Inflow and outflow permeability tests in a very soft clay under low stresses

In situ inflow and outflow permeability tests with the BAT probe at SarapuíII soft clay test site are presented.A description of the BAT permeability test is provided,discussing its advantages and shortcomings,especially in the case of very soft clays under low stresses.Pore pressures were monitored during probe installation and were found to be slightly lower than piezocone u2 pore pressures,consistent with the position of the filter.The role of filter tip saturation was investigated after the usual saturation procedure provided an unsatisfactory pore pressure response during probe installation.Results show that the vacuum saturation procedure provides adequate response during installation and increases the reliability of the coefficient of permeability determination in early measurements.Both inflow and outflow tests yielded similar results,indicating that careful execution of the test can lead to good test repeatability regardless of the loading condition.Various sequences of alternated inflow and outflow tests have yielded similar results,indicating that soil reconsolidation and filter clogging were negligible in the tests performed.Data are presented concerning the relationship between index parameters and the in situ coefficient of permeability for SarapuíII clay,which plot outside the range of existing databases.

Pilot Test for Nitrogen Foam Flooding in Low Permeability Reservoir

Due to the characteristics of reservoir formation,the producing level of low permeability reservoir is relatively very low.It is hard to obtain high recovery through conventional development schemes.Considering the tight matrix,complex fracture system,low production level of producers,and low recovery factor ofMblock in Xinjiang oilfield,it is selected for on-site pilot test of nitrogen foam flooding.Detailed flooding scheme is made and the test results are evaluated respectively both for producers and injectors.The pressure index,filling degree,and fluid injection profile are found to be all improved in injectors after injection of nitrogen foam.The oil production,water cut and liquid production file are also improved in most of the producers,with the natural decline rate in the test area become slow.Results show that nitrogen foam flooding technology can be good technical storage for enhanced oil recovery in low permeability reservoir.

Research on Well Testing Interpretation of Low Permeability Deformed Dual Medium Reservoir

Considering the influence of quadratic gradient term and medium deformation on the seepage equation, a well testing interpretation model for low permeability and deformation dual medium reservoirs was derived and established. The difference method was used to solve the problem, and pressure and pressure derivative double logarithmic curves were drawn to analyze the seepage law. The research results indicate that the influence of starting pressure gradient and medium deformation on the pressure characteristic curve is mainly manifested in the middle and late stages. The larger the value, the more obvious the upward warping of the pressure and pressure derivative curve;the parameter characterizing the dual medium is the crossflow coefficient. The channeling coefficient determines the time and location of the appearance of the “concave”. The smaller the value, the later the appearance of the “concave”, and the more to the right of the “concave”.

Creep properties and permeability evolution in triaxial rheological tests of hard rock in dam foundation

Triaxial creep tests were carried out under seepage pressure by using rock servo-controlled triaxial rheology testing equipment. Based on experimental results, rock rheological properties influenced by seepage-stress coupling were studied, and variations of seepage rate with time in complete creep processes of rock were analyzed. It is shown that, when the applied stress is less than failure stress level, the creep deformation is not obvious, and its main form is steady-state creep. When applied stress level is greater than or less than but close to fracture stress, it is easier to see the increase of creep deformation and the more obvious accelerative creep characteristics. The circumferential creep deformation is obviously higher than the axial creep deformation. At the stage of steady-state creep, the average of seepage flow rate is about 4.7×10-9 rn/s at confining pressure （tr3） of 2 MPa, and is about 3.9×10-9 m/s at a3 of 6 MPa. It is seen that the seepage flow rate at or3 of 2 MPa in this case is obviously larger than that at tr3 of 6 MPa. At the stage of creep acceleration, the seepage flow rate is markedly increased with the increase of time. The variation of rock permeability is directly connected to the growth and evolution of creep crack. It is suggested that the permeability coefficient in complete creep processes of rock is not a constant, but is a function of rock creep strain, confining pressure, damage variable and pore water pressure. The results can be considered to provide a reliable reference for the establishment of rock rheological model and parameter identification.

