A Novel Fall Detection Framework Using Skip-DSCGAN Based on Inertial Sensor Data

With the widespread use of Internet of Things(IoT)technology in daily life and the considerable safety risks of falls for elderly individuals,research on IoT-based fall detection systems has gainedmuch attention.This paper proposes an IoT-based spatiotemporal data processing framework based on a depthwise separable convolution generative adversarial network using skip-connection(Skip-DSCGAN)for fall detection.The method uses spatiotemporal data from accelerometers and gyroscopes in inertial sensors as input data.A semisupervised learning approach is adopted to train the model using only activities of daily living(ADL)data,which can avoid data imbalance problems.Furthermore,a quantile-based approach is employed to determine the fall threshold,which makes the fall detection frameworkmore robust.This proposed fall detection framework is evaluated against four other generative adversarial network(GAN)models with superior anomaly detection performance using two fall public datasets(SisFall&MobiAct).The test results show that the proposed method achieves better results,reaching 96.93% and 92.75% accuracy on the above two test datasets,respectively.At the same time,the proposed method also achieves satisfactory results in terms ofmodel size and inference delay time,making it suitable for deployment on wearable devices with limited resources.In addition,this paper also compares GAN-based semisupervised learning methods with supervised learning methods commonly used in fall detection.It clarifies the advantages of GAN-based semisupervised learning methods in fall detection.

Teamwork Optimization with Deep Learning Based Fall Detection for IoT-Enabled Smart Healthcare System

The current advancement in cloud computing,Artificial Intelligence(AI),and the Internet of Things(IoT)transformed the traditional healthcare system into smart healthcare.Healthcare services could be enhanced by incorporating key techniques like AI and IoT.The convergence of AI and IoT provides distinct opportunities in the medical field.Fall is regarded as a primary cause of death or post-traumatic complication for the ageing population.Therefore,earlier detection of older person falls in smart homes is required to improve the survival rate of an individual or provide the necessary support.Lately,the emergence of IoT,AI,smartphones,wearables,and so on making it possible to design fall detection(FD)systems for smart home care.This article introduces a new Teamwork Optimization with Deep Learning based Fall Detection for IoT Enabled Smart Healthcare Systems(TWODLFDSHS).The TWODL-FDSHS technique’s goal is to detect fall events for a smart healthcare system.Initially,the presented TWODL-FDSHS technique exploits IoT devices for the data collection process.Next,the TWODLFDSHS technique applies the TWO with Capsule Network(CapsNet)model for feature extraction.At last,a deep random vector functional link network(DRVFLN)with an Adam optimizer is exploited for fall event detection.A wide range of simulations took place to exhibit the enhanced performance of the presentedTWODL-FDSHS technique.The experimental outcomes stated the enhancements of the TWODL-FDSHS method over other models with increased accuracy of 98.30%on the URFD dataset.

Deep Transfer Learning Driven Automated Fall Detection for Quality of Living of Disabled Persons

Mobile communication and the Internet of Things(IoT)technologies have recently been established to collect data from human beings and the environment.The data collected can be leveraged to provide intelligent services through different applications.It is an extreme challenge to monitor disabled people from remote locations.It is because day-to-day events like falls heavily result in accidents.For a person with disabilities,a fall event is an important cause of mortality and post-traumatic complications.Therefore,detecting the fall events of disabled persons in smart homes at early stages is essential to provide the necessary support and increase their survival rate.The current study introduces a Whale Optimization Algorithm Deep Transfer Learning-DrivenAutomated Fall Detection(WOADTL-AFD)technique to improve the Quality of Life for persons with disabilities.The primary aim of the presented WOADTL-AFD technique is to identify and classify the fall events to help disabled individuals.To attain this,the proposed WOADTL-AFDmodel initially uses amodified SqueezeNet feature extractor which proficiently extracts the feature vectors.In addition,the WOADTLAFD technique classifies the fall events using an extreme Gradient Boosting(XGBoost)classifier.In the presented WOADTL-AFD technique,the WOA approach is used to fine-tune the hyperparameters involved in the modified SqueezeNet model.The proposedWOADTL-AFD technique was experimentally validated using the benchmark datasets,and the results confirmed the superior performance of the proposedWOADTL-AFD method compared to other recent approaches.

