Analysis of the Current Status and Influencing Factors of Family Members’Collateral Stigma in Schizophrenia Patients

Objective: To investigate the associated collateral stigma of the family members of schizophrenia patients and analyze its current status and influencing factors. Methods: The Link Depreciation-Discrimination Perception Scale was used to investigate the status quo of the associated stigma of the family members of 169 schizophrenia patients diagnosed in 4 hospitals in a certain province. The results of the investigation were analyzed and summarized. Results: The detection rate of stigma associated with the family members of schizophrenia patients was 72.78%, with a score of 28.41 ± 3.92 points. The main influencing factors were the family member’s education level, the patient’s illness duration, the family member’s occupation, and the family-patient relationship. Conclusion: The detection rate of stigma associated with schizophrenia was relatively high. This requires increased attention and appropriate nursing intervention.

A Preliminary Study on the HCV Infection Status of Patients with Hemophilia and Their Family Members

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Associative stigma in family members of psychotic patients in Flanders:An exploratory study

AIM: To assess presence and severity of associative stigma in family members of psychotic patients and factors for higher associative stigma.METHODS: Standardized semi-structured interview of 150 family members of psychotic patients receiving full time treatment. This study on associative stigma in family members of psychotic patients was part of a larger research program on the burden of the family, using "Interview for the Burden of the Family" and the chapters stigma, treatment and attribution from the "Family interview Schedule". The respondents were relatives, one per patient, either partner or parent. The patients had been diagnosed with schizophrenia or schizo-affective disorder. All contacts with patients and relatives were in Dutch. Relatives were deemed suitable to participate in this research if they saw the patient at least once a week. Recruitment took place in a standardized way: after obtaining the patient's consent, the relatives were approached to participate. The results were analyzed using SPSS Version 18.0. RESULTS: The prevalence of associative stigma in this sample is 86%. Feelings of depression in the majority of family members are prominent. Twenty-one point three percent experienced guilt more or less frequent, while shame was less pronounced. Also, 18.6% of allrespondents indicated that they tried to hide the illness of their family member for others regularly or more. Three six point seven percent really kept secret about it in certain circumstances and 29.3% made efforts to explain what the situation or psychiatric condition of their family member really is like. Factors with marked significance towards higher associative stigma are a worsened relationship between the patient and the family member, conduct problems to family members, the patients' residence in a residential care setting, and hereditary attributional factors like genetic hereditability and character. The level of associative stigma has significantly been predicted by the burden of aggressive disruptions to family housemates of the psychotic patient.CONCLUSION: Family members of psychotic patients in Flanders experience higher associative stigma compared to previous international research. Disruptive behavior by the patient towards in-housing family members is the most accurate predictor of higher associative stigma.

Prevalence and Factors Associated with the Anxio-Depressive Symptoms of the Families of Patients in Intensive Care Unit at Gabriel Toure University Hospital, Bamako, Mali

Introduction: Hospitalization in intensive care is a source of stress and anxiety for close to the patients. Anxio-depressive symptoms appear to be common in intensive care and their prevalence is poorly evaluated. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of anxio-depressive symptoms in families. Materials and method: Observational prospective study in families of patients hospitalized in the intensive care unit for a period of 5 months. Symptoms of anxiety and depression were measured using Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) during hospitalization. Anxiety and depression were defined by a score greater than 10. Factors associated with the onset of anxious-depressive symptoms were sought. The prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder in close relatives was measured by the Impact Event Scale-Revised scale (IES-R). Results: A total of 107 patients were admitted to the intensive care unit, of which 49 families agreed to participate in our study. Overall mortality was 32.2% during this period. Fifty-eight (58) patients were not included for the following reasons: death or hospitalization of less than 48 hours, refusal of families, institution, and lack of parents speaking French. Forty-nine (49) relatives completed the HADS questionnaire. Forty-three families completed the IES-R questionnaire, a return rate of 87.7%. The prevalence of anxiety was 61.2% among parents in early hospitalization. The level of anxiety was significantly associated with male parents (p = 0.035) and those with lower education (p = 0.046). The prevalence of depressive symptoms in parents was evaluated 53% at D3. Education level (p = 0.048) and male parents (p = 0.048) appeared to be a significant depression factor. The prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder was 55.1% among the relatives of the patients. The lack of co-morbidity in admission patients was significantly associated with the occurrence of post-traumatic stress disorder in the family. Conclusion: The prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms was high in our study. Men were at greater risk of developing these symptoms. The parents of the patients carburized appear as a population with higher risk manifestation of psychological disorders;further research is needed in this group.