Increased intestinal permeability in inflammatory bowel diseases assessed by iohexol test

AIM:To study intestinal permeability(IP) and its relationship to the disease activity in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases(IBD)-Crohn's disease(CD) and ulcerative colitis(UC).METHODS:Fifty-eight patients with active IBD(32 with CD and 26 with UC) and 25 healthy controls consented to participate in the study.The clinical activity of CD was estimated using the Crohn's Disease Activity Index(CDAI),and the endoscopic activity of UC using the Mayo scoring system.IP was assessed by the rise in levels of iohexol,which was administered orally(25 mL,350 mg/mL) 2 h after breakfast.Three and six hours later serum(SIC mg/L) and urine(UIC g/mol) iohexol concentrations were determined by a validated HPLC-UV technique.RESULTS:In the CD group,SIC values at 3 h(2.95 ± 2.11 mg/L) and at 6 h after ingestion(2.63 ± 2.18 mg/L) were significantly higher compared to those of healthy subjects(1.25 ± 1.40 mg/L and 1.11 ± 1.10 mg/L,respectively,P < 0.05).UIC(g/mol) values were also higher in patients,but the differences were significant only for UIC at 6 h.Significant positive correlation(P < 0.05) was found between the CDAI and IP,assessed by SIC at 3 h(r = 0.60) and 6 h(r = 0.74) after the ingestion.In comparison to controls,SIC and UIC of UC patients were higher in the two studied periods,but the differences were significant at 6 h only.Significantly higher values of SIC(P < 0.05) were found in patients with severe endoscopic activity of UC compared to those of patients with mild and moderate activity(3.68 ± 3.18 vs 0.92 ± 0.69 mg/L).CONCLUSION:Serum levels of iohexol at 3 h and 6 h after its ingestion reflect increased IP,which is related to the disease activity in patients with IBD.

Significance of a novel sucrose permeability test using serum in the diagnosis of early gastric cancer

AIM： To investigate the usefulness of sucrose permeability test using serum in the diagnosis of gastric diseases, with special reference to early gastric cancer （EGC）. METHODS： A total of 63 subjects, including 11 patients with gastric ulcer, 20 patients with gastric cancer （13, early; 7, advanced） and 32 healthy controls, were studied. Blood and urine samples were collected repeatedly for 5 h before and after the sucrose loading. Sucrose levels were measured by a newly developed RESULTS： Serum sucrose levels started to increase 15 min after loading, and peaked at 60 min in the gastric disease groups. The levels for gastric ulcer, EGC and advanced gastric cancer （AGC） at 60 min were significantly higher than that in the healthy controls （26.9±2.4, 34.4±5.0, and 71.8±15.6 vs 7.9±0.7 mol/L, respectively, P〈0.01）. The cut-off level set at 15.4 mol/L （60 min） offered the best distinction between EGC patients and healthy controls; and the sensitivity and specificity were 92.3% and 93.8%, respectively, while those of the urine method were 76.9% and 93.8%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS： The gastric permeability test using serum is reliable for the detection of EGC, and this test can provide results much earlier than the conventional urine method. This test may offer a useful alternative to more invasive tests for EGC.

A Review of Test Methods for the Determination of the Permeability Coefficient of Gravelly Soils Used for Embankment Dams

The factors influencing the permeability coefficient of gravelly soils used for the development of embankment dams(core wall)are analyzed.Such factors include(but are not limited to)soil size,anisotropy,density and boundary effects.A review of the literature is conducted and new directions of research are proposed.In such a framework,it is shown that gravelly soil with controlled density and vertical stress should be used to optimize the measurement of the vertical and horizontal permeability coefficients,respectively.

Drillhole high-pressure packer permeability test for underground powerhouse in Pushihe pumped storage hydro-plant

Usually the water head of the pumped storage hydro-plant is high, generally up to 400-500 m, therefore the rock mass under the high-pressure bifurcation pipe have to bear as high as millions Pascal water pressure, in according with the requirements of high water head pumped storage hydro-plant should be 1.2 times of the water head special high-pressure packer permeability test compared with normal to test the permeability of rock and rock cleavage pressure value. The test results on the choice of design options often play a decisive role. Based on the engineering practice, the authors studied the drillhole high-pressure packer permeability test in the pumped storage hydro-plant's underground powerhouse, by the analysis of test results, this article offers a demonstration of the deformation of rock fracture witch under building in the condition of high-pressure water head, it provides a more detailed engineering geological background.