Deep Transfer Learning-Enabled Activity Identification and Fall Detection for Disabled People

The human motion data collected using wearables like smartwatches can be used for activity recognition and emergency event detection.This is especially applicable in the case of elderly or disabled people who live self-reliantly in their homes.These sensors produce a huge volume of physical activity data that necessitates real-time recognition,especially during emergencies.Falling is one of the most important problems confronted by older people and people with movement disabilities.Numerous previous techniques were introduced and a few used webcam to monitor the activity of elderly or disabled people.But,the costs incurred upon installation and operation are high,whereas the technology is relevant only for indoor environments.Currently,commercial wearables use a wireless emergency transmitter that produces a number of false alarms and restricts a user’s movements.Against this background,the current study develops an Improved WhaleOptimizationwithDeep Learning-Enabled Fall Detection for Disabled People(IWODL-FDDP)model.The presented IWODL-FDDP model aims to identify the fall events to assist disabled people.The presented IWODLFDDP model applies an image filtering approach to pre-process the image.Besides,the EfficientNet-B0 model is utilized to generate valuable feature vector sets.Next,the Bidirectional Long Short Term Memory(BiLSTM)model is used for the recognition and classification of fall events.Finally,the IWO method is leveraged to fine-tune the hyperparameters related to the BiLSTM method,which shows the novelty of the work.The experimental analysis outcomes established the superior performance of the proposed IWODL-FDDP method with a maximum accuracy of 97.02%.

Developed Fall Detection of Elderly Patients in Internet of Healthcare Things

Falling is among the most harmful events older adults may encounter.With the continuous growth of the aging population in many societies,developing effective fall detection mechanisms empowered by machine learning technologies and easily integrable with existing healthcare systems becomes essential.This paper presents a new healthcare Internet of Health Things(IoHT)architecture built around an ensemble machine learning-based fall detection system(FDS)for older people.Compared to deep neural networks,the ensemble multi-stage random forest model allows the extraction of an optimal subset of fall detection features with minimal hyperparameters.The number of cascaded random forest stages is automatically optimized.This study uses a public dataset of fall detection samples called SmartFall to validate the developed fall detection system.The SmartFall dataset is collected based on the acquired measurements of the three-axis accelerometer in a smartwatch.Each scenario in this dataset is classified and labeled as a fall or a non-fall.In comparison to the three machine learning models—K-nearest neighbors(KNN),decision tree(DT),and standard random forest(SRF),the proposed ensemble classifier outperformed the other models and achieved 98.4%accuracy.The developed healthcare IoHT framework can be realized for detecting fall accidents of older people by taking security and privacy concerns into account in future work.

Deep Forest-Based Fall Detection in Internet of Medical Things Environment

This article introduces a new medical internet of things(IoT)framework for intelligent fall detection system of senior people based on our proposed deep forest model.The cascade multi-layer structure of deep forest classifier allows to generate new features at each level with minimal hyperparameters compared to deep neural networks.Moreover,the optimal number of the deep forest layers is automatically estimated based on the early stopping criteria of validation accuracy value at each generated layer.The suggested forest classifier was successfully tested and evaluated using a public SmartFall dataset,which is acquired from three-axis accelerometer in a smartwatch.It includes 92781 training samples and 91025 testing samples with two labeled classes,namely non-fall and fall.Classification results of our deep forest classifier demonstrated a superior performance with the best accuracy score of 98.0%compared to three machine learning models,i.e.,K-nearest neighbors,decision trees and traditional random forest,and two deep learning models,which are dense neural networks and convolutional neural networks.By considering security and privacy aspects in the future work,our proposed medical IoT framework for fall detection of old people is valid for real-time healthcare application deployment.

Pre-Impact and Impact Fall Detection Based on a Multimodal Sensor Using a Deep Residual Network

Falls are the contributing factor to both fatal and nonfatal injuries in the elderly.Therefore,pre-impact fall detection,which identifies a fall before the body collides with the floor,would be essential.Recently,researchers have turned their attention from post-impact fall detection to pre-impact fall detection.Pre-impact fall detection solutions typically use either a threshold-based or machine learning-based approach,although the threshold value would be difficult to accu-rately determine in threshold-based methods.Moreover,while additional features could sometimes assist in categorizing falls and non-falls more precisely,the esti-mated determination of the significant features would be too time-intensive,thus using a significant portion of the algorithm’s operating time.In this work,we developed a deep residual network with aggregation transformation called FDSNeXt for a pre-impact fall detection approach employing wearable inertial sensors.The proposed network was introduced to address the limitations of fea-ture extraction,threshold definition,and algorithm complexity.After training on a large-scale motion dataset,the KFall dataset,and straightforward evaluation with standard metrics,the proposed approach identified pre-impact and impact falls with high accuracy of 91.87 and 92.52%,respectively.In addition,we have inves-tigated fall detection’s performances of three state-of-the-art deep learning models such as a convolutional neural network(CNN),a long short-term memory neural network(LSTM),and a hybrid model(CNN-LSTM).The experimental results showed that the proposed FDSNeXt model outperformed these deep learning models(CNN,LSTM,and CNN-LSTM)with significant improvements.

