Poverty Alleviation Model of "Three Stresses and Three Commentaries" to Stimulate Endogenous Motivation in Xundian County

Poverty alleviation has entered a decisive period. If we want to maintain poverty alleviation results,it is unsustainable to rely on solely on external forces but must rely on its endogenous motivation. Xundian County is located in the Wumeng Mountain area in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River which is a concentrated contiguous extreme poverty-stricken area. Although the natural conditions are poor and the foundation is weak,it took the lead in poverty alleviation throughout the province at the end of 2017 with a poverty rate of 0. 35%. Moreover,the poverty alleviation achievements have been stabilized,and the incidence of poverty declined to 0. 25% in 2018. These are inseparable from the unique " three stresses and three commentaries" to stimulate endogenous motivation. This article systematically studies the poverty alleviation model of " three stresses and three commentaries" to stimulate endogenous motivation in the county. Through in-depth analysis of the specific content,operation process,work achievements and typical cases of the model,the internal mechanism of action is obtained,and its experience worthy of reference are summarized. It is believed that stimulating endogenous motivation will make poverty alleviation more targeted and poverty alleviation achievements more stable,and it is a mature practice worth promoting to the whole country.

Farmers Need Motivation to Reach Full Potential

Sino-African agricultural cooperation should focus more on training and encouraging farmers to get into the fields FOOD security remains big issue for many developing countries.According to a report released by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization,the hungry and undernourished population had exceeded 1 billion worldwide as of January 2010.More than 300 million of these people are in Africa, which means one out of three people on the continent are going hungry.

Are vulnerable farmers more easily influenced?Heterogeneous effects of Internet use on the adoption of integrated pest management

The Internet is believed to bring more technological dividends to vulnerable farmers during the green agriculture transformation.However,this is different from the theory of skill-biased technological change,which emphasizes that individuals with higher levels of human capital and more technological endowments benefit more.This study investigates the effects of Internet use on farmers'adoption of integrated pest management(IPM),theoretically and empirically,based on a dataset containing 1015 farmers in China's Shandong Province.By exploring the perspective of rational inattention,the reasons for the heterogeneity of the effects across farmers with different endowments,i.e.,education and land size,are analyzed.The potential endogeneity issues are addressed using the endogenous switching probit model.The results reveal that:(1)although Internet use significantly positively affects farmers'adoption of IPM,vulnerable farmers do not benefit more from it.Considerable selection bias leads to an overestimation of technological dividends for vulnerable farmers;(2)different sources of technology information lead to the difference in the degree of farmers'rational inattention toward Internet information,which plays a crucial role in the heterogeneous effect of Internet use;and(3)excessive dependence on strong-tie social network information sources entraps vulnerable farmers in information cocoons,hindering their ability to reap the benefits of Internet use fully.Therefore,it is essential to promote services geared towards elderly-oriented Internet agricultural technology information and encourage farmers with strong Internet utilization skills to share technology information with other farmers actively.

Factors Influencing Large-scale Operation of Large Grain Farmers in Northeast China

With the grain yield accounting for 20% of the whole country, the north- east China is a strategic region for ensuring national grain security and also a most centralized region of large grain farmers. Through a sampling survey of large grain farmers in 15 counties and cities of northeast China, with the aid of SPSS and AMOS software, using multiple regression analysis and structural equation modeling, this paper made a quantitative analysis on the influence of the subjective and ob- jective factors of large grain farmers on their large-scale management. The results showed that the age structure, educational level, family operating capital, yield ex- pectation and protective farming awareness of large grain farmers are the positive factors influencing their large scale operation due to agricultural subsidy policy. By comparison, the number of agricultural machinery and equipment owned by family, regional labor force, expectation for future income, and expectation for contractual scale become negative factors influencing large-scale operation of large grain farm- ers because of agricultural policies. When the future expectation, self conditions, family endowment, and operation conditions of large grain farmers increase one unit, their large scale operation motivation will increase by 0.692, 0.689, 0.487 and 0.363 units respectively. Thus, increasing the future expectation and self conditions of large grain farmers is a key factor for promoting large scale operation of farmland.

