A Combined Antenna Array Deployment with High Positioning Accuracy and Low Angular Measurement Error

In this paper,an antenna array composed of circular array and orthogonal linear array is proposed by using the design of long and short baseline“orthogonal linear array”and the circular array ambiguity resolution design of multi-group baseline clustering.The effectiveness of the antenna array in this paper is verified by sufficient simulation and experiment.After the system deviation correction work,it is found that in the L/S/C/X frequency bands,the ambiguity resolution probability is high,and the phase difference system error between each channel is basically the same.The angle measurement error is less than 0.5°,and the positioning error is less than 2.5 km.Notably,as the center frequency increases,calibration consistency improves,and the calibration frequency points become applicable over a wider frequency range.At a center frequency of 11.5 GHz,the calibration frequency point bandwidth extends to 1200 MHz.This combined antenna array deployment holds significant promise for a wide range of applications in contemporary wireless communication systems.

Improved Measurement Method of Circularly-Polarized Antennas Based on Linear-Component Amplitudes

An improved measurement method of circularly-polarized (CP) antennas based on linear-component amplitudes is proposed in this paper. By utilizing two sets of orthogonal linear polarization (LP) amplitudes, measurement on axial ratio (AR) of CP antennas can be realized without phase information. However, the rotation sense of the co-polarization cannot be determined due to the absence of the phase information. Above problem is discussed here for the first time, and a solution is presented to determine the rotation sense of the co-polarization by using common auxiliary CP antennas. In addition, there will be some particular cases with large errors in actual measurement. Here a corresponding solution method is given. Finally, co-polarization and cross-polarization patterns can be further obtained from AR results. To verify this improved method, a self-developed CP microstrip array was measured. The measured results are in agreement with the simulated results, which prove this method is correct, effective and practical.

Capacity and Spatial Correlation Measurements of Compact MIMO Antennas

The dual-port compact multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO)dipole antennas with close spacing d of 0.5λand 0.3λare designed,and some electromagnetic band gap(EBG)structures are inserted between them to reduce mutual coupling.Those MIMO antennas with d=0.5λand 0.3λ,and with different mutual couplings are fabricated and measured,the channel capacity and correlation coefficient(CC)are analyzed and compared in a rich multipath reverberation chamber(RC),an office and a conference room.Results show that if d is reduced from 0.5λto 0.3λ,in the RCs,channel capacities of all the antennas are very close to that of the i.i.d.Rayleigh channel,although the average CCs are increased from 0.168 in the nonlossy RC to 0.269 in the lossy RC.In the office and conference rooms,compared with the RC,the average capacities of those antennas get a slight reduction,however,in most cases,the capacity of d=0.5λis larger than that of d=0.3λ,and the antennas with EBG have a larger capacity compared with the antennas without EBG,with a corresponding reduction of CC.A non-line-of-sight(NLOS)scenario of through-the-wall is also investigated.

The Measurement and Uncertainty Analysis of Antenna Factor of Microwave Antennas Based on Standard Site Method

A method of Standard Site Method (SSM) in the American National Standards Institute’s ANSI C63.5 is described in the frequency ranges from 30 MHz to 1000 MHz. And a measurement system is set up for determining antenna factors (AF) of antennas on an Open Area Test Sites (OATS). AF of antennas including log-periodic antenna and biconical antenna is measured with SSM method by Shanghai Institute of Measurement and Testing Technology (SIMT), which shows good agreement to data measured by National Institute of Metrology (NIM). In the end, it analyzes the measurement uncertainty of SIMT in the 30 MHz to 1000 MHz frequency band and does comparison to that of NIM.

Wireless Strain Measurement Based on a Microstrip Patch Antenna

Wireless interrogation of a rectangular microstrip patch antenna for strain measurement is investigated by simulations.To analyze the antenna performance,a microstrip line-feeding patch antenna at 10 GHz is designed.A patch antenna wirelessly fed by a horn is proposed to measure the strain.The direction information of strain detected by the patch antenna is also considered.The strain can be detected both in the width and length directions.It is shown that the strain can be measured wirelessly using a standard horn antenna.This kind of wireless strain-sensing technique offers significant potential for wireless structural health monitoring(SHM),especially for high-end equipment.

