Problems in Development of Micro-credit Loans to Farmers in China and Countermeasures

There are problems of inadequate natural endowment and weak stamina in the development of micro-credit loans to farmers in China. Specifically,existing problems include narrow profit space,serious non-agricultural trend of funds,high dependence on government support,short life cycle,and constantly increasing operating risks. These problems are related to endogenous drawback in design,defect in operating procedure,lagging in relevant policies and measures,and vacancy in risk compensation mechanism.

Study of the Factors Influencing Entrepreneurial Farmers' Formal Financial Credit Demand and Credit Constraints in Sichuan and Chongqing

Based on a survey of 939 farmers in Sichuan and Chongqing,this paper analyzes the influencing factors of entrepreneurial farmers' formal financial credit demands and credit constraints with Probit model. It is found that entrepreneurial farmers have strong demand for formal financial credit,which is mainly production investment demand,but the formal financial credit constraint is obvious. Family size,cognition of loan procedures and conditions have a positive effect on entrepreneurial farmers' formal financial demand,while family per capita income,the distance between family location and the nearest formal financial organization,have negative influence. The relationship between householder'age and entrepreneurial farmers' successful formal loan presents inverted U shape,and educational level presents a negative correlation with successful loan. Compared with the traditional scale agricultural business,farmers engaged in other entrepreneurial businesses would get loan from formal financial institutions more difficultly. Understanding level of the loan procedures and conditions has a positive effect on successful loan. Compared with entrepreneurial farmers without employment,employed farmers are more likely to get loans. Statistically,householder' age and educational level,entrepreneurial business choices do not have significant effect on entrepreneurial households' formal financial credit demands. Family size,family per capital income,the distance between family location and the nearest formal financial organization,and the size of loan do not have significant influence on entrepreneurial households' successful loan. To get rid of formal financial credit constraints,we must implement the incremental reform of financial institutions,promote the formal finance of the villages and towns which can adapt to the farmers' financial demand,and create a good financial environment. Meanwhile,it is necessary to give impetus to innovation of financial management,products and services,reduce credit threshold,and adapt to the characteristics and demands of entrepreneurial households.

Analysis on Risk Prevention Mechanism for Farmers' Default in Small Amount Credit

Through analysis, it is believed that major reasons for default risks in operation of small amount credit include low management level and vacancy of normative system, vacancy of risk sharing mechanism, rating distortion due to imperfect credit investigation system, and uncertainty of borrower's credit. On the basis of these, static and dynamic models are established to analyze the prevention mechanism for default risk in small amount credit. It is concluded that we must establish a restriction mechanism during operation of small amount credit as long as three values increase, namely, N (potential loss of bad credit record due to farmers' default), Q (probability of successful recovery by small amount credit institution), and S (cost of small amount credit institution punishing farmers after successful recovery). Finally, following countermeasures and suggestions are put forward: perfect laws and regulations and credit reward and punishment mechanism for risk management of small amount credit; bring into play proper function of loan officer in small amount credit practice; widely promote rural "Group Credit Union" system.

AHP Analysis of the Factors Influencing Credit for Temporarily Poor Farmers: Based on the Survey of Rongchang County of Chongqing Municipality

From the perspective of the influence on credit for farmers,this paper takes the temporarily poor farmers in Rongchang County of Chongqing Municipality as the respondents,and employs the expert survey method and on-site analysis to analyze the reasons and put forward three hypotheses. Using the AHP model,we carry out the empirical analysis of three major hypotheses concerning the credit for farmers. The study demonstrates that the state's unclear definition of property rights of farmers and farmers' lack of collateral are the primary factor influencing the credit for farmers,followed by insufficient targeted financial and technical support for the farmers who are engaged in the agricultural sector affected by the nature; farmers do not really get the assistance for them to use the natural resources to develop the rural economy,so that the banks complicate the loan procedures and increase the requirements of loans for farmers in order to ensure the capital liquidity and safety,thus further deepening the plight of credit for farmers.

Global Financial Crisis and Accounting Rules： The Implications of the New Exposure Draft （ED） Financial Instruments： Expected Credit Losses on the Evaluation of Banking Company Loans

During the financial crisis, the delayed recognition of credit losses on loans and other financial instruments was identified as a weakness in existing incurred loss model of impairment stated by International Accounting Standards （IAS） 39, because it is believed that this delay might generate pro-cyclical effects. In response to the recommendations of G20, Financial Crisis Advisory Group （FCAG）, and other international bodies, the International Accounting Standards Board （IASB） has undertaken, since 2009, as a part of the project to replace IAS 39, a project （partially shared with Financial Accounting Standards Board （FASB）） aimed at introducing an expected loss model of impairment. Within the scope of this subset project, the IASB has previously issued two exposure documents proposing models to account for expected credit losses： an exposure draft （ED） Financial Instrument： Amortized Cost and Impairment, published in November 2009, and a supplementary document （SD） Financial Instrument： Impairment, published jointly with the FASB in January 2011. However, neither of the two proposals received strong support from interested parties. Recently, the IASB, after the FASB＇s decision to withdraw from the joint project and to develop a separate expected credit loss model based on a single measurement approach consisting in the sole recognition of lifetime expected credit losses, published a third proposal--Ahe so-called expected credit losses model （ED/2013/3 Financial Instruments： Expected Credit Losses）.