Research on Internal Relevance between New Farmers and New Village Construction

On the basis of Marxist theories,from the perspective that the new farmers are the qualified main body,basic factors and internal motive force of constructing new village,this paper expounds the internal relevance between new farmers and new village construction.Firstly,the new farmers have insight into villages,with strong motive of constructing new village,which makes them become the qualified main body in new village construction.Secondly,the new farmers are the most basic factor of constructing new village;new farmers have close relationship with other factors,with prominent inseparability;the new farmers have strong ability to replace other factors,and the farmers can shatter capital bottleneck and policy restriction in order to promote rural development to some extent;the new farmers with strong mobility,can migrate between city and village or change vocation among different jobs,which breaks through the regional limitation of factors;there are myriad farmers in China,and we can transform traditional farmers into new farmers by fostering,which breaks through the limitation of quantity of factors,so it can guarantee the incessant factor supply for new village construction.Thirdly,the new farmers are the internal motive force for new village construction,because the literate farmers are equipped with technique skills and good at management,and they are the excellent talents among rural groups;the new farmers fathom the characteristics of rural areas,with active consciousness,intense motive and strong ability to construct new village;they pay close attention to new village construction with passion and participate in new village construction actively.

Interests of Livestock Activities within Agroforestry Systems in Guadeloupe: Stakeholders’ Opinions and Farmers’ Perceptions

The Valab project (Integrated Ecosystemic value-enhancement of the Guadeloupean Forest Agrobiodiversity) is a participatory action research that aims to explore the feasibility of diversification activities within the forest understorey. In the exploratory phase of the project, we studied stakeholders’ opinions on the positive and negative impacts of introducing livestock activities within a forest environment, as well as breeders’ constraints or motivations for setting up livestock units within agroforestry systems in the private forests of Guadeloupe. To establish a diagnosis of the current situation, 51 stakeholders (St) and 49 farmers (Fr) were interviewed on their perceptions, opinions, motivations and preferences. Forty-one percent of the St has had a generally positive appreciation of livestock activities, while on the opposite 31% have had a resolutely negative posture depending on their area of expertise. Their views on the possible positive effects or negative interactions between livestock and agroforestry activities were analysed in order to suggest possible approaches for the authorities or associations. Unanimously, the farmers replied that their motivations followed economic strategies: for self-consumption or sale. But their decision-making processes were also non-economic. Many of them (36% Fr) gave importance to their activity in the construction of their identity, whether it was through a desire to perpetuate traditions or to maintain family activities. The main constraints identified were natural constraints (61% Fr), including topography, climate and predators. While 28% of Fr notified their motivations for environmental protection. Another constraint was of a technical nature (44% Fr) since farmers asked for more technical references or support services. Further researches are required to study the interactions between animals and the undergrowth by describing their respective ecosystem services in order to enhance their positive interactions.

普惠金融参与影响农户内生动力吗?——基于宁夏575位农户的调研数据

农户内生动力不足是当前制约我国“三农”发展的痛点和难点。基于制度逻辑视角,以希望作为农户内生动力的代理变量,利用宁夏575位农户的调研数据,证实普惠金融参与能显著提升农户的希望,激发农户内生动力。具体表现为:参与普惠金融业务类型越多,农户希望提升越多;普惠金融参与主要通过社会比较和社会互动影响农户希望;相对于低收入家庭和男性,普惠金融参与对高收入家庭和女性的希望影响更大;贷款能显著提升农户希望,存款、保险和理财对农户希望的影响不显著或不稳定。由此,从推动更多农户参与普惠金融业务,积极拓展金融服务边界、帮助农户搭建社会网络和社交平台,以及有针对性地创新乡村振兴专属产品三个层面提出政策建议。

