Floristic Composition, Population Structure, and Recruitment Status of Plant Species: A Case Study of Farmer-Managed Natural Regeneration Practices in Arid and Semi-Arid Lands in Kenya

The technique of Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration (FMNR) is being promoted as a cost-effective approach for restoring degraded arable dry lands. Its effectiveness has been observed in many countries across the globe, where it is a traditional practice, and is now being encouraged across the African continent. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of FMNR on floristic Composition, Vegetation Structure, and Regeneration Status of woody Plant Species in the severely degraded Central Rift, Kenya. The study systematically assessed how FMNR influenced species composition, vegetation structure and regeneration status from two sample plots involved in FMNR practices. Transect lines and quadrats methods were utilized to collect data, specifically regarding the floristic composition, vegetation structure, and regeneration status of woody plant species. Quadrats and sub-quadrats of varying sizes (10 m by 10 m, 5 m by 5 m, and 1 m by 1 m) were nested along the transect lines for data collection. Furthermore, measurements of tree growth and development, including root collar diameter, diameter at breast height (D130) and heights within the study blocks, were taken. The data was then analyzed using R-software. Results showed a marked progressive increase in numbers of trees, saplings, seedlings, shrubs and herbs in all FMNR sites and reductions in all non-FMNR sites. The study advocates for widespread promotion of the FMNR practice both as an environmental conservation and restoration strategy.

The Study on Industrial Structure Adjustment of Farmer Economic Net Income Doubled in Mountain Area

The aim was to study the main industry effect the double of the per capi- ta net income of farmers economic. The relation between six industry net income per capita income of farmers including grain, animal husbandry, flue-cured tobacco, walnut, long-term labor expot, seasonal labor export and the net income of farmers per capita in the Wazitian Village of Baoshan, Yunnan was studied by means of the effect main industry doubled net income of farmers per capita economic and the grey correlation analysis. The correlation degree of six industry and the net income of farmers per capita economic was long-term labor export〉seasonal labor export〉 walnut〉grain〉animal husbandry〉flue-cured tobacco. The pillar industry affecting the net income of farmers per capita economic was long-term labor export, seasonal la- bor export and walnut. The study provided the scionce theoretical basis and method of support for net income per capita economic multiplier of farmers in Baoshan, Yunnan province and even a similar low latitude mountain plateau.

The Path Analysis of Farmers' Income Structure in Yunnan Province

The problem of farmers' income growth is the key of issues concerning agriculture,countryside and farmers,so the farmers' income growth is the fundamental starting point for agricultural and rural economic development. In this paper,we use the statistics concerning farmers' income in Yunnan Province from 1995 to 2012,to perform the path analysis of components of farmers' income in Yunnan Province,study the path of influence of components of farmers' income on farmers' net income,and then set forth the policy recommendations for increasing farmers' income in Yunnan Province.

The Impact of Changes of the Internal Agricultural Structure in Sichuan Province on Farmers' Income

After introducing the status quo of farmers' net income and gross output value of agriculture of Sichuan Province,and the changes of agricultural output structure,the regression analysis was conducted on the impact of the changes in agricultural structure on the farmers' net income per capita on the strengthen of the data from Sichuan statistical yearbook and by the way of econometrics.The multiple linear regression analysis was conducted on the impact the changes in crop farming on farmers' net income by using logarithmic demand model.The results show that the agricultural structure has transformed from the dominant crop farming to the all-around developmental trend covering the dominant industry,animal husbandry and forestry,fishery and the other industries;the animal husbandry has greatest impact on famers' income per capita and the impact of crop farming is slightly weaker than animal husbandry;the crop farming and animal husbandry develop fairly rapid simultaneously and the two all have great impact in farmers' income;among animal husbandry,the meat and eggs have relatively great impact on farmers' income,while in crop farming,grain plays the dominant role in affecting farmers' income,followed by cash crop.Hence,the relevant countermeasures applied to increase farmers' income are put forward in terms of optimizing the internal structure of agriculture,adjusting the internal structure of crop farming,adjusting the internal structure of animal husbandry and strengthening the support of farmers.