Research on Fall Detection System Based on Commercial Wi-Fi Devices

Falls are a major cause of disability and even death in the elderly,and fall detection can effectively reduce the damage.Compared with cameras and wearable sensors,Wi-Fi devices can protect user privacy and are inexpensive and easy to deploy.Wi-Fi devices sense user activity by analyzing the channel state information(CSI)of the received signal,which makes fall detection possible.We propose a fall detection system based on commercial Wi-Fi devices which achieves good performance.In the feature extraction stage,we select the discrete wavelet transform(DWT)spectrum as the feature for activity classification,which can balance the temporal and spatial resolution.In the feature classification stage,we design a deep learning model based on convolutional neural networks,which has better performance compared with other traditional machine learning models.Experimental results show our work achieves a false alarm rate of 4.8%and a missed alarm rate of 1.9%.

Automated Disabled People Fall Detection Using Cuckoo Search with Mobile Networks

Falls are the most common concern among older adults or disabled peo-ple who use scooters and wheelchairs.The early detection of disabled persons’falls is required to increase the living rate of an individual or provide support to them whenever required.In recent times,the arrival of the Internet of Things(IoT),smartphones,Artificial Intelligence(AI),wearables and so on make it easy to design fall detection mechanisms for smart homecare.The current study devel-ops an Automated Disabled People Fall Detection using Cuckoo Search Optimi-zation with Mobile Networks(ADPFD-CSOMN)model.The proposed model’s major aim is to detect and distinguish fall events from non-fall events automati-cally.To attain this,the presented ADPFD-CSOMN technique incorporates the design of the MobileNet model for the feature extraction process.Next,the CSO-based hyperparameter tuning process is executed for the MobileNet model,which shows the paper’s novelty.Finally,the Radial Basis Function(RBF)clas-sification model recognises and classifies the instances as either fall or non-fall.In order to validate the betterment of the proposed ADPFD-CSOMN model,a com-prehensive experimental analysis was conducted.The results confirmed the enhanced fall classification outcomes of the ADPFD-CSOMN model over other approaches with an accuracy of 99.17%.

Improve the Accuracy of Fall Detection Based on Artificial Intelligence Algorithm

This work presents a fall detection system based on artificial intelligence.The system incorporates miniature wearable devices for fall detection.Fall detection is achieved by integrating a three-axis gyroscope and a threeaxis accelerometer.The system gathers the differential data collected by the gyroscope and accelerometer,applies artificial intelligence algorithms for model training and constructs an effective model for fall detection.To provide easywearing and effective position detection,it is designed as a small device attached to the user’swaist.Experiment results have shown that the accuracy of the proposed fall detection model is up to 98%,demonstrating the effectiveness of the model in real-life fall detection.

Research on Fall Detection Based on Improved Human Posture Estimation Algorithm

According to recent research statistics,approximately 30%of people who experienced falls are over the age of 65.Therefore,it is meaningful research to detect it in time and take appropriate measures when falling behavior occurs.In this paper,a fall detection model based on improved human posture estimation algorithm is proposed.The improved human posture estimation algorithm is implemented on the basis of Openpose.An im-proved strategy based on depthwise separable convolution combined with HDC structure is proposed.The depthwise separable convolution is used to replace the convolution neural network structure,which makes the network lightweight and reduces the redundant layer in the network.At the same time,in order to ensure that the image features are not lost and ensure the accuracy of detecting human joint points,HDC structure is introduced.Experiments show that the improved algorithm with HDC structure has higher accuracy in joint point detection.Then,human posture estimation is applied to fall detection research,and fall event modeling is carried out through fall feature extraction.The designed convolution neural network model is used to classify and distinguish falls.The experimental results show that our method achieves 98.53%,97.71%and 97.20%accuracy on three public fall detection data sets.Compared with the experimental results of other methods on the same data set,the model designed in this paper has a certain improvement in system accuracy.The sensitivity is also improved,which will reduce the error detection probability of the system.In addition,this paper also verifies the real-time performance of the model.Even if researchers are experimenting with low-level hardware,it can ensure a certain detection speed without too much delay.

