Analysis on Mortgage of Farmland Contractual Management Right and Countermeasures

In recent years, a series of pilot projects in mortgage of farmland contractual management right have been carried out in some regions. However, there is considerable dispute over whether the farmland contractual management right can be mortgaged in the practice of China's legislation on land circulation. We firstly introduced current situations of mortgage of farmland contractual management right in China. Then, we analyzed existing problems in mortgage of farmland contractual management right. Finally, we put forward corresponding countermeasures and recommendations, to bring into full play land use efficiency, more rationally distribute land resource, and further promote development of rural economy.

Disputes over Circulation of Rural Land Contractual Management Right and Control Countermeasures

On the basis of current situations of disputes over rural land contractual management right,this paper analyzes causes of disputes from four aspects. It states that controlling disputes,regulating and strengthening land circulation in accordance with laws are core works of new socialist countryside construction and rural reform. Finally,it presents five control countermeasures,including improving laws and regulations on circulation of rural land contractual management right,strengthening popularization and guidance of relevant laws and regulations,government departments administering in accordance with laws,stressing management of land contractual management right circulation contract,and establishing and perfecting land circulation intermediaries to realize market-oriented circulation.

Empirical Analysis on Transfer and Limitation of Land Contractual Management Right

Existing laws have three limitations on transfer of land contractual management right. The survey of 506 farmer households in Zhejiang,Jiangxi and Guangxi provinces indicates that most farmers have the consistent knowledge of limitation on " transfer being approved by the party giving out the contract in advance" with legislative requirements,but it is not effectively implemented in actual operation. As to limitation on transferee,no matter in cognition of farmers,or in real transfer process,the transferee is not totally limited to farmers engaged in agricultural production and management. For the constraint that the transferor should have stable non-agricultural occupation or stable income source, most farmers agree,but more than half of the farmers have not confirmed the transfer action in practice.

The Innovation and Plights of Farmland Property Rights System Reform in Chongqing Municipality

Based on the background of national urban and rural comprehensive reform pilot area and the introduction of the profiles of research region and the data obtained by on-the-spot interview survey,the innovative models of farmland property rights system reform in Chongqing are introduced by applying participatory rural appraisal methods and examples. The innovative models cover buying shares of contract management rights,transforming from farmers to townspeople and mortgaging contract management rights. The plights exist in the reform are analyzed,among which the plights of buying shares of contract management rights are introduced from the following five aspects:the conflict with the present land contract laws,the possible new round of massive scale land loses,the confounded functions of government and enterprise caused by risk transference and the difficulties of handling assets when the contract management rights expired. Besides,the plights of the transforming from rural residents to urban residents are analyzed from four aspects,which include the particularity of reform,high financial pressure,emergence of interbedded people and difficulties of payoff of village-based companies. From the facets of limited mortgage area,risks of reimbursing the loan,legal risks of mortgage. The results show that the stock purchasing model of contractual management rights reveals the capital value of land and the model is of theoretical and practical significance in law and economics. However,the social security system is not perfect,so the stock purchasing model of contractual management rights can not be expanded. In addition,the participation of more famers and the expansion of enterprises are limited as well. The land comprehensive reform model of transforming from rural residents to urban residents is of positive significance to the comprehensive exploration of farmland property system reform,but this kind of model should be supported by strong economy. The stock purchasing model of contractual management rights is of significance to perfect the contractual management rights,but it conflicts with the existing laws and financial systems.

农地二轮延包实施进路——基于贵州省XF县的调查研究

第二轮土地承包到期后农地顺利延包是促进乡村振兴之根本。当前我国第二轮土地承包到期后再延长三十年面临“有人无地种,有地无人种”与“保持农户承包地稳定”的现行政策相矛盾、无地少地农民以及“两头占”“两头空”“外嫁女”等特殊群体的利益处理这两大突出问题,制定具体农地延包方案迫在眉睫。基于贵州省XF县“第二轮土地承包到期后再延长三十年”试点的调研发现,二轮延包中存在着确权收尾工作难完成、延包主体资格难认定、土地细碎化难处理、延包协议难签订等困境。解决这些困境的实践逻辑为建立登记颁证机制、农户自愿有偿退出承包和未承包地管理机制、缺地少地农户承包地调整机制、矛盾纠纷化解机制、农地承包经营权长效管理机制。具体而言,农地二轮延包的实施路径包括:完成土地确权工作;化解延包矛盾纠纷;承包地退出、收回与管理;数字化赋能农地承包经营权长效管理;政府组织成立专班予以落实。

Issues concerning Farmland Transfer in the Development of China's Agricultural Modernization——Based on the Survey of Farmers in 21 Townships of Sichuan Province