Rolling contact fatigue nondestructive testing system for a bearing inner ring based on initial permeability

Due to the fact that rolling contact fatigue is not easily detected, and residual life is not easily evaluated in the early stage of bearing life, a nondestructive testing method based on initial permeability is proposed. By analyzing the crack propagation mechanism, a fatigue state detection system based on differential signals is designed. A simulation model of the detection of the inner ring of the pulse signal is established by using the electromagnetic field simulation software. The effects of the height of the coil, the inner and outer diameter, the number of coil turns, the diameter and the height of the ferrite core of the probe on the differential value of the detection signal are simulated. The parameter combination of the maximum difference value of the signal is used as the structural size of the sensor, and the detection sensor is designed and fabricated. Moreover, the bearing fatigue test system is designed, and the bearing is tested. The results show that the system has good detection ability for rolling contact fatigue and verifies the mechanism and trend of crack propagation in the inner ring of the bearing.

Experimental analysis of the pore structure, relative permeability, and water flooding characteristics of the Yan'an Formation sandstone, southwestern Ordos Basin

The oil and gas potential of the Yan'an Formation in the Ordos Basin has yet to be fully tapped. In this study, the pore structure, mobile fluid saturation, and water flooding micro-mechanism of the Yan'an Formation sandstone are systematically studied through the application of a series of rock physics and fluid experiments. The results show that there is a good positive correlation between porosity and permeability, and the reservoirs are divided into types Ⅰ, Ⅱ, and Ⅲ. Mercury injection tests show that the average pore throat radius of the oil-bearing reservoir ranges from 1 to 7 μm. The displacement pressure of the Yan'an Formation is also relatively low, and it decreases from 0.1 MPa to 0.01 MPa as the rock porosity increases from 11% to 18%. NMR tests show that small (diameter <0.5 μm) and medium pores (diameter ranging from 0.5 to 2.5 μm) are predominant in the reservoir. Different types of reservoirs have different characteristics of relative permeability curve. In addition, when the average oil recovery rate is less than 1 ml/min, the oil displacement efficiency increases faster. However, when the average oil recovery rate is between 1–3.5 ml/min, the oil displacement efficiency is maintained at around 27%–30%. Physical properties of the reservoir, pore-throat structure, experimental pressure difference, and pore volume injected — all have significant effects on oil displacement efficiency. For Type Ⅰ and Type Ⅱ reservoirs, the increase of the pore volume injected has a significant effect on oil displacement efficiency. However, for Type Ⅲ reservoirs, the change of pore volume injected has insignificant effect on oil displacement efficiency. This study provides a reference for the formulation of estimated ultimate recovery (EUR) measures for similar sandstone reservoirs.

Test evaluation for vertical fracture wells in low permeability reservoir

As flow environment is poor in low permeability reservoirs, wells are always fractured in order to gain better economic benefits. Well testing analysis is very necessary for fracturing wells. However, available test analysis methods are of slow fitting speed and low fitting precision. In this paper, we first use a comprehensive evaluation method of analytical well testing, numerical well testing and well testing design. Many dynamic parameters such as fracture length, fracture conductivity, skin factor, etc are obtained. An example to illustrate accurate results of this method is given.

基于双重介质渗流-应力耦合模型的高压压水试验渗透参数反演

高压压水试验过程中岩体易发生水力劈裂产生裂隙,岩体内部孔隙、裂隙双重导水,渗流场和应力场相互作用,导致岩体渗透参数的时空变异性。基于高压压水试验反演渗透参数需考虑双重介质渗流-应力耦合作用下产生裂隙前后渗透系数的变化规律,利用渗流-应力耦合数值模型结合工程现场高压压水试验数据进行参数反演,计算得到不同压力阶段下灰岩岩体渗透率。主要结论如下:发生水力劈裂前,随着注液压力的增大,渗透率及孔隙水压力在不同压力阶段之间分界明显,渗透率反演值与规程公式计算值相近;发生水力劈裂后,岩体渗透率增大约2倍,孔隙介质渗透率和通过的流量出现陡减现象。