高标准农田建设参与对农民种粮收益的影响——基于农业新质生产力的中介作用

基于全国10省1032份农户的微观调查数据,使用内生转换回归模型实证分析了高标准农田建设参与对农民种粮收益的影响。研究发现:(1)高标准农田建设参与显著提升农民种粮收益,且平均处理效应表明,参与高标准农田建设可使农民种粮收益提高2.77%。(2)异质性分析表明,相较于小农户,规模户参与高标准农田建设能够提升种粮收益;高标准农田建设参与不仅促进兼业农户增加种粮收益,而且促进纯农户增加种粮收益;相较于非粮食主产区,粮食主产区农户参与高标准农田建设的种粮收益提升效果更明显。(3)机制分析表明,高标准农田建设参与通过提升农业新质生产力水平,从而提高农民种粮收益。据此,鼓励农民积极参与高标准农田建设管理工作,制定出台农户参与高标准农田建设的差异化政策,同时加快培育和发展农业新质生产力,以实现农民种粮收益提升。

绿色生态技术采纳提高了农民福利水平吗?--基于654份香蕉种植户的数据调查

农业绿色发展道路是我国农业现代化发展的必经之路。基于云南、海南、广西以及广东四个香蕉主产省农村的654份实地入户调研数据,采用内生转换模型分析农民绿色生态技术采纳行为及其对农民综合福利水平的影响,研究发现:(1)农民采纳绿色生态技术后福利水平能够得到显著提升。(2)农民自身资源禀赋会影响其绿色生态技术的采纳决策,不同资源禀赋的农民在采纳绿色生态技术时的福利水平提升效应具有差异性,有贷款以及加入合作社的农民在采纳绿色生态技术时福利水平的提升效应更高。(3)基于反事实假设,研究发现采纳绿色生态技术的农民若不采纳该技术,其福利水平会下降1.64%,而未采纳绿色生态技术的农户采纳该技术时,其福利水平能够提升21.97%,说明绿色生态技术采纳对农民综合福利有提升效应。根据以上结论提出因地制宜推广普及绿色生态技术,资金扶持推动采纳绿色生态技术,加强引导提升农民组织化程度等政策建议。

统防统治对茶农农药减量的影响研究:基于福建和浙江的实证分析

病虫害统防统治能带动农药大面积减量增效,对推进农业高质量发展具有重要意义。基于福建省与浙江省530户茶叶种植户的微观调查数据,采用内生转换模型实证分析了茶农采纳统防统治对农药使用行为的影响及其作用机制。研究结果表明:(1)茶农统防统治的采纳受到不同因素的影响,茶农年龄越小、身体健康状况越差,越偏好风险和越倾向于采纳统防统治。(2)统防统治的采纳能够显著减少茶农的农药使用量。若已采纳统防统治的茶农不采纳统防统治,每667 m 2的平均农药支出将会增加31.02%;若未采纳统防统治的茶农采纳统防统治,其每667 m 2的平均农药支出将会下降12.32%。(3)统防统治的采纳能够显著增加茶农的收入。若采纳统防统治的茶农不采纳统防统治,其家庭年人均总收入将下降59.23%;若未采纳统防统治的茶农能够采纳统防统治,其家庭年人均总收入将增加32.60%。研究结论对农户采纳统防统治、实现农药减量、推动现代农业绿色高质量发展、实现农户增收具有重要意义。

生命历程理论视角下脱贫农户的内生动力培育——以江西省赣州市X县三个脱贫农户为例

贫困治理的关键举措是激发脱贫农户发展的内生动力。基于生命历程理论基础,结合脱贫攻坚经验,选取X县三个脱贫农户为研究对象,经过深入访谈收集与分析资料,呈现他们不同的脱贫轨迹。通过脱贫农户生命历程分析发现,脱贫农户的脱贫轨迹是在外部动力与内部动力共同作用下发生的,内生动力是影响脱贫农户生命事件影响力的关键因素,强化内生发展能力是巩固脱贫攻坚成果的重要举措。