Empirical Analysis of Relationship between Farmers'Income Structure and Consumption in Guizhou Province in the Context of Large-scale Poverty Alleviation

Large-scale poverty alleviation is one of the three major strategic actions of Guizhou Province to plan for leapfrog development.Through building an econometric model,this paper made an empirical analysis of relationship between farmers'income structure and consumption in Guizhou Province in the context of large-scale poverty alleviation.The results show that the wage income and transfer income of rural residents in Guizhou Province have a significant impact on the promotion of their consumption,and the impact of income from household business operation is also significant,but the impact is relatively weak,while the contribution of farmers'property income to their consumption is insufficient.Finally,in view of the problems in the relationship between the income structure and consumption of farmers in Guizhou Province,it came up with policy recommendations including broadening the income channels,increasing farmers'income,improving the income structure,and promoting farmers'consumption.

Analysis of Income Structure of Farmer (Herdsman) of the Tibet Autonomous Region

Based on the sampling data this paper analyzes income structure of farmer (herdsman) of the Tibet Autonomous Region, including source, characteristics and cash. Situation of income structures and income sources of the farmers in different areas (agricultural, animal husbandry areas and half agricultural and half animal husbandry areas etc. ) was approached. The following features were found through an analysis of surveyed data: (1) In Tibetan peasant household goods and products instead of money. disposable income and cash are very little. (2) The variety index of income is higher in the out skirt than it in rural, the index has a direct bearing on net income. (3) The income ways are simplistic and out-date in the poor households, they have no ability to resist and guard a-gainst any risk, it is very difficult to increase their receipts. (4) The living standard in agricultural areas is better than in pastoral areas, it is the worst in half agriculture and half animal husbandry areas.

Study on the Impact of Collective Commercial Construction Land Entering the Market on Rural Residents’Income:Taking Deqing County,Zhejiang Province as an Example

The entry of collective construction land for business purposes is an important measure for deepening the reform of the rural land system,promoting the flow of urban and rural factors,and realizing rural revitalization.Since the production of the first batch of pilot projects in 2015,33 county-level cities have participated in the pilot policy by 2023.Deqing County,Zhejiang Province,as the first area to participate in the pilot project,aims to achieve more fruitful results.This paper first examines how promoting farmers’income through the market entry of agricultural land can be achieved,then uses the synthetic control method to quantitatively study the impact of collective operational construction land on farmers’income using panel data from 2011 to 2019,and finally proposes relevant suggestions from the perspective of system reform.

Empirical Study on the Effect of Abolishing Agricultural Tax on Farmers' Income

The panel dataset which covered the socio-economic data of 31 provinces （municipalities and autonomous region） in China from 2000-2007 was used to do empirical analysis on the effect of abolishing agricultural taxes on farmers＇ income by referring to the fixed effect estimation method. It found that the abolition of agricultural taxes increased farmer＇s net income per capita by 2%. Combining with the results of empirical analysis, related policy suggestions were put forward to increase farmers＇ income.

The Countermeasures and Researches on Improving Farmers' Incomes of Shaanxi Province in the New Period

Combining the relative agricultural statistics from 2000 to 2009, the paper selects 20 major variables to carry out the analyses of factors. Through the component matrix, 3 common factors can be gained. They are investment on agricultural production, development of the second and the third agricultural industries and policies. On the basis of these 3 common factors, the paper suggests on how to improve farmers' incomes. Such as improving farmers' agricultural management incomes, improving farmers' salary and strengthening the construction of policies and so on.

Empirical Analysis on the Influencing Factors of the Net Income of Farmers——A Case of Hebei Province, China

According to the relevant data of farmers' net income from the Hebei Statistical Yearbook 2009, seven indicators are selected covering regional gross production x1, the total output of the primary industry x2, the number of the people employed x3 and the number of the large livestock at the end of year x4 and so on, to analyze the factors that affect the per capita net income of farmers. The results show that the regional gross production x1 is in positive proportion to the total output value of the primary industry and the influneces are great; the total output value of the non-agricultural industry x5 and the local financial expenditure x6 are the important factors that affect the income of farmers; though the total value of rural residents'fixed investment x7 is in positive proportion to the income of farmers, the degree is not so great; the regression coefficient of the number of people employed x3 and the number of the large livestock at the end of year x4 is negative and the number of people employed x3 is a positive correlation to the net income of farmers. Based on the above analysis, the countermeasures on improving the income of rural residents are put forward: firstly, optimizing the rural indutrial structure, promoting the developement of the primary industry and improving the regional total output of production; secondly, expanding the development channel of non-agricutlural economic and attracking the rural surplus laborers; thirdly, enlarging the local financial expenses and Expanding the developmental space of the three agricultural issues concerning peasants, countryside and agriculture.