Depression and Suicidal Ideations among Older Persons Living with HIV/AIDS in Mbarara City, Southwest Uganda

Background: Due to the increase in longevity and use of antiretroviral treatment, Uganda has had a growing population of older persons living with HIV/AIDS. However, there is a paucity of information on the mental health of the elderly living with HIV/AIDS. In this cross-sectional study, we determined the prevalence of, and associated factors for depression and suicidal ideation among older persons living with HIV/AIDS in Mbarara city, southwest Uganda. Methods: Older persons (150 females, 115 males), with mean age = 64.2 (±5.1) years, accessing health services from three purposively selected HIV/AIDS care centers in Mbarara city, southwest Uganda were recruited. Data on depression and suicidal ideation were collected using a Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) validated in Uganda, and a structured questionnaire was used to collect data on clinical and socio-demographic characteristics. Data were analysed using logistic regression. Results: Approximately 8.3% and 12.1% had depression and suicidal ideation, respectively. The factors associated with lowering the likelihood of depression were: an increase in the number of family members they stayed with and having no having any problems with their ARVs. On the other hand, earning more than 100,000 Uganda shillings was associated with reducing the risk of suicidal ideations among the participants. Conclusion: Approximately 8 to 12 in 100 older persons living with HIV/AIDS in Uganda have experienced depression or suicidal ideation. Family support and financial control were instrumental factors associated with depression and suicidal ideations, respectively. We recommended strengthening family structures and creating more avenues for financial independence among older persons living with HIV/AIDS to reduce the burden of depression, and suicidal behaviours among this vulnerable population.

Study on the Relationship between Psychological Stress and Doctor-Patient Relationship of Cancer Patients and Their Families

Objective: To research the relationship between psychological stress and doctor-patient relationship of cancer patients and their families. Methods: The patients were randomly divided into the intervention group and the control group, and PDRQ-15, pcl-c, SAS and SDS scales were selected as evaluation indexes, and the levels of norepinephrine and dopamine were compared between the patients diagnosed with PTSD cancer and those without PTSD. Results: 1) The total score of PCL-C, SAS, SDS, PDRQ-15 scale of the cancer patients and their families after the intervention of clinical psychological care was significantly lower than that of before intervention and the control group. 2) The correlation coefficients between PCL-C, SAS, SDS and PDRQ-15 of cancer patients and their relatives were 0.971, 0.952 and 0.939 respectively. The significant test P value was less than 0.05 and the difference was statistically significant. 3) The plasma levels of dopamine and norepinephrine in cancer patients under stress were significantly higher than those in cancer patients without stress (P Conclusion: After psychological Intervention of cancer patients and their families, post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, depression and doctor-patient relationship were all improved.

急诊危重症患者替代决策者参与医疗决策期望现状及影响因素分析

目的了解急诊危重症患者替代决策者参与医疗决策期望现状及影响因素,为改善急诊危重症患者及家属就医体验,提升其医疗决策参与能力提供参考。方法采用便利抽样法,选取2022年10月至2023年6月在广西某三级甲等医院急诊科参与替代决策的226名危重症患者家属为研究对象,通过问卷调查一般资料、应对方式以及决策倾向性,分析其参与医疗决策期望现状及影响因素。结果急诊危重症患者替代决策者参与医疗决策期望的总分为(50.10±5.10)分;Pearson相关性分析显示,急诊危重症患者替代决策者参医疗决策期望总分与积极应对呈正相关,与消极应对呈负相关(P<0.05);多元线性回归分析显示,替代决策者文化程度、与患者的关系、患者疾病种类以及是否理解医生的病情谈话内容均是急诊危重症患者替代决策者参与医疗决策期望的影响因素(均P<0.05)。结论急诊危重症患者替代决策者参与医疗决策期望较高且受多种因素影响,文化程度较高、患者子女、急性病就诊患者、理解医生的病情谈话内容的替代决策者参与医疗决策期望更高,采用个性化的决策辅助方案能够帮助医护人员改善其决策参与意愿,提高决策质量。

