and China proactively advances the issue-based approach and advocates the Global AI Governance Initiative,will AI become“a force for good,ensuring safety,and promoting fairness”?展开更多
UPGRADING GAOKAO Sanlian Lifeweek 29 April With April coming to a close,high school seniors across China have o"cially entered the homestretch of their race towards the gaokao,a standardised national college entr...UPGRADING GAOKAO Sanlian Lifeweek 29 April With April coming to a close,high school seniors across China have o"cially entered the homestretch of their race towards the gaokao,a standardised national college entrance exam upon which college admission largely depends.This year is the 10th year of ongoing gaokao reforms,in which targeted policies are continuously launched to increase fairness.The most prominent change to the exam under the reforms is that,instead of choosing to study arts or sciences alongside the mandatory Chinese.展开更多
基金financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(Grant No.ZR2016DQ18)Shandong Provincial Key Technologies of Independent Innovation Project(Grant No.2014GJJS0101)
文摘In the disturbance of unsteady flow field under the sea, the monitoring accuracy and precision of the bottom-mounted acoustic monitoring platform will decrease. In order to reduce the hydrodynamic interference, the platform wrapped with fairing structure and separated from the retrieval unit is described. The suppression effect evaluation based on the correlation theory of sound pressure and particle velocity for spherical wave in infinite homogeneous medium is proposed and the difference value between them is used to evaluate the hydrodynamic restraining performance of the bottom-mounted platform under far field condition. Through the sea test, it is indicated that the platform with sparse layers fairing structure(there are two layers for the fairing, in which the inside layer is 6-layers sparse metal net, and the outside layer is 1-layer polyester cloth, and then it takes sparse layers for short) has no attenuation in the sound pressure response to the sound source signal, but obvious suppression in the velocity response to the hydrodynamic noise. The effective frequency of the fairing structure is decreased below 10 Hz, and the noise magnitude is reduced by 10 d B. With the comparison of different fairing structures, it is concluded that the tighter fairing structure can enhance the performance of sound transmission and flow restraining.
基金Supported by Hi -tech Research and Development Program of China(No. 2001AA421200).
文摘The problem of ship hull plate processing surface fairing with constraints based on B-spline is solved in this paper. The algorithm for B-spline curve fairing with constraints is one of the most common methods in plane curve fairing. The algorithm can be applied to global and local curve fairing. It can constrain the perturbation range of the control points and the shape variation of the curve, and get a better fairing result in plane curves. In this paper, a new fairing algorithm with constraints for curves and surfaces in space is presented. Then this method is applied to the experiments of ship hull plate processing surface. Finally numerical results are obtained to show the efficiency of this method.
文摘A method of fairing B spline surfaces by wavelet decomposition is investigated. The wavelet decomposition and reconstruction of quasi uniform bicubic B spline surfaces are described in detail. A method is introduced to approximate a B spline surface by a quasi uniform one. An error control approach for wavelet based fairing is suggested. Samples are given to show the feasibility of the algorithms presented in this paper. The practice showed that the wavelet based fairing is better than energy based one in case where the number of vertices of the B spline surface is greater than 1000. The quantitative variance of the approximation error in accordance with the change of decomposition levels needs to be further explored.
文摘A method for fairing a surface composed of a set of discrete data points distributed in a nonrectangular topological mesh is presented.All curves are expressed by nonuniform cubic B-spline curves.The fairing method is minimizing the elastic strain energy of mesh curves and of springs at- tached to the data points.The fairing surface can be generated by interpolating through the mesh curves.The generation and fairing of a ship hull surface is given as an example.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U1135003 and No.61100126)Ph.D.Programs Foundation of Ministry of Education of China for Young Scholars(No.20100111120023,No.20110111120026)Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation(No.11040606Q42)
文摘A new method to the problem of fairing planar cubic B-spline curves is introduced in this paper. The method is based on weighted progressive iterative approximation (WPIA for short) and consists of following steps: finding the bad point which needs to fair, deleting the bad point, re-inserting a new data point to keep the structm-e of the curve and applying WPIA method with the new set of the data points to obtain the faired curve. The new set of the data points is formed by the rest of the original data points and the new inserted point. The method can be used for shape design and data processing. Numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method.