Analysis on Consumption Behavior of Zhejiang Province's Farmers from the Perspective of Their Income Increase

With rapid development of industrialization in Zhejiang Province, surplus rural labor forces move to the secondary and tertiary industries. Farmers of Zhejiang Province are no exception. They turn to industrial workers and their income source has great changes. Wage income becomes their major source of income. Accordingly, farmers' consumption behavior has great changes. Apart from satisfying basic production and living demands, farmers start to pursue living quality and their life style tends to urbanization. Nevertheless, under the influence of rural physical environment, policies and systems, the existing consumption environment fails to follow farmers' urban lifestyle any more. In line with how to optimize rural consumption environment, improve farmers' consuming capacity, continue to expand farmers' consumption and promote urbanization development of rural areas, this paper presents pertinent countermeasures and recommendations.

The Impact of Development of Rural Finance in Jiangxi Province on the Agricultural Economy and Farmers’ Income

Based on the rural economic data pertaining to the development of rural finance, the growth of agricultural economy and farmers' income in Jiangxi Province during the period 1990-2009, we conduct empirical research on the impact of development of rural finance on the growth of agricultural economy and farmers' income, using the ADF test method, the Granger causality test, and regression analysis. The results show that the development of rural finance in Jiangxi Province has a significant positive effect on the growth of rural economy and farmers' income. When the ending balance of agricultural loans increases by 1 unit, the agricultural added value will increase by 0.367 1 units; when the ending balance of agricultural loans increases by 1 unit, farmers' income will increase by 0.597 5 units, indicating that the development of rural finance plays a significant role in promoting the per capita net income of farmers.Finally we propose to increase agricultural credit efforts in the financial institutions, establish and improve the agricultural credit management system.

Increase of Income of Farmers and Herdsmen in Tibet in the New Period

The disposable income per capita of rural residents in Tibet was 7471 yuan in 2014. There is a high gap with the national average disposable income per capita of rural residents( 10489 yuan). Thus,it is urgent to increase income of farmers and herdsmen in Tibet. On the basis of literature in recent years,this paper analyzed methods for increasing income of farmers and herdsmen in Tibet,major factors restricting increase of their income,and approaches for increasing their income. It is expected to provide certain reference for further expanding ideas of increase of their income in the new period.

Influence of social capital on farmer household income gap:total effect and structural effect

Based on the survey data of typical villages in Shaanxi Province,China,the effect of social capital on the income gap of farmers' households was analyzed using the Shapley value of the total amount of social capital and the social capital structure.The results show the following:first,social capital can expand the household income gap,and the effect of this index on the household income gap is 7.54%.Second,the indexes of the social capital dimension can expand the household income gap,and the structural effects of the household income gap on social networks,social trust,and social participation are 3.17%,3.64%,and 0.65%,respectively.Third,no dimension of the path is the same as the effect on the household income gap.

Prediction of Farmers' Income and Selection of Model ARIMA

Based on the research technology of scholars' prediction of farmers' income and the data of per capita annual net income in rural households in Henan Statistical Yearbook from 1979 to 2009,it is found that time series of farmers' income is in accordance with I(2)non-stationary process.The order-determination and identification of the model are achieved by adopting the correlogram-based analytical method of Box-Jenkins.On the basis of comparing a group of model properties with different parameters,model ARIMA(4,2,2)is built up.The testing result shows that the residual error of the selected model is white noise and accords with the normal distribution,which can be used to predict farmers' income.The model prediction indicates that income in rural households will continue to increase from 2009 to 2012 and will reach the value of 2 282.4,2 502.9,2 686.9 and 2 884.5 respectively.The growth speed will go down from fast to slow with weak sustainability.