重复注气压降法煤层渗透率模型与原位测试研究

煤层渗透率作为衡量瓦斯渗流与抽采难易程度的重要指标,对其进行准确测定具有重要意义。针对现有方法计算渗透率测试周期长、结果不稳定、模型不完善等问题,研究煤层渗透率的快速准确测定方法及相应的计算模型。基于煤层中气体径向不稳定流控制方程,结合不同压差下气体在煤层中的体积流量方程,建立可利用全区间压降数据测定煤层渗透率的注气压降计算模型。应用COMSOL数值模拟软件的达西渗流模块对模型进行求解,针对现场工程设计中可对压降曲线产生影响的测压气室长度进行单变量处理,根据模拟结果分析钻孔的测压气室长度可设计为2.0 m。根据数值模拟结果进行现场布置,搭建井下重复注气压降试验系统,结合煤层瓦斯赋存条件和巷道条件施工两组穿层钻孔,对2个测点分别注入两次高于煤层瓦斯压力的补偿气体进行渗透率原位测试,测试周期分别约为6 d和17 d,第2轮测试的注气压力高于第1轮。结合理论推导验证了注气压降过程中煤层瓦斯的雷诺数均处于线性达西渗流段,瓦斯在煤层中的渗流符合达西定律,满足计算模型的假设。与传统煤层渗透率计算方法进行了比较,结果表明:本方法和径向流量法的计算结果基本一致,可以满足实际工程需要。重复注气压降法的测试结果稳定可靠,具备快速测定的优点。

土建施工中的透水混凝土材料应用性能优化

针对普通混凝土在实际工程应用中存在强度不足、韧性不够、易开裂的问题,提出通过碳纤维对透水混凝土性能进行优化。试验对透水混凝土制备方法进行优化,研究了碳纤维长度和掺量对透水混凝土性能的影响。试验结果表明,选择干法拌和,碳纤维长度为12 mm,体积掺量为0.6%时制备的混凝土综合性能最佳。此条件下制备的碳纤维透水混凝土抗压强度最高为35 MPa,抗折强度为4.3 MPa,断裂能为400 N/m,孔隙率为13.7%,透水系数为1.85 mm/s;强度满足GB/T 50081—2019标准要求,透水性能满足GB/T 23160—2008要求,可以在实际工程应用中发挥作用。

各向异性地层中随钻地层测试压力响应数值模拟

在随钻地层测试器测试过程中,钻井液动态侵入和地层各向异性会导致不同的压力响应特征,并直接影响地层压力测试结果的解释精度。为此,基于各向异性多孔介质渗流理论,建立了钻井液侵入条件下横观各向同性地层随钻地层测试压力响应数学模型,采用有限元方法对模型进行求解,通过与经典解析解对比进行了模型验证,并分析了渗透率各向异性、地层产状、抽吸间歇时间、抽吸探头半径对随钻地层测试压力响应的影响规律。结果表明:在抽吸前阶段,地层各向异性和地层产状对钻井液侵入导致的井周增压影响较大;在压力恢复阶段,由于井周地层增压作用的影响,测试压力响应初始值会高于原始地层压力,且压力呈先升高后降低的演化趋势;渗透率各向异性程度越小、地层倾角和倾向越小,抽吸压降阶段的压力响应初始值越大、压降值越大、压力恢复速率越低;抽吸间隔时间和抽吸探头半径对压力响应也有一定影响,抽吸间隔时间越小,测试初始压力越大,探头半径越大,压力恢复速率越快。揭示了渗透率各向异性对随钻地层测试压力响应的影响规律,研究结果可为随钻地层测试结果解释和地层参数反演提供理论依据。

发制品透气性检测方法的研究

发制品已成为消费者更具时尚性和个性化的消费品。透气性能是衡量发制品穿戴舒适性的关键性能,也是消费者关注的重点。研究了发制品透气性的试验仪器和试验参数,最终制定了发制品透气性的检测方法。试验表明:测试夹具及试验参数可以有效区分不同结构帽底透气性能的好坏,检测方法重现性好,精密度达到可接受水平。