ICU患者家属决策困境研究现状及启示

由于ICU环境的特殊性,家属探视时间被严格限制,家属不能与患者及时沟通以了解其意愿偏好,且疾病的突发性和临床的不确定性容易导致家属在决策时产生矛盾心理,从而陷入决策困境。概述了关于ICU患者家属决策困境的概念、评估工具、决策困境产生的原因、由于决策困境产生的影响,以及决策困境的应对策略,以期为未来ICU患者家属决策困境的干预提供理论依据,提高ICU患者家属代理决策质量,缩短患者住院时间,改善患者健康结局,从而提高医疗护理满意度。

利益相关者视角下开业护士在糖尿病管理中角色期望的质性研究

目的探讨利益相关者对开业护士糖尿病管理角色的期望。方法采取目的抽样法选取34名在不同省市工作的卫生行政管理者、内分泌科医生和护士,以及12例糖尿病患者及11名家庭成员作为研究对象进行半结构化访谈,采用内容分析法分析资料、提炼主题。结果共提炼出职业多元化角色(高级临床护理实践者,教育与咨询者,协调者,领导者),糖尿病管理职责(糖尿病评估与诊断,药物与非药物处方权限,长期管理与随访),开业护士的培训(教育模式探索,理论与实践相结合),角色推动因素与困难(推动因素,面临多种困难)4个主题及11个亚主题。结论开业护士参与糖尿病管理具有角色多元、责职具体,有待培训和面临较多困难等情况。

降气化痰推拿法对慢性哮喘幼鼠气道重塑及TGF-β1、Smad3表达的影响

目的探讨降气化痰推拿法对慢性哮喘幼鼠气道重塑的治疗作用及潜在机制。方法将50只SPF级雌性BALB/c小鼠随机分为对照组(A组)、模型组(B组)、推拿组(C组)、地塞米松组(D组)、推拿+地塞米松组(E组),每组10只。其中除A组外,其余小鼠均制备哮喘模型。第16天开始,C、D、E组进行相应推拿、地塞米松、推拿+地塞米松治疗,B组注射等量生理盐水;第22天开始,各组连续激发7 d。比较各组的肺功能、血清白介素4(interleukin 4,IL-4)水平、肺组织病理改变以及肺组织转化生长因子β1(TGF-β1)、Smad3 mRNA和蛋白表达水平。结果肺能功方面,与A组相比,各组给药后的气道狭窄指数明显升高、肺顺应性下降,且C、D、E组的气道狭窄指数低于B组,肺顺应性高于B组。在高浓度乙酰胆碱(6.250 g·L^(-1),12.500 g·L^(-1),25.000 g·L^(-1))给药时,E组的气道狭窄指数明显低于C、D组,且C组低于D组,C组肺顺应性低于D组(P<0.05);炎性水平方面,与A组相比,各组IL-4水平、炎症细胞浸润程度均升高,且C、D、E组均低于B组,E组低于C、D组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);HE染色结果显示,A组肺组织无明显炎性改变,B组炎性细胞浸润严重,C组、D组、E组轻微炎症浸润,且E组浸润程度低于C、D组;与A组相比,各组气道壁厚度和气道平滑肌厚度升高,且、D、E组均低于B组,E组低于C、D组;与A组相比,各组TGF-1β、Smad3 mRNA和蛋白水平均升高,且C、D、E组均低于B组,E组低于C、D组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论降气化痰推拿法能够有效改善慢性哮喘幼鼠的气道重塑,降低炎性反应水平,减轻炎性浸润,其机制可能与下调TGF-β1/Smad3通路表达相关。