文摘To many industrial products such as cell phone, family appliance, vehicle, a pretty shape of nice visual effect is indispensable. To fulfill this target, designers are endeavoring to make the curve and surface of the products smooth and continuous during the shape design. Through the analysis and generalization of the present smoothing methods, the energy optimization method which combines the merits of energy method and least squares method together is studied, the target function of energy optimization method is derived, the solution to the target function and steps of curve fairing is introduced, the skills and methods building A-class surface which are based on cloud data measured from 3D scanning are studied, the validity of energy optimization method is verified with the example of the shape design ofa mini-EV as well.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61222206,11526212)
文摘Resorting to cubic spline function instead of parametric spline representation, an explicit fairness indicator and an efficient fairing algorithm for 2D curves are presented. The input point sequence is firstly partitioned into several overlapped function segments. For each segment, a cubic spline function is used as the representation tool which entails a polyline approximation of curvature plot. Based on the extrinsic relationship between the polyline and the positions of data points, a coarse-to-fine faring method is proposed which efficiently identifies and eliminates the unnecessary inflection points. Our algorithm generates the best results to date, which is validated by numerous practical examples.
文摘A method of fairing parametric cubic B_spline curves and bicubic B_spline surfaces is presented. The basic idea of the method is to reposition the control points by an optimization process.A new objectijve function presented is based on the variation of the third order derivatives of the cubic B_spline curves and bicubic B_spline surfaces at the nodes. The curves and surfaces faired using this method tend to possess curvature continuities. The numerical examples show that the effect of this method is acceptable.
基金The Rising Star Project of Shanghai (No.06QA14026) The International Coopera-tion Project of Shanghai (No.41107049)
文摘A new approach for NURBS(Non-uniform rational B-spline) curve and surface fitting for measured points was presented which employs a fairing method applied to digitized point data with discrete curvature. If measured points are used as control points to construct an NURBS curve, then the curvature of each data point corresponding to control point of the constructed curve can be computed. According to the convex hull and local properties of NURBS, based on the curvatures obtained, the measured points can be faired. If faired measured points are used as target points to modify, the constructed curve passing through these faired points can produce a smooth NURBS curve. This paper also presented the justification for utilizing the curvatures of constructed NURBS curve instead of the conventional interpolated curve to fair the measured points. Based on the presented algorithms, some qualities of the constructed curves can be improved.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(12172308,52072319)the Independent Project of State Key Laboratory of Rail Transit Vehicle System(2023TPL-T06).
文摘A pantograph serves as a vital device for the collection of electricity in trains.However,its aerodynamic resistance can limit the train’s running speed.As installing fairings around the pantograph is known to effectively reduce the resistance,in this study,different fairing lengths are considered and the related aerodynamic performances of pantograph are assessed.In particular,this is accomplished through numerical simulations based on the k-ωShear Stress Transport(SST)two-equation turbulence model.The results indicate that the fairing diminishes the direct impact of high-speed airflow on the pantograph,thereby reducing its aerodynamic resistance.However,it also induces interferences in the flow field around the train,leading to variations in the aerodynamic resistance and lift of train components.It is shown that a maximum reduction of 56.52%in pantograph aerodynamic resistance and a peak decrease of 3.38%in total train aerodynamic resistance can be achieved.