农村教育扶志的价值、内涵与路径探析

扶志是激发贫困群众内生动力的关键着力点,具有契合乡村振兴时代背景、延伸以人为本教育理念和提振农村场域资本的三重价值。厘清志的组成要素与发生机制后,设计扶志教育内容,再从宏观到微观递进式提出国家政策、社会场域和学生个体三个维度的实施路径建议,推动农村学生之志可持续发展。

中国式现代化进程中民族地区乡村振兴的现实问题与实践机理——基于农民合作社建设的思考

推进民族地区乡村全面振兴是实现中国式现代化的重要战略。当前民族地区乡村振兴仍然面临着一定的现实问题,包括基层社会治理的组织力量仍需强化、村落空心化现象突出带来连锁反应、产业现代化程度仍有待进一步提升、民族关系稳定存在一定的风险因素、生态治理现实性压力与预防性压力交织等具象化表征。依循小农经济改造的必然性、生产力决定生产关系、人是社会实践的主体等马克思主义基本理论,农民合作社是实现民族地区乡村社会化大生产、促进民族地区乡村人力资源整合的一种新型生产经营主体,这构成民族地区乡村振兴中农民合作社的生成原理。具体而言,农民合作社作为基层发展全过程人民民主的补充场域、各民族内源式发展的良好平台、民族产业结构调整的市场主体、民族团结进步教育的天然媒介、协调人与自然关系的有机载体,有助于达到民族地区乡村振兴的治理有效、生活富裕、产业兴旺、乡风文明、生态宜居这五维目标旨归,推动各民族在内源式发展中共同走向社会主义现代化。

种粮农户参与农民专业合作社的效应评价及其异质性分析——基于10省农户调研数据

参与农民专业合作社是农户顺应现代农业发展的重要表现,提高种粮农民的粮食生产效益更是确保粮食供给和粮食安全的重要基础.利用全国10省份1027户微观调查数据,实证检验加入农民专业合作社对农户粮食生产效益的影响及作用机理,并分析其异质性效应.研究发现,参与专业合作社能够显著提升农户粮食生产效益,使用工具变量法缓解内生性问题和通过一系列稳健性检验后,研究结论仍然成立.机制分析表明,参与专业合作社主要通过降低粮食生产成本、提升经营风险分散能力和推动农地规模流转等渠道增加入社农户粮食生产效益.交互项结果显示,机耕机收服务与以土地入股专业合作社对农户粮食生产效益的提升作用最为明显.异质性分析表明,参与专业合作社对不同农地经营规模农户的粮食生产效益影响呈“U”形;对家庭成员平均受教育程度较低农户、接受过农业技能培训的农户以及种养结合型农户的粮食生产增效作用更大.

共同富裕下农民合作社内生发展动力的生成与培育研究

实现共同富裕是中国式现代化道路的必然要求,农民合作社作为带领农民迈向共同富裕的有效载体,大力发展农民合作社将为共同富裕提供坚强支撑,也是实施乡村振兴战略的现实诉求。新内生发展理论强调立足本地、内外整合、凝聚各方力量,为农民合作社内生发展提供了新视角。文章运用新内生发展理论范式,剖析新内生发展理论与农民合作社内生发展的内在契合性,从认同、创新、参与、合作四个要素维度构建农民合作社内生发展动力的生成框架,进而论述包括文化、经济、组织和社会的复合型内生发展动力培育的重要内容,以期助推农民合作社实现高质量发展,促进共同富裕。

新型职业农民培育驱动体系研究

新型职业农民培育驱动体系有政府、市场和农民三大主体,属于内部驱动与外部驱动相结合的三轮驱动体系。文章研究发现:政府应着眼顶层设计,完善与新型职业农民培育体系配套的户籍、土地和职业农民准入制度;市场主要以需求导向、分工利益和产业链延伸的方式驱动新型职业农民培育,同时应与政府驱动相结合,形成政府和市场混合驱动模式;农民自身应通过农民专业合作经济组织、乡土人才的引导和带动来激发内生动力。新型职业农民自身的内在驱动力和活力得到充分激发,有利于政府和市场的驱动支持形成合力,起到良好的新型职业农民培育效果。