主动脉夹层患者及家属自我分化与焦虑抑郁关系的主客体互倚模型分析

目的 基于鲍温家庭系统理论,使用主客体互倚模型探查主动脉夹层患者及家属焦虑、抑郁的交互传递情况。方法 采用一般调查问卷、简版自我分化量表、广泛焦虑性量表、患者健康问卷抑郁量表对210对主动脉夹层患者及家属进行调查,建立自我分化、焦虑及抑郁的主客体互倚模型。结果 主动脉夹层患者及家属的自我分化水平分别为(79.95±4.43)分和(81.31±4.55)分,焦虑程度分别为(11.74±3.55)分和(10.98±3.04)分,抑郁程度分别为(12.33±3.34)分和(10.98±3.04)分。主客体互倚模型结果显示,主动脉夹层患者的自我分化水平与自身及对方的焦虑、抑郁水平呈负相关,家属的自我分化水平与自身的焦虑、抑郁和患者的抑郁呈负相关(均P<0.05)。结论 主动脉夹层患者及家属的焦虑、抑郁受双方自我分化水平的共同影响,提示医护人员应重视主动脉夹层患者及家属焦虑、抑郁的传递情况,积极探索以家庭为单位的干预方案。

中国ICU转出患者家属迁移应激影响因素Meta分析

目的系统分析中国重症监护室(intensive care unit,ICU)转出患者家属迁移应激的影响因素,为减轻转出患者家属迁移应激水平提供循证依据。方法计算机检索中国知网、万方数据知识服务平台、维普、中国生物医学文献数据库、Web of Science、PubMed、the Cochrane Library、Embase中有关ICU转出患者家属迁移应激影响因素的队列研究、病例对照研究、横断面研究等观察性研究,检索时限为建库至2023年10月。由2名研究者按照纳入及排除标准单独进行文献筛选、质量评价和资料提取。采用RevMan5.4软件对数据结果进行Meta分析。结果最终纳入15篇研究,总样本量2558,共提取12个影响因素。将15篇文献根据测量结局指标的工具分为正向计分组(得分越高,迁移应激水平越高,共9篇文献)、反向计分组(得分越高,迁移应激水平越低,共6篇文献)。分析每个组别时,仅对组内提及≥2次的影响因素进行Meta分析。Meta分析结果显示:正向计分组内,家属文化程度、家属性别、患者意识、ICU治疗时间、家属疾病不确定感是ICU转出患者家属迁移应激的影响因素(P<0.05);反向计分组内,家属文化程度、家属性别、患者年龄、ICU治疗时间是ICU转出患者家属迁移应激的影响因素(P<0.05)。敏感度分析结果显示各个因素的结果均较为稳定。结论家属文化程度、家属性别、患者年龄、ICU治疗时间、家属疾病不确定感是中国ICU转出患者家属迁移应激的影响因素,家属宗教信仰、患者意识对其影响还需进一步论证。

与死亡打太极——临终患者及家属死亡应对策略的质性研究

目的:探究临终患者及家属的死亡应对策略,为构建本土化安宁疗护服务模式提供现实依据。方法:采用目的抽样法及滚雪球法,对20名临终患者及21名家属进行半结构式访谈,运用解释现象学分析法和隐喻法进行资料分析和主题归纳。结果:包括五大主题:逃避、转折与迂回——掤手回掌;隐藏、忍耐与艰难决策——藏锋敛锐;平衡、摇摆与稳定——攻守衡之;柔和行为、转化表达——柔化而出;寄托、仪式与传承——顺势而为。结论:五大主题整合出临终患者及家属的死亡应对策略为“与死亡打太极”,研究结果为临终患者及家属的死亡应对提供了更多文化视角下的理解,建议未来在顺应优秀中华文化基础上构建中国特色安宁疗护实践模式。

家庭医生团队成员挑战性-阻碍性工作压力对抑郁症状的影响——经济状况的调节作用

目的:探讨家庭医生团队成员挑战性-阻碍性工作压力对抑郁症状的影响及经济状况的调节作用。方法:采用多阶段整群随机抽样方法,使用社会人口学问卷、挑战性-阻碍性压力量表(C-HSS)和抑郁症筛查量表(PHQ-9)对751名家庭医生团队成员进行调查。结果:家庭医生团队成员挑战性-阻碍性工作压力得分分别为22.67±4.33分和12.79±4.67分,抑郁症状得分为5.31±4.75分。挑战性工作压力(β=0.27,P<0.001)和阻碍性工作压力(β=0.42,P<0.001)均显著正向预测抑郁症状;经济状况在挑战性工作压力(β=-0.09,P<0.01)、阻碍性工作压力(β=-0.09,P<0.01)与抑郁症状之间均起调节作用。具体而言,与低经济状况家庭医生团队成员相比,挑战性-阻碍性工作压力对高经济状况家庭医生团队成员抑郁症状的正向预测作用均显著减弱。结论:经济状况可缓冲挑战性-阻碍性工作压力对家庭医生团队成员抑郁症状的正向影响。关注家庭医生团队成员心理状况,改善工作环境,降低工作压力,提高经济状况,缓解抑郁症状的产生。