Improved Archimedes Optimization Algorithm with Deep Learning Empowered Fall Detection System

Human fall detection(FD)acts as an important part in creating sensor based alarm system,enabling physical therapists to minimize the effect of fall events and save human lives.Generally,elderly people suffer from several diseases,and fall action is a common situation which can occur at any time.In this view,this paper presents an Improved Archimedes Optimization Algorithm with Deep Learning Empowered Fall Detection(IAOA-DLFD)model to identify the fall/non-fall events.The proposed IAOA-DLFD technique comprises different levels of pre-processing to improve the input image quality.Besides,the IAOA with Capsule Network based feature extractor is derived to produce an optimal set of feature vectors.In addition,the IAOA uses to significantly boost the overall FD performance by optimal choice of CapsNet hyperparameters.Lastly,radial basis function(RBF)network is applied for determining the proper class labels of the test images.To showcase the enhanced performance of the IAOA-DLFD technique,a wide range of experiments are executed and the outcomes stated the enhanced detection outcome of the IAOA-DLFD approach over the recent methods with the accuracy of 0.997.

Fall detection system in enclosed environments based on single Gaussian model

In this paper,we propose an efficient fall detection system in enclosed environments based on single Gaussian model using the maximum likelihood method.Online video clips are used to extract the features from two cameras.After the model is constructed,a threshold is set,and the probability for an incoming sample under the single Gaussian model is compared with that threshold to make a decision.Experimental results show that if a proper threshold is set,a good recognition rate for fall activities can be achieved.

Elderly Fall Detection Based on Improved SSD Algorithm

We propose an improved a single-shot detector(SSD)algorithm to detect falls of the elderly.The VGG16 network part of the SSD network is replaced with the MobilenetV2 network.At the same time,we change the infrastructure of MobilenetV2 network,the three layers that were not down-sampled at the end were removed,which can make the model structure simpler and faster to detect.The complete Intersection-over-Union(CIoU)loss function is introduced to get a good regression of the target borders that have different sizes and different proportions.We use Feature Pyramid Network(FPN)for up-sampling,it can fuse low-level feature maps with high resolution and high-level feature maps with rich semantic information.For sampling results,we use the Secure Shell(SSH)module to extract different receptive fields,which improves the detection accuracy.Our model ensures that the accuracy of the elderly fall detection remains unchanged,but it greatly improves the detection speed that only takes 10 milliseconds to detect a picture.

Elderly Fall Detection by Sensitive Features Based on Image Processing and Machine Learning

The world’s elderly population is growing every year.It is easy to say that the fall is one of the major dangers that threaten them.This paper offers a Trained Model for fall detection to help the older people live comfortably and alone at home.The purpose of this paper is to investigate appropriate methods for diagnosing falls by analyzing the motion and shape characteristics of the human body.Several machine learning technologies have been proposed for automatic fall detection.The proposed research reported in this paper detects a moving object by using a background subtraction algorithm with a single camera.The next step is to extract the features that are very important and generally describe the human shape and show the difference between the human falls from the daily activities.These features are based on motion,changes in human shape,and oval diameters around the human and temporal head position.The features extracted from the human mask are eventually fed in to various machine learning classifiers for fall detection.Experimental results showed the efficiency and reliability of the proposed method with a fall detection rate of 81%that have been tested with UR Fall Detection dataset.

Automatic Fall Detection Using Membership Based Histogram Descriptors

t We propose a framework for automatic fall detection based on video visual feature extraction. The proposed approach relies on a membership histogram descriptor that encodes the visual properties of the video frames. This descriptor is obtained by mapping the original low-level visual features to a more discriminative descriptor using possibilistic memberships. This mapping can be summarized in two main phases. The first one consists in categorizing the low-level visual features of the video frames arid generating homogeneous clusters in an unsupervised way. The second phase uses the obtained membership degrees generated by the clustering process to compute the membership based histogram descriptor （MHD）. For the testing stage, the proposed fall detection approach categorizes unlabeled videos as ＂Fall＂ or ＂Non-Fall＂ scene using a possibilistic K-nearest neighbors classifier. The proposed approach is assessed using standard videos dataset that simulates patient fall. Also, we compare its performance with that of state-of-the-art fall detection techniques.

Vision Based Real Time Monitoring System for Elderly Fall Event Detection Using Deep Learning