Metallic spherical anechoic chamber for antenna pattern measurement

Anechoic chambers are used for indoor antenna measurements. The common method of constructing an anechoic chamber is to cover all inside walls by the electromagnetic absorbers. In this paper, a fully metallic spherical chamber structure is presented in which the propagation of the electromagnetic waves inside the chamber is controlled and they are guided to an absorber. In the proposed method, an appropriate quiet zone is obtained, and unlike ordinary anechoic chambers, the absorber usage amount is reduced greatly. The performance of the chamber is evaluated by simulation. The results show that the proposed method could provide a useful technique for the indoor antenna measurements.

Wireless contactless pressure measurement of an LC passive pressure sensor with a novel antenna for high-temperature applications

In this paper, a novel antenna is proposed for high-temperature testing, which can make the high-temperature pressure characteristics of a wireless passive ceramic pressure sensor demonstrated at up to a temperature of 600℃. The design parameters of the antenna are similar to those of the sensor, which will increase the coupling strength between the sensor and testing antenna. The antenna is fabricated in thick film integrated technology, and the properties of the alumina ceramic and silver ensure the feasibility of the antenna in high-temperature environments. The sensor, coupled with the ceramic antenna, is investigated using a high-temperature pressure testing platform. The experimental measurement results show that the pressure signal in a harsh environment can be detected by the frequency diversity of the sensor.

Intelligent Antenna Attitude Parameters Measurement Based on Deep Learning SSD Model

Due to the consideration of safety,non-contact measurement methods are be-coming more acceptable.However,massive measurement will bring high labor-cost and low working efficiency.To address these limitations,this paper introduces a deep learning model for the antenna attitude parameter measurement,which can be divided into an an-tenna location phase and a calculation phase of the attitude parameter.In the first phase,a single shot multibox detector(SSD)is applied to automatically recognize and discover the antenna from pictures taken by drones.In the second phase,the located antennas’fea-ture lines are extracted and their attitude parameters are then calculated mathematically.Experiments show that the proposed algorithms outperform existing related works in effi-ciency and accuracy,and therefore can be effectively used in engineering applications.

Antenna Mechanical Pose Measurement Based on Structure from Motion

Antenna mechanical pose measurement has always been a crucial issue for radio frequency(RF)engineers,owning to the need for mechanical pose adjustment to satisfy the changing surroundings.Traditionally,the pose is estimated in the contact way with the help of many kinds of measuring equipment,but the measurement accuracy cannot be well assured in this way.We propose a non-contact measuring system based on Structure from Motion(SfM)in the field of photogrammetry.The accurate pose would be estimated by only taking several images of the antenna and after some easy interaction on the smartphone.Extensive experiments show that the error ranges of antenna’s downtilt and heading are within 2degrees and 5 degrees respectively,with the shooting distance in 25 m.The GPS error is also under 5 meters with this shooting distance.We develop the measuring applications both in PC and android smartphones and the results can be computed within 3 minutes on both platforms.The proposed system is quite safe,convenient and efficient for engineers to use in their daily work.To the best of our knowledge,this is the first pipeline that solves the antenna pose measuring problem by the photogrammetry method on the mobile platform.

Spherical Near-Field - Far-Field Transformation for Quasi-Planar Antennas from Irregularly Spaced Data

An effective near-field - far-field (NF - FF) transformation with spherical scanning for quasi-planar antennas from irregularly spaced data is developed in this paper. Two efficient approaches for evaluating the regularly spaced spherical samples from the nonuniformly distributed ones are proposed and numerically compared. Both the approaches rely on a nonredundant sampling representation of the voltage measured by the probe, based on an oblate ellipsoidal modelling of the antenna under test. The former employs the singular value decomposition method to reconstruct the NF data at the points fixed by the nonredundant sampling representation and can be applied when the irregularly acquired samples lie on nonuniform parallels. The latter is based on an iterative technique and can be used also when such a hypothesis does not hold, but requires the existence of a biunique correspondence between the uniform and nonuniform samples, associ- ating at each uniform sampling point the nearest irregular one. Once the regularly spaced spherical samples have been recovered, the NF data needed by a probe compensated NF - FF transformation with spherical scanning are efficiently evaluated by using an optimal sampling interpolation algorithm. It is so possible to accurately compensate known posi- tioning errors in the NF - FF transformation with spherical scanning for quasi-planar antennas. Some numerical tests assessing the accuracy and the robustness of the proposed approaches are reported.