生物炭水泥土渗透特性试验及细观结构分析

为拓展生物炭在土木工程领域的应用,用生物炭代替部分水泥制作生物炭水泥土。采用室内变水头渗透试验和扫描电镜(scanning electron microscope,简称SEM)试验,分析不同生物炭掺量和养护龄期等条件下的渗透特性规律及其作用机制,寻找最佳生物炭掺量。渗透试验结果表明,随着生物炭掺量的增大,水泥土渗透系数先减小后增大,并在生物炭替代水泥量为1%时试样渗透系数最小。另外,随着龄期的增加,水泥土渗透系数非线性减小,其中生物炭对水泥土早期的渗透性影响最大。细观分析发现,生物炭在水泥土中并没有直接发生化学反应,生物炭之所以能提升水泥土的抗渗性能是由于生物炭填塞在土及水泥颗粒的孔隙中,使其更加密实。

天津典型观测井渗透性变化及对玛多7.4级地震响应机理分析

采用微水试验和固体潮汐反演两种方法计算了王3井、宝坻新井、宁河井不同时期渗透系数,经对比分析发现,两种方法计算含水层渗透系数所得结果在总体量级上是相当的,并且变化趋势是一致的,发育稳定、连续性较好的含水层中的观测井,二者计算结果更加接近。微水试验估算的井含水层渗透系数主要反映了井孔周围局部含水层渗透能力在短时间内水流过程中的渗透性特征,而固体潮汐反演估算的渗透系数则反映了在较长时间内较大范围含水层的平均渗透能力。因而,在观测井同震响应分析、抽(注)水干扰等异常核实分析中,使用微水试验估算的井含水层渗透系数更为合理,而在分析区域应力场变化中使用固体潮汐反演估算的渗透系数则更合理。本文分析了三口观测井水位和渗透性变化特征以及产生原因,并进一步分析了王3井和宝坻新井水位对2021年5月22日青海玛多7.4级地震同震响应机理,以及玛多地震对宁河井水位观测的影响机制,发现应力积累、抽/注水干扰、地震波传播等因素均会对含水介质渗透性造成影响。并且,地震波传播过程对不同含水介质造成的影响不同,而含水层岩性相同的不同观测井对同一地震的响应特征和机理也不相同。

基于真三轴试验装置的岩石渗流密封方式改进及实验研究

国内现有的非常规油气储层的渗透性测试大多采用圆柱试样,通过假三轴试验装置进行测试,而真三轴条件下立方体试件棱边大多存在棱边串流与端面密封不严的缺陷。基于现有真三轴试验装置,以及大量的实验经验,针对现有的立方体试件单橡胶套渗流密封方式进行改进。介绍了嵌套式“上下密封套”结构特征,特别对棱边区的密封进行了设计,提出了密封套顶-底端面凹陷型内嵌“单孔网槽导流板”结构设计,并对顶部传压板的尺寸进行了讨论。对100 mm×100 mm×100 mm立方体煤样进行了真三轴渗流试验分析,得到了不同入口渗透压力真三轴围压条件下的渗透率。该密封方法的改进有助于提高科研单位及测试中心对原位地应力条件下非常规油气储层渗透性测试精度,并提高高端科研人才的实践创新能力与科研素养。

泥炭质土非线性固结理论研究

在泥炭质土软基固结过程中,孔隙比和渗透系数会随固结时间增加逐渐变小,导致按Terzaghi一维固结理论计算的软基固结值与实测值存在较大误差,故以滇池湖相沉积泥炭质土为研究对象,进行固结-渗透联合试验,研究泥炭质土e-σ′,k-σ′之间规律,从而得到e-lgσ′,lgk-lgσ′模型,然后引入这两个模型推导出适用于泥炭质土的一维非线性固结理论,并求解出渗压指数C_(k)=1,C_(k)=2两种不同条件下的解析解。根据所取泥炭质土的C_(k)不同,当C_(k)=1时,一维非线性固结微分方程的解析解与Terzaghi一维固结方程解析解比较,仅竖向固结系数存在差异;当C_(k)=2时,一维非线性固结微分方程难以直接得到解析解,可引入激活函数得到非线性固结微分方程的一个特解。研究发现,C_(k)=1时,泥炭质土固结过程中Terzaghi一维固结理论预测沉降速率比实测快,固结完成所需时间短;推导的一维非线性固结理论预测的各时间段固结沉降值和实测值接近,预测固结完成所需的时间误差小,且上覆荷载越大St-t关系曲线与实测值越接近,推导的一维非线性固结理论预测结果越精确。研究结果可为泥炭质土类软基提供一种更为精确的固结计算方法。