Empirical Study on the Influencing Factors of Rural Households' Credit and Loan Demand——Investigation Based on Jianhu County, Jiangsu Province

By using the relevant data from 273 valid questionnaires of rural households in Jianhu County, Jiangsu Province, this study emphasizes on the factors of rural households' credit and loan demand by Probit model. The results show that the factors that influencing the credit demand of rural households include the features of the rural households, the economic activities of rural households and so on. Among the factors, the operation expenditure of rural households, the education degree of the household head and the understanding degree of the rural credit policies have great impact on the rural households' credit and loan demand. In the end, the suggestions on the basis of the research are put forward: developing diversified economy; improving rural households' income; increasing the reserve of rural labor resources and enhancing farmers' quality; strengthening the promotion of rural credit cooperative and perfecting the service quality of rural credit cooperative.

Plight and Countermeasures of Petty Credit Loan in Rural Financial Institutions in the Context of Rural Revitalization Strategy

The implementation of China's rural revitalization strategy will surely release a huge financial demand in rural areas.How to use the petty credit loan in rural financial institutions to develop rural economy is an effective way to implement the rural revitalization strategy.This paper first analyzes the significance of petty credit loan in rural financial institutions for rural revitalization strategy,then introduces the remarkable contribution of petty credit loan in China's rural financial institutions to actively solving the problems of farmers about difficult financing and expensive financing and elaborates on the main problems of petty credit loan business in rural financial institutions that still exist in the process of supporting rural revitalization,and finally gives several suggestions on solving the problems about the financing of farmers and the development of petty credit loan business in rural financial institutions.

Guidelines Procurement under IBRD Loans and IDA Credits

I. INTRODUCTIONPurpose1.1 The purpose of these Guidelines is to informthose carrying out a project that is financed in wholeor in part by a loan from the International Bank forReconstruction and Development (IBRD) or a creditfrom the International Development Association(IDA), of the arrangements to be made for procur-ing the goods and works (including relatedservices) required for the project. The Loan Agree-ment governs the legal relationships between the Bor-rower and the Bank, and the Guidelines are made ap-plicable to procurement of goods and works for theproject, as provided in the agreement. The rightsand obligations of the Borrower and the providers ofgoods and works for the project are governed by thebidding documents, and by the contracts signed bythe Borrower with the providers of goods and works,and not by these Guidelines or the Loan Agreements.No party other than the parties to the Loan Agree-ment shall derive any rights therefrom or have anyclaim to loan proceeds.

中小企业融资难背景下的商业银行信用风险缓释行为研究:信用风险转移or贷款出售?

在面临高风险的中小企业贷款时,商业银行如何签订信用衍生产品合约来缓解自身信用风险,进而在支持中小企业和民营企业融资时实现自身的最大效用,成为商业银行支持中小企业融资需要重点考虑的问题。本文将信用风险转移工具与贷款出售相结合,比较了存在道德风险与不存在道德风险情况下商业银行的效用差异。理论模型分析表明,当不存在道德风险时,贷款出售市场会保证商业银行实现贷款的期望收益;但监管成本的存在使得信用风险转移工具的使用效用低于贷款的预期收益,且合约支付没有呈现出状态分离特征,商业银行会倾向于使用贷款出售来转移信用风险。在存在道德风险时,贷款出售市场并没有完全对冲商业银行的信用风险;而对于信用风险转移工具而言,当信用风险缓释工具卖方资产管理能力非常强,且大于监管惩罚的期望值时,商业银行能够获得高于贷款预期收益的效用,信用风险转移工具是更优的选择。

消费约束下农业信贷和农业保险最优产品设计

农村金融是农村经济发展重要的内生动力,农业保险和农业信贷作为农村金融的重要组成部分,在助农增收方面发挥着重要作用,两者的融合发展也成为增强农村金融服务能力的重要举措。基于多重均衡模型,引入最低消费约束,研究农业信贷、农业保险和农业“信贷+保险”三种方式对农户终身效用的影响,并通过调整贷款比例和保障水平为不同资本水平的个体设计最理想的农业“信贷+保险”产品。研究结果表明:第一,单一的信贷产品和单一的保险产品只能提升部分农户的终身期望效用;第二,固定保障水平和贷款比例的“信贷+保险”产品无法满足所有农户的实际需求,抑制了部分农户的终身效用;第三,最优的“信贷+保险”产品设计能使所有农户的终身期望效用得到提升,尤其对低资本农户提升效果显著,使其摆脱了低均衡状态,实现资本增长。通过优化农业“信贷+保险”产品设计,可以更有效地增强农户的风险抵御能力和自我发展动力,对于巩固脱贫攻坚成果、深化农村改革、实现乡村振兴具有一定的理论和现实意义。