Emulation of Realistic Multi-Path Propagation Channels inside an Anechoic Chamber for Antenna Diversity Measurements

As antennas are inherently included recommended in Over-The-Air (OTA) testing, it is important to also consider realistic channel models for the multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) device performance evaluation. This paper aims to emulate realistic multi-Path propagation channels in terms of angles of arrivals (AoA) and cross-polarization ratio (XPR) with Rayleigh fading, inside an anechoic chamber, for antenna diversity measurements. In this purpose, a practical multi-probe anechoic chamber measurement system (MPAC) with 24 probe antennas (SATIMO SG24) has been used. However, the actual configuration of this system is not able to reproduce realistic channels. Therefore, a new method based on the control of the SG24 probes has been developed. At first time, this method has been validated numerically through the comparison of simulated and analytical AoA probability density distributions. At the second time, the performance of an antenna diversity system inside the SG24 has been performed in terms of the correlation coefficient and diversity gain (DG) using an antenna reference system. Simulated and measurements results have shown a good agreement.

Wearable Antenna Measurements in Vicinity of Human Body

This paper presents measurements techniques of wearable antennas and RF medical systems in vicinity of human body. The antennas radiation characteristics on human body have been measured by using a phantom. The phantom electrical characteristics represent the human body electrical characteristics. The phantom has a cylindrical shape with a 40 cm diameter and a length of 1.5 m. The phantom electrical characteristics are similar to the human body electrical characteristics. The antenna under test was placed on the phantom during the measurements of the antennas radiation characteristics. The phantom was employed to compare the electrical performance of several new wearable antennas. The phantom was also employed to measure the electrical performance of several antenna belts in vicinity of human body. The results of antenna with thinner belt are better than the results of the same antenna array with thicker belt.

A Novel Millimeter-Wave Channel Measurement Platform for 6G Intelligent Railway Scenarios

This paper presented a novel millimeterwave channel measurement platform for the 6G intelligent railway.This platform used phased array antenna with 64 elements and can support instant bandwidth up to 1 GHz.Combined with improved multi-tone sounding signals,the platform can enhance dynamic measurement capability in high-speed railway scenarios.We performed calibration works about frequency flatness,frequency offset and proved platform reliability with channel emulator based closed-loop verification.We also carried out field trials in high-speed railway carriage scenarios.Based on measurement results,we extracted channel characteristic parameters of path loss,power delay profile and delay spread to further verify the field measurement performance of the platform.

Far-Field Pattern Reconstruction from Positioning Errors Affected Near-Field Data Acquired via Helicoidal Scanning

In this paper, an effective technique to compensate the positioning errors in a near-field—far-field (NF-FF) transformation with helicoidal scanning for elongated antennas is presented and validated both numerically and experimentally. It relies on a nonredundant sampling representation of the voltage measured by the probe, obtained by considering the antenna as enclosed in a cylinder ended in two half-spheres. An iterative scheme is used to reconstruct the helicoidal NF data at the points fixed by the representation from the acquired irregularly spaced ones. Once the helicoidal data have been retrieved, those needed by a classical NF-FF transformation with cylindrical scanning are efficiently evaluated by using an optimal sampling interpolation algorithm. Some numerical tests, assessing the accuracy of the approach and its stability with respect to random errors affecting the data, are reported. Experimental tests performed at the Antenna Characterization Lab of the University of Salerno further confirm the validity of the proposed technique.

Probe method to measure the electromagnetic field in a plasma by Poynting vector conversion

In this paper,a high-precision electromagnetic measurement system suitable for a hightemperature and high-speed plasma is built to provide a platform for scientific research on the interaction mechanism of the electromagnetic fields and a plasma.This paper presents a method to measure the electromagnetic field inside a plasma by using a probe and Poynting vector conversion,which is a new and completely different method from the traditional method of measuring the electromagnetic field inside plasma.In addition,for this system and method,this work designs a microstrip antenna probe that can suppress multipath effects.This method is confirmed to be valid and usable after closed-loop verification by the CST software.