Effect of Agricultural Comprehensive Development on Increasing Income of Farmers in Jiangsu Hilly and Mountainous Areas

To adapt to rural and agricultural economic development,Jiangsu Province adjusted main task of comprehensive development of hilly and mountainous areas to supporting and promoting agricultural structural adjustment of hilly and mountainous areas and promoting increase of agricultural benefits and farmers' income. Through typical survey,this paper made an objective evaluation of effect of agricultural comprehensive development of hilly and mountainous areas in Jiangsu Province from increasing farmers' income. Results indicated that agricultural comprehensive development investment projects in Jiangsu hilly and mountainous areas are closely coupled with local agricultural production structure; financial funds promote social capital input to construction of economic forest,fruit and grass planting,and livestock raising. Through demonstration and guidance of farmers,it promoted adjustment of agricultural production structure and increased farmers' income. Finally,it came up with pertinent policy recommendations.

Study on Deepening Rural Land Reform and Farmers’ Income

The rural land system reform is an essential part of China s rural economic system reform.In recent years,China s rural land system becomes gradually diversified,and is developing towards market and benefiting people,which is favorable for improving the rural economy.Through more than 40 years of reform and opening up,China s rural land system reform has been continuously deepened and sectionalized,which has also affected the income of farmers.Rural land reform provides great opportunities for farmers to increase their income and contribute to the realization of land asset income and interests.However,the rural land system reform also has some drawbacks,which limit the increase of farmers income.This paper attempts to analyze the internal logic of land system reform and farmers land interests,and accordingly comes up with recommendations for deepening the rural land reform.

The Role of Income Structure Improvement in Helping Broaden the Rural Consumer Market

Too large urban-rural gap and weak rural consumption is the most significant problem in rural areas,and also an insurmountable barrier to the process of China's economic development.At the same time,the modernization of agriculture is proposed as the major policy for China to actively solve issues concerning agriculture,countryside and farmers.Using panel data model and taking into account the regional characteristics and time effects of the sample data,we conduct analysis of the farmers'income structure in the five provinces and one city of East China at the upper reaches of economy,and estimate the effects of farmers'income on farmers'consumer spending,in order to find the main channel for improving farmers'consumption.This paper emphasizes the great significance of farmers'consumption improvement to China's economic restructuring and solving the future economic development in the context of current financial crisis.

How China's Grain-for-Green Project Contributes to Farmers' Income Growth

Initially intended to prevent water and soil erosion, China＇s Grain-for-Green Project （GGP） also has had economic impacts on farmers＇incorne and employment. Based on the poverty monitoring survey data between 2006-2010 from National Bureau of Statistics （NBS）, this paper evaluates the GGP＇s policy effects with respect to farmers＇ income, non-agricultural employment and poverty alleviation. Our findings suggest that contributing to the GGP, farmers＇ income including GGP subsidies increased significantly compared with the pre-GGP level,＂ however, if GGP subsidies are not taken into account, the increase in farmers＇non-agricultural income after the GGP could only compensate.for the income losses from farmland reduction, showing an insignificant effect. Second, there exist significant differences on employment tendency among GGP households. High-income households tend to engage in operation business in forestry, livestock and fishery activities, while medium-income families are more inclined to seek employment outside, and the differences attribute to the inter-group intrinsic characteristics. Lastly, the GGP＇s poverty alleviation effect varies with the difference in poverty standard. Overall the GGP＇s poverty alleviation effect is significant.

Why Does China＇s Labor Income Share Tend to Decline？- From the Perspective of Population Age Structure Change

Using a theoretical model, this article concludes that age structures influence people＇s propensity to save and thereby influence their capital intensity. In the context that capital and labor are in a substitutional relation, increased capital intensity may lead to a drop of labor income share. We perform empirical research with provincial-level data from 1990 to 2007 and have proved that the rising of the old dependency ratio and the decrease of the children dependency rate both contribute to the fall of labor income share. This assumption still holds true after the authors control the influences of other potential factors that may influence labor income share