动态视角下房地产贷款对银行业系统性风险溢出研究

基于Credit Metrics模型动态度量房地产贷款信用风险,运用双重ΔCoVaR模型分析框架量化其对单家银行风险的影响,以及对银行业系统性风险的溢出,将总体溢出分解为直接溢出和间接溢出,考量房地产贷款信用风险对银行业系统性风险的传导途径。结果显示:一方面,房地产贷款信用风险近年来整体呈上升趋势,且对银行业风险溢出显著,尤其是大规模债务违约和新冠疫情的爆发加剧了溢出效应。另一方面,房地产贷款信用风险的间接溢出大于直接溢出,且高(低)系统重要性银行产生了更大的间接(直接)溢出,表明高系统重要性银行由于与其他银行的业务联系密切,其贷款信用风险更易引发银行业内的连锁反应从而间接刺激风险爆发;低系统重要性银行因为依赖少数大型客户贷款,面临信用丢失时缺乏强劲的风险缓冲能力,更可能直接对银行业的稳定造成显著破坏。

获得农业信用担保贷款促进了农户从事农业创业?

基于2022年陕西、山西和江苏三省的微观调研数据,实证分析获得农业信用担保贷款对农户农业创业决策的影响及作用机制,在此基础上分析农村金融环境的调节效应,进而探讨个人特质、创业规模和产业水平对农户从事农业创业影响的异质性。研究发现:(1)获得农业信用担保贷款会显著提升农户从事农业创业的概率;(2)农户获得农业信用担保贷款后,主要通过土地流入、扩大经营面积,增加农机投资、提高农用机械化水平从事农业创业;(3)农村金融环境及其金融深化特征维度在这一过程中发挥着正向的调节作用;(4)相比老年组和低学历水平农户,年轻组和中高学历水平农户获得农业信用担保贷款后会更加积极地从事农业创业,同时对中小规模及村内有特色产业的农业创业促进效应更强。

联合的力量:农社利益联结对农户信贷违约风险的缓释效应与机制

基于农民合作社联农带农的视角,采用面板Probit模型、内生扩展模型(ERM)和中介效应模型分析农社利益联结对农户参与农民合作社供应链信贷的违约风险缓释效应及其作用机制。结果表明:提高农社利益联结程度能够显著降低农户信贷违约风险;相较于利润返还和技术培训联结方式,融资支持与订单销售联结对农户信贷违约风险缓释效果更好,通过一系列稳健性检验结果依然可靠。机制分析显示,农社利益联结能够通过增收机制和非正规风险分担机制增强农户还款能力和私人借贷能力,从而促进农户履约还款。异质性分析发现,农户家庭收入结构、合作社领办主体及社员规模的差异,也是影响农民合作社联农带农的重要因素,并导致农户参与农民合作社供应链信贷的违约风险缓释效应表现出明显的异质性。据此,建议加强农民合作社供应链金融联农带农服务体系建设,打造农业供应链金融信用联合体,不断完善农村普惠金融信用生态圈。

数字普惠金融对农户商业信用供给的影响

本文利用西南财经大学中国家庭金融调查与研究中心的“中国家庭金融调查”(CHFS)和浙江大学“中国家庭大数据库”(CFD)2017年与2019年两轮微观数据,实证检验了数字普惠金融对农户商业信用供给的影响及其机制。研究发现,数字普惠金融通过缓解农户信贷约束,降低农户商业信用供给成本,从而促进农户商业信用供给。数字普惠金融在补充农户外部流动性的同时,还减少了农户商业信用供给对自身流动性的占用。异质性分析发现,对于存在上下游纵向关联、生产经营多元化程度较低与非粮农产品占比较高的农户,数字普惠金融对其商业信用供给的影响更为显著。进一步分析发现,商业信用供给能够促进农户市场参与,并且数字普惠金融增强了农户使用商业信用参与市场的意愿,这有助于增加农户收入和提升农户福利水平。本文的研究结论表明,数字普惠金融通过增加农户商业信用供给,影响了农户与下游经营主体之间的要素配置,为数字普惠金融赋能农业生产经营与打通“最后一公里”提供了经验证据与政策启示。