RESEARCH ON INPUT IMPEDANCE OF DIPOLE ANTENNA IN GTEM CELL

The formula of input impedance of dipole antenna in Gigahertz Transverse ElectroM agnetic(GTEM) cell based on the dyadic Green's function is first obtained in this paper. The validation of the formula is verified by the results of theoretical derivation and simulation with well agreements. In comparison with the formula of input impedance in free space, the relationship between the change of input impedance with the length of antenna and the position of antenna in GTEM cell is obtained. In addition, some meaningful conclusions are presented, which not only can be referred by the further research of ElectroM agnetic Interference(EMI) measurements in GTEM cell, but also provide the theoretical basis for testing compensation and error analysis.

A Rigorous Analysis of Vehicle-to-Vehicle Range Performance in a Rural Channel Propagation Scenario as a Function of Antenna Type and Location via Simulation and Field Trails

Vehicle-to-Everything(V2X) communications will be an essential part of the technology in future autonomous drive decision systems.A fundamental procedure is to establish a robust communication channel between end-to-end devices.Due to the antenna placed at different positions on vehicles,the existing cellular electro-magnetic(EM) wave propagation modelling does not fit properly for V2X direct communication application.In order to figure out a feasible understanding of this problem,this paper focuses on the propagation channel analysis in a rural Vehicle-to-Vehicle(V2V) scenario for vehicular communication with antenna position experiments at different heights.By adopting the ray-tracing algorithm,a rural scenario simulation model is built up via the use of a commercial-off-the-shelf(COTS) EM modelling software package,that computes the path loss received power and delay spread for a given propagation channel.Next,a real-world vehicle measurement campaign was performed to verify the simulation results.The simulated and measured receiver power was in good agreement with each other,and the results of this study considered two antenna types located at three different relative heights between the two vehicles.This research provides constructive guidance for the V2V antenna characteristics,antenna placement and vehicle communication channel analysis.

A 4-element Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna Array

Patch antennas are small in size and suitable for microwave transmission,so they are widely used in small portable wireless devices.Multiple patch antennas are connected together to form an array antenna.Compared with the patch antenna,the array antenna has a higher directivity gain and can achieve better transmission performance.In this project,I will test the single patch antenna first,and then move to 2×1 antenna array.Finally,built a 2×2 antenna array,test and record their performance respectively.

基于单天线航向测量的股道占用判别方法研究

随着北斗卫星系统的建设完成,以卫星导航为核心的车载化列车定位成为列车定位系统的发展方向。在这一背景下,精准判别列车股道占用成为确保列车高精度位置感知的必要前提,对避免冲突、支撑列车调度决策和保障列车安全具有重要的意义。针对传统的股道占用判别方法通常依赖于地面设备,易受到成本、复杂性和维护困难等因素制约的问题,研究利用低成本的单GNSS天线进行高精度的列车航向角测量。特别是在道岔咽喉区,计算单天线测量结果与数据库中列车航向的偏差,评估对不同股道的占用概率。为此,首先构建了载波相位星间差分与历元差分的双差分模型,消除了电离层、对流层、钟差、模糊度等一系列卫星定位误差源的影响;其次,通过扩展卡尔曼滤波估计相邻历元间列车的位移变化量,同时计算伪姿态坐标系下的列车航向;最后,基于航向角偏差进行列车的股道占用判别,并利用列车进出青藏线联通河站的实测数据对所提算法进行了验证,并结合轨道电子地图,判别列车占用正线/侧线不同股道的置信概率。实验结果表明:通过单天线解算列车航向角的误差均方根为0.111°,根据航向角偏差进行股道判别的模糊区距离减少了约50m,模糊区时间减少了约5s。仅通过单天线航向解算完成高精度的航向测量,并根据航向角偏差实现股道占用判别,可作为轨道占用的一种判别方式,具有一定的工程价值。

近钻头随钻测量系统天线参数试验优化研究

近钻头随钻测量系统能够有效避免传统随钻测量系统所面临的数据滞后问题,而天线的参数设计及优化是提高信号传输距离及稳定性的重要因素。本文对某近钻头随钻测量系统的天线参数展开优化研究,通过试验探讨了天线线圈直径、线圈匝数、负载及磁芯等参数与信号传输距离之间的规律。试验结果表明发射线圈匝数为100匝及线径为0.8 mm,接收线圈为180匝及线径为1 mm,且需引入二级功率放大电路并采用铁氧体磁芯或磁片时,信号传输距离及稳定性最优。相关研究成果可为近钻头随钻测量系统天线的优化设计提供理论依据和实践指导。