EICU患者家属创伤后成长与社会支持的关系及影响

目的探讨急诊重症监护室(emergency intensive care unit,EICU)住院患者家属创伤后成长的影响因素及其与社会支持水平的相关性。方法选择2020年6月—2023年6月南通大学附属医院EICU 80名住院患者的家属作为研究对象。采用创伤后成长评定量表以及社会支持评定量表评价EICU住院患者家属创伤后成长水平及社会支持水平。分析患者家属创伤后成长水平与社会支持水平的相关性,并对患者家属创伤后成长水平的影响因素进行单因素、多因素logistic回归分析。结果80名EICU住院患者家属创伤后成长水平评分为(60.53±13.02)分,其中得分最高维度为与他人关系,其次为个人力量。经单因素分析可见,患者家属不同性别、学历、与患者关系、急性生理学和慢性健康状况评价Ⅱ(acute physiology and chronic health evaluationⅡ,APACHEⅡ)评分的创伤后成长水平评分比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。家属社会支持水平评分均低于国内常模(P<0.05)。经Pearson相关性分析,EICU住院患者家属创伤后成长水平与社会支持水平呈正相关(P<0.05)。经多因素分析可见,性别、学历、患者APACHEⅡ评分与社会支持水平是ICU住院患者家属创伤后成长的独立影响因素(P<0.05)。结论性别、学历、患者APACHEⅡ评分与社会支持水平是EICU住院患者家属创伤后成长的影响因素,临床应增强对患者家属关注度,积极鼓励家属缓解负面情绪,提升创伤后成长水平。

ICU重症脑卒中患者家属负性情绪与心理弹性、社会支持的关系分析

目的:探究ICU重症脑卒中患者家属负性情绪与心理弹性、社会支持的关系分析。方法:选取2022年4月—2023年4月河南科技大学第一附属医院ICU 96名重症脑卒中患者家属(共96名)作为研究对象。采用一般资料调查问卷、抑郁-焦虑-压力量表中文简版(DASS-21)、心理弹性量表(CD-RISC)、社会支持评定量表(SSRS)收集患者家属资料,并依据DASS-21评分将患者家属分为两组,分析家属负性情绪与心理弹性、社会支持的关系并分析家属负性情绪的影响因素。结果:根据DASS-21评分将56名患者家属纳入为情绪较差组,40名患者家属纳入为情绪良好组。情绪良好组患者家属CD-RISC、SSRS评分高于情绪较差组,差异均有统计学意义(t=2.852、3.074,P<0.05);Spearman相关性分析结果显示,患者家属CD-RISC、SSRS评分与DASS-21评分呈负相关(r=-0.642、-0.568,P<0.05);经logistic回归分析结果显示,患者年龄、受教育程度、家庭月收入、CD-RISC评分、SSRS评分是患者家属负性情绪的影响因素(OR=3.885、0.317、0.421、0.218、0.255,P<0.05)。结论:ICU重症脑卒中患者家属负性情绪与家属心理弹性、社会支持有关,心理弹性以及社会支持均为家属负性情绪的影响因素,此外还包括患者年龄、文化程度及家庭月收入。

肺癌患者家属感知脆弱影响因素分析

目的 探讨肺癌患者家属感知脆弱现状及其影响因素。方法 选择河北省秦皇岛市中医医院肺病科2022年5月至2023年4月接受肺癌治疗的171名患者家属作为研究对象。采用一般资料调查量表、家庭负担会谈量表(FBS)对其进行调查。多元线性回归分析肺癌患者家属感知脆弱的影响因素。结果 FBS量表调查结果显示肺癌患者家属的感知脆弱总分为(23.94±1.22)分;肺癌患者家属感知脆弱得分在家庭人均收入、家庭负担、家庭功能、应对方式和患者抑郁状态方面比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。将差异有统计学意义的变量代入多元线性回归模型,回归方程为:Y=23.65-0.38X_(1)+0.49X_(2)-0.58X_(3)+0.83X_(4)(X_(1)、X_(2)、X_(3)、X_(4)分别为家庭人均收入、家庭负担、家庭功能、患者抑郁状态)。结论 肺癌患者家属感知脆弱水平较高,并受家庭人均收入、家庭负担、家庭功能、患者抑郁状态的影响,应给予患者家属针对性干预措施,以降低其感知脆弱水平,进而促进患者的身心健康。