农地经营权抵押贷款信用风险影响因素及其衡量研究——基于CreditRisk+模型的估计

基于1 173个贷款样本数据,运用Logistic回归分析农地经营权抵押贷款信用风险影响因素并预测违约概率,依据CreditRisk+模型,对农地经营权抵押贷款信用风险衡量进行研究,并进行了压力测试。研究表明,农地经营权抵押贷款信用风险主要受到抵押土地因素、保险与政策因素的影响;影响因素的风险程度具有次序性;贷款期限和农业生产周期不匹配是农地经营权抵押贷款面临的突出矛盾;土地经营权来源不同的贷款风险程度存在明显差异;农地经营权抵押贷款预期损失和非预期损失占VaR比例结构合理,极端情景出现时预期损失会有明显波动。提出应瞄准贷款对象、精确贷款条款和强化风险处置,促进农地经营权抵押贷款顺利开展。

正规金融支农能保障粮食安全吗?——基于县域金融机构涉农贷款增量奖励试点的准实验评估

本文利用2007—2016年县域粮食生产数据,以2009年开始试点的涉农贷款增量奖励政策作为准自然实验研究金融支农对粮食安全的影响。研究发现:(1)涉农贷款增量奖励政策能够显著提高粮食的产量,且对粮食主产区和非粮食主产区都具有显著的正向作用,但对非粮食主产区的影响效应要强于粮食主产区。此外,该政策影响效果随着工业化水平提高而逐渐减弱。(2)机制检验表明,该政策的实施能够提高正规金融机构涉农贷款余额,有助于缓解粮食生产的信贷约束问题。(3)进一步研究表明,支农金融政策的实施能够鼓励各地农业企业的成立,提高农业机械和农业劳动力的投入水平,但对于各地有效灌溉面积不存在显著影响。

预期信用损失模型实施与银行信贷过度增长

如何通过制定有效的贷款损失准备计提规则来影响银行信贷行为,进而促进经济高质量发展,是政策当局亟需解决的难题。鉴于此,本文利用贷款损失准备会计准则改革——2018年预期信用损失模型实施——作为准自然实验,运用渐进双重差分法,实证检验了预期信用损失模型是否及如何影响我国商业银行信贷过度增长。研究发现,预期信用损失模型可显著降低银行信贷过度增长,且这一结论在经过稳健性检验后仍然成立。从机制分析看,预期信用损失模型主要通过充分性效应和及时性效应两条路径作用于银行信贷过度增长。进一步的分析则表明,预期信用损失模型对于以权重法进行资本计量的银行和资本充足率较低的银行而言,其抑制信贷过度增长的作用更为突出。本文丰富了预期信用损失模型经济后果的有关研究,为会计准则制定与金融监管政策调整提供了有益的政策启示。

基于CreditRisk+模型的零售贷款经济资本计量方法

针对零售贷款的信用风险特征,在CreditRisk+框架下,采用非线性时变比例模型分类测算零售贷款违约概率,并引入FFT-Panjer算法简化零售贷款组合的损失分布计算,提出了零售贷款信用风险的经济资本计量方法。同时通过算例分析论证了该方法在我国商业银行运用的科学性和可行性。

金融领域ESG实践的探索与思考——以江苏银行为例

在可持续发展背景下,ESG理念在金融投资与企业发展领域快速兴起,企业发展融入ESG理念已成为社会共识,而商业银行无疑是践行ESG理念、推进ESG发展的关键力量。本文以取得ESG优异成绩的江苏银行为研究对象,探讨江苏银行如何在环境、社会、治理三个维度提升ESG绩效水平。环境维度主要分析江苏银行在绿色金融以及绿色运营层面的ESG实践。社会维度主要关注江苏银行在普惠金融、乡村振兴以及社会责任履行层面的成绩。治理维度主要聚焦江苏银行如何进行数字化治理转型以及完善ESG管理体系。此外,本文还分析了江苏银行在ESG实践中面临的主要问题,最后基于江苏银行的优秀经验和不足给出了商业银行提升ESG水平的对策建议,仅供参考。

信贷可得性对水稻种植户采纳水肥一体化技术的影响研究

基于水稻种植户调查数据,运用内生转换Probit模型和反事实分析框架,实证分析信贷可得性对水稻种植户采纳水肥一体化技术的影响。结果表明:户主年龄、性别和受教育程度以及社会网络等是影响水稻种植户信贷可得性的重要因素。信贷可得性对水稻种植户采纳水肥一体化技术具有显著的促进作用。与未获得信贷的反事实情境相比,信贷获得使得水肥一体化技术的采纳概率显著提高了19.9%。CMP模型的估计同样验证信贷获得对水肥一体化技术采纳的正向影响,即结果具有稳健性。进一步分析发现,扩大信贷规模可以显著提高水稻种植户采纳水肥一体化技术的概率。基于此,建议加大对粮食种植户的信贷支持,并结合农户特征提高信贷支持政策的精准性,以促进水肥一体化技术应用。