农民组织化再造的内生机制及路径优化——基于鄂南P村的调研经验

乡村振兴的前提是将农民组织起来,而农民组织化程度影响着基层治理的水平。目前农民组织化建设多依赖外部资源和制度规则的输入,但收效甚微。经过实地调研发现,农民内生型的组织化建设机制展现了更为强大的动力,在返乡能人带头下,通过仪式性活动激发了农民的共同体意识,甚至形成了内生性的规则体系。但目前内生型组织化再造仍然面临组织建设的后备人才不足、资源供给的可持续性存疑以及内生规则的有效性有待确认等问题。为优化农民组织化建设机制,进一步提高农民参与自治的积极性,在充分激活内生性动力的同时,可强化外源性资源的赋能作用,以保障农民组织化再造的长效机制。

生态补偿政策差异对农户就业和收入的影响研究

研究目的:探讨不同类型生态补偿政策对农户就业和收入的影响差异,以期评估和揭示不同类型生态补偿政策实施的效果及有效性,为完善生态补偿政策、提高农户福利提供参考。研究方法:内生转换模型和内生转换Probit模型。研究结果:(1)人力资本水平对农户参与“造血型”生态补偿政策具有显著影响;农户年龄和教育水平、家庭劳动力数量对农户参与“造血型”补偿政策具有正向作用,家庭生产性耐用品数量、耕地面积和质量、距乡镇中心距离对农户参与“造血型”补偿政策具有负向作用。(2)相比“输血型”生态补偿政策,参与“造血型”生态补偿政策的农户总收入减少4.2%,但非农就业概率显著提高26.4%。(3)“造血型”生态补偿政策对中低收入农户的发展机会型收入具有显著正向影响,释放了一定的流动性,但对资源依赖型收入没有显著影响。研究结论:应继续优化“造血型”生态补偿政策,采用多元化措施提升农户的人力资本水平以拓宽就业增收途径,以保障生态补偿政策实施的有效性和可持续性。

农户数字信息选择对绿色生产风险影响及机制研究——基于小麦种植户调研数据分析

农户绿色生产风险的规避与防范是粮食产业绿色高质量发展的重要保障。基于河北与河南省912份小麦种植户微观调研数据,运用内生转换Probit模型和反事实分析法,探讨农户数字信息选择对绿色生产风险的影响效应及作用机制。结果表明:43.42%的小麦种植户面临较高的绿色生产风险;数字信息选择能显著降低小麦种植户绿色生产风险,选择数字信息的农户若未选择数字信息,其高绿色生产风险的概率会增加22.48%;数字信息的选择通过信息获取、生产监测、市场分析三个中介路径显著降低农户绿色生产风险。因此,政府应夯实网络基础设施建设,强化数字信息供给的精准性;提高种粮大户的政策性补贴力度,促进小麦种植户规模化产业化经营。

外源社会支持结合内驱激发对乳腺癌保乳术患者自我感受负担的影响

目的 分析外源社会支持结合内驱激发对乳腺癌保乳术患者自我感受负担的影响,为临床管理提供参考。方法 选取普外科收治的110例乳腺癌保乳术患者为研究对象,随机分为对照组和观察组各55例,对照组予以常规护理管理,观察组予以外源社会支持结合内驱激发干预,对比2组患者干预前后自我感受负担、恐惧疾病进展程度、社会支持水平及心理社会适应能力。结果 干预前,2组自我感受负担量表(SPBS)、恐惧疾病进展简化量表(FoP-Q-SF)、领悟社会支持量表(PSSS)、乳腺癌心理社会适应问卷得分比较,差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。干预后,2组SPBS、FoP-Q-SF得分均较干预前降低,且观察组低于对照组;2组PSSS、乳腺癌心理社会适应问卷得分均较干预前提高,且观察组高于对照组;差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论 外源社会支持结合内驱激发干预,不仅可缓解乳腺癌保乳术患者的自我感受负担与恐惧疾病进展程度,而且还能提高其社会支持水平及心理社会适应能力。