肿瘤科护士角色转换为癌症患者家属真实体验的质性研究

目的:探讨肿瘤科护士作为癌症患者家属的真实体验,了解她们的需求、困境、体验与收获,为更好地平衡临床工作和家庭生活提供参考。方法:采用现象学研究法,通过目的抽样,于2019年3月至2022年10月对天津市某肿瘤专科医院家庭成员中有癌症患者且从事临床工作的17名护理人员进行半结构式访谈,借助Nvivo 10.0对访谈资料进行整理,采用Colaizzi七步分析法分析资料。结果:肿瘤科护士作为癌症患者家属的真实体验包括自我情感体验(痛苦与悲伤、自责与懊悔、从容积极面对)、生活负担加重(经济压力加重、照护人力不足、生育忧虑、生活方式和社交活动的变化)、职业获益感(职业感知、职业资源、职业认同感、自我成长)3个主题。结论:肿瘤科护理人员与癌症患者家属的双重身份给护士带来了巨大的压力,应在工作、家庭以及社会等多方面提供支持,促进其身心健康发展。

社区居家严重精神障碍患者家属的社会支持现状调查

目的探讨社区居家严重精神障碍患者家属的社会支持水平状况及影响因素,为居家严重精神障碍患者的社区管理提供依据。方法将纳入“上海市精神卫生信息管理系统”的444例白鹤镇在管居家严重精神障碍患者的家属作为研究对象,进行问卷调查。结果白鹤镇在管严重精神障碍患者家属的社会支持水平为(33.52±9.32)分,低于国内常模(t=-11.89,P<0.05)。不同年龄、受教育程度、婚姻状况、职业、与患者同住状况的家属社会支持得分差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);患者的年龄、就业状态、精神疾病种类、精神症状稳定程度、患病年限不同,其家属的社会支持得分也有显著性差异(P<0.05);与患者关系、家庭获补助数量不同家属的社会支持得分差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论严重精神障碍患者家属的社会支持水平较低,其中年龄、文化程度、婚姻状况、职业和是否与患者同住是患者家属社会支持的影响因素。加强对患者家属的健康教育、争取社会救助、提升患者家属的个人技能等,有利于提高患者家属的社会支持水平,有助于严重精神障碍患者的管理和康复。

精神分裂症患者家属心理健康状况与应对方式的相关性

目的探讨精神分裂症患者家属心理健康状况与应对方式的相关性。方法 2014年12月~2015年1月,应用自制调查问卷、抑郁自评量表（SDS）、焦虑自评量表（SAS）和简易应对方式量表对辖区5个街道内312名精神分裂症患者家属进行调查,并与国内常模比较,分析SDS和SAS与应对方式的相关性。结果精神分裂症患者家属SDS（t=34.39,P〈0.001）、SAS（t=73.09,P〈0.001）得分显著高于常模;与国内常模比较,本组研究对象较少采用积极应对方式（128例,41%）（t=-16.70,P〈0.001）,更多采用消极应对方式（184例,59%）（t=-66.24,P〈0.001）。精神分裂症患者家属SDS（r=-0.14,P〈0.05）、SAS（r=-0.15,P=0.01）得分与积极应对方式得分呈负相关;SAS得分与消极应对方式得分呈正相关（r=0.27,P〈0.001）。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,女性患者家属相比男性容易产生焦虑和抑郁（P〈0.05）;离婚者比在婚者更容易产生抑郁（P〈0.05）。文化程度和家庭平均月收入是患者家属应对方式的影响因素（P〈0.05）。结论精神分裂症患者家属心理健康状况不容乐观,女性患者家属相比男性更容易抑郁和焦虑。文化程度低、经济状况差的人较多采用消极应对方式,需要重点关注,并采取合适有效的干预措施。