Human fall detection plays a vital part in the design of sensor based alarming system,aid physical therapists not only to lessen after fall effect and also to save human life.Accurate and timely identification can offer quick medical ser-vices to the injured people and prevent from serious consequences.Several vision-based approaches have been developed by the placement of cameras in diverse everyday environments.At present times,deep learning(DL)models par-ticularly convolutional neural networks(CNNs)have gained much importance in the fall detection tasks.With this motivation,this paper presents a new vision based elderly fall event detection using deep learning(VEFED-DL)model.The proposed VEFED-DL model involves different stages of operations namely pre-processing,feature extraction,classification,and parameter optimization.Primar-ily,the digital video camera is used to capture the RGB color images and the video is extracted into a set of frames.For improving the image quality and elim-inate noise,the frames are processed in three levels namely resizing,augmenta-tion,and min–max based normalization.Besides,MobileNet model is applied as a feature extractor to derive the spatial features that exist in the preprocessed frames.In addition,the extracted spatial features are then fed into the gated recur-rent unit(GRU)to extract the temporal dependencies of the human movements.Finally,a group teaching optimization algorithm(GTOA)with stacked autoenco-der(SAE)is used as a binary classification model to determine the existence of fall or non-fall events.The GTOA is employed for the parameter optimization of the SAE model in such a way that the detection performance can be enhanced.In order to assess the fall detection performance of the presented VEFED-DL model,a set of simulations take place on the UR fall detection dataset and multi-ple cameras fall dataset.The experimental outcomes highlighted the superior per-formance of the presented method over the recent methods.

Indoor Human Fall Detection Algorithm Based on Wireless Sensing

As the main health threat to the elderly living alone and performing indoor activities,falls have attracted great attention from institutions and society.Currently,fall detection systems are mainly based on wear sensors,environmental sensors,and computer vision,which need to be worn or require complex equipment construction.However,they have limitations and will interfere with the daily life of the elderly.On the basis of the indoor propagation theory of wireless signals,this paper proposes a conceptual verification module using Wi-Fi signals to identify human fall behavior.The module can detect falls without invading privacy and affecting human comfort and has the advantages of noninvasive,robustness,universality,and low price.The module combines digital signal processing technology and machine learning technology.This paper analyzes and processes the channel state information(CSI)data of wireless signals,and the local outlier factor algorithm is used to find the abnormal CSI sequence.The support vector machine and extreme gradient boosting algorithms are used for classification,recognition,and comparative research.Experimental results show that the average accuracy of fall detection based on wireless sensing is more than 90%.This work has important social significance in ensuring the safety of the elderly.

Image-based fall detection and classification of a user with a walking support system

The classification of visual human action is important in the development of systems that interact with humans. This study investigates an image-based classifica- tion of the human state while using a walking support system to improve the safety and dependability of these systems. We categorize the possible human behavior while utilizing a walker robot into eight states （i.e., sitting, standing, walking, and five falling types）, and propose two different methods, namely, normal distribution and hidden Markov models （HMMs）, to detect and recognize these states. The visual feature for the state classification is the centroid position of the upper body, which is extracted from the user＇s depth images. The first method shows that the centroid position follows a normal distribution while walking, which can be adopted to detect any non-walking state. The second method implements HMMs to detect and recognize these states. We then measure and compare the performance of both methods. The classification results are employed to control the motion of a passive-type walker （called ＂RT Walker＂） by activating its brakes in nonwalking states. Thus, the system can be used for sit/stand support and fall prevention. The experiments are performed with four subjects, including an experienced physiotherapist. Results show that the algorithm can be adapted to the new user＇s motion pattern within 40 s, with a fall detection rate of 96.25% and state classification rate of 81.0%. The proposed method can be implemented to other abnormality detection/classification applications that employ depth image-sensing devices.

Dense Spatial-Temporal Graph Convolutional Network Based on Lightweight OpenPose for Detecting Falls

Fall behavior is closely related to high mortality in the elderly,so fall detection becomes an important and urgent research area.However,the existing fall detection methods are difficult to be applied in daily life due to a large amount of calculation and poor detection accuracy.To solve the above problems,this paper proposes a dense spatial-temporal graph convolutional network based on lightweight OpenPose.Lightweight OpenPose uses MobileNet as a feature extraction network,and the prediction layer uses bottleneck-asymmetric structure,thus reducing the amount of the network.The bottleneck-asymmetrical structure compresses the number of input channels of feature maps by 1×1 convolution and replaces the 7×7 convolution structure with the asymmetric structure of 1×7 convolution,7×1 convolution,and 7×7 convolution in parallel.The spatial-temporal graph convolutional network divides the multi-layer convolution into dense blocks,and the convolutional layers in each dense block are connected,thus improving the feature transitivity,enhancing the network’s ability to extract features,thus improving the detection accuracy.Two representative datasets,Multiple Cameras Fall dataset(MCF),and Nanyang Technological University Red Green Blue+Depth Action Recognition dataset(NTU RGB+D),are selected for our experiments,among which NTU RGB+D has two evaluation benchmarks.The results show that the proposed model is superior to the current fall detection models.The accuracy of this network on the MCF dataset is 96.3%,and the accuracies on the two evaluation benchmarks of the NTU RGB+D dataset are 85.6%and 93.5%,respectively.