文摘[目的/意义]为揭示数据论文与期刊论文关联出版的新形态,对目前数据期刊的开放共享、数据论文与期刊论文之间的关联进行研究,有助于推动科学数据的开放共享发展,促进科学数据的高效流通,使科学数据在多层维度释放数据价值。[方法/过程]基于FAIR原则,从元数据元素、文献服务等角度出发,构建数据流向视角下数据论文与期刊论文之间的互关联模型,分析数据论文与期刊论文之间的关联过程,并选取代表性数据期刊Data in Brief的数据论文为实例展开模型验证与实践参照。[结果/结论]本文基于“可访问”“可发现”对“开放共享”展开研究;基于“可互操作”和“可重用”对“关联”展开研究。通过构建理论模型、实例验证,厘清数据论文与期刊论文之间的关联模式以及验证理论模型的可行性与合理性。
基金Supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China ("863" Program)
文摘The problem of real-time trajectory optimization for small solid launch vehicle of operational responsive space (ORS) was studied by using pseudospectral method. According to the characteristic of the trajectory design, the dynamics model was set up in the inertia right-angled reference frame, and the equation and parameter at the orbit injection point were simplified and converted. The infinite dimension dynamic optimal control problem was converted to a finite dimension static state optimization problem and the algorithm reduced the complexity so as to become a general algorithm in trajectories optimization. With the trajectories optimization of a three-stage solid vehicle with a liquor upper stage as example, the model of the trajectory optimization was set up and simulations were carried out. The results demonstrated the advantage and validity of the pseudospectral method. The rejection time of fairing was also analyzed by the simulation results, and the optimal flight procedure and trajectory were obtained.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.61562026,61962020)Academic and Technical Leaders of Major Disciplines in Jiangxi Province(No.20172BCB22015)+1 种基金Special Fund Project for Postgraduate Innovation in Jiangxi Province(No.YC2020-B1141)Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation(No.20224ACB202006).
文摘Fair exchange protocols play a critical role in enabling two distrustful entities to conduct electronic data exchanges in a fair and secure manner.These protocols are widely used in electronic payment systems and electronic contract signing,ensuring the reliability and security of network transactions.In order to address the limitations of current research methods and enhance the analytical capabilities for fair exchange protocols,this paper proposes a formal model for analyzing such protocols.The proposed model begins with a thorough analysis of fair exchange protocols,followed by the formal definition of fairness.This definition accurately captures the inherent requirements of fair exchange protocols.Building upon event logic,the model incorporates the time factor into predicates and introduces knowledge set axioms.This enhancement empowers the improved logic to effectively describe the state and knowledge of protocol participants at different time points,facilitating reasoning about their acquired knowledge.To maximize the intruder’s capabilities,channel errors are translated into the behaviors of the intruder.The participants are further categorized into honest participants and malicious participants,enabling a comprehensive evaluation of the intruder’s potential impact.By employing a typical fair exchange protocol as an illustrative example,this paper demonstrates the detailed steps of utilizing the proposed model for protocol analysis.The entire process of protocol execution under attack scenarios is presented,shedding light on the underlying reasons for the attacks and proposing corresponding countermeasures.The developedmodel enhances the ability to reason about and evaluate the security properties of fair exchange protocols,thereby contributing to the advancement of secure network transactions.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.62071354)the Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi(No.2022ZDLGY05-08)supported by the ISN State Key Laboratory。
文摘To meet the communication services with diverse requirements,dynamic resource allocation has shown increasing importance.In this paper,we consider the multi-slot and multi-user resource allocation(MSMU-RA)in a downlink cellular scenario with the aim of maximizing system spectral efficiency while guaranteeing user fairness.We first model the MSMURA problem as a dual-sequence decision-making process,and then solve it by a novel Transformerbased deep reinforcement learning(TDRL)approach.Specifically,the proposed TDRL approach can be achieved based on two aspects:1)To adapt to the dynamic wireless environment,the proximal policy optimization(PPO)algorithm is used to optimize the multi-slot RA strategy.2)To avoid co-channel interference,the Transformer-based PPO algorithm is presented to obtain the optimal multi-user RA scheme by exploring the mapping between user sequence and resource sequence.Experimental results show that:i)the proposed approach outperforms both the traditional and DRL methods in spectral efficiency and user fairness,ii)the proposed algorithm is superior to DRL approaches in terms of convergence speed and generalization performance.
文摘As the EU passes the first AI law,the U.S.grapples with bipartisanship,and China proactively advances the issue-based approach and advocates the Global AI Governance Initiative,will AI become“a force for good,ensuring safety,and promoting fairness”?
文摘UPGRADING GAOKAO Sanlian Lifeweek 29 April With April coming to a close,high school seniors across China have o"cially entered the homestretch of their race towards the gaokao,a standardised national college entrance exam upon which college admission largely depends.This year is the 10th year of ongoing gaokao reforms,in which targeted policies are continuously launched to increase fairness.The most prominent change to the exam under the reforms is that,instead of choosing to study arts or sciences alongside the mandatory Chinese.