Based on the actual survey of 724 rural households in 21 townships of Sichuan Province,this article analyzes the basic information,basic characteristics and problems in current China's farmland transfer.The results show that the rural land contractual management right is relatively stable;in farmland transfer market,the degree of development of farmland transfer-out market is higher than that of farmland transfer-in market;at the same time,there are many problems,such as fragmentation of rural land resources allocation,incomplete land property rights system,too powerful land security function,single land transfer pattern and unsound transfer system.Corresponding countermeasures are put forward as follows:unifying urban and rural planning,and adjusting distribution pattern of rural land in concert with the course of urbanization;improving land property rights system,so that the farmers have the land contractual management right with real right tendency;strengthening the legal construction of land transfer,regulating the land transfer process,and guiding regularized and legalized development of land transfer;promoting farmers' cognitive level,and establishing the intermediary platform to provide land transfer information,ensuring information symmetry between both sides of transfer;providing more non-agricultural jobs,establishing and improving social security system for farmers,and diluting the social security function of land.

法社会学视域下农地经营权抵押的现实困境与制度构建

当前,现行法律允许农地经营权抵押,但在现实中,非正式规范因素的制约使得农地经营权抵押难以开展。受“半熟人社会”人际关系制约,个体农户不愿以农地经营权进行抵押贷款;出于营利性考量,金融机构不愿发放以农地经营权作抵押的贷款,致使农地经营权抵押行为仍少有发生。有鉴于此,应当引导社会资本下乡与农民专业合作,建立以农民专业合作社为载体的农地经营权股份化流转机制,以农民专业合作社代替个体农户进行农地经营,参与农地经营权抵押融资。只有这样,才能化解个体农户不贷观念与农业金融服务机构拒贷观念,在减少政府财政支出的同时,促进农地经营权抵押制度落到实处。

区块链技术在农地经营权抵押融资中的应用研究

新兴科技区块链技术与农地经营权抵押融资相结合,可针对性地解决评估机制不健全、信息不对称、交易成本及风险高等现实问题。通过实地调查深入剖析农地经营权抵押贷款的困境,具体分析区块链技术应用的必要性与可行性,设计出基于区块链技术的农地经营权抵押贷款应用流程。在此基础上创新性地提出“中地企”的联合开发模式,“抵押人、抵押权人、评估机构、保险公司、政府部门”联动机制以及“抵押人链、抵押权人链、土地价值评估链、政府审批链、交易链”的联盟链的系统观点,最后针对区块链应用困境展开分析并提出对策建议,为区块链技术与农地经营权抵押贷款应用结合提供可行方案。

农民分化、地权诉求与土地承包经营权退出实践

农民是新型城镇化与乡村振兴主体,在推进土地承包经营权有偿退出过程中,应重视农民分化的经济社会基础,坚持以农民为主体的发展改革创新。基于湖北省土地承包经营权有偿退出改革试点的经验调查,分析改革试点实践过程中,农民、村集体、地方政府、工商资本等多主体间不同的实践逻辑。认识农民与土地经营关系变化基础上的生计分化所形塑的农民分化,基于农民与土地的关系,非农化家庭逐渐脱离土地和农业,半工半耕家庭以及纯农家庭仍对土地有一定依赖性,农民分化体现出差异性地权诉求。土地承包经营权退出实践缺乏对不同类型农户的识别机制,村集体难以适应土地承包经营权退出秩序。应加强农民分化识别机制研究,建立多元化退出模式,并强化土地集体所有权规则,维护土地承包经营权退出秩序,保障各类农户利益。

农村土地经营权抵押贷款发展研究--基于巴东县的实践数据

农村土地经营权抵押贷款可以有效破解农户融资难,盘活农村土地资源。农村是乡村振兴的主战场,也是撬动乡村振兴的着力点。土地是不可再生资源,是农民赖以生存的根本,农村发展质量好不好、农民生活质量好不好关键重要一点要看土地资源的利用情况。基于湖北省巴东县的农村土地经营权抵押贷款实践案例数据,分析了巴东县农村土地经营权抵押贷款的现状及其面临的困境,并针对存在的问题,提出了以下对策建议:完善机制建设,加强专业性指导;加强宣传引导,破除传统观念;强化风险防范,加强资金监管;鼓励土地流转,健全信息平台。

基于ArcGIS Engine的农田调查数据快速处理系统设计与实现

为实现农村土地承包经营权农田数据日常维护更新,快速处理农田外业调查数据,形成符合要求的数据库,本文基于ArcGIS Engine平台,使用C#语言,针对农村土地承包经营权数据日常维护更新的需求,结合Arcpy模块设计并实现了农田调查数据的构面、属性挂接、存储、成图等一系列调查数据快速处理系统,并选择外业实地采集的地块数据为例,经过验证,该方法能快速处理农村土地承包经营权日常更新数据,确实提高了生产效率。

农地经营权抵押贷款是否促进了县域农业经济增长?——基于四川省面板数据的实证研究

基于2012—2021年四川省县域面板数据,采用双重差分法、中介效应法和合成控制法检验试点政策对地区农业经济发展的实际效应和影响机理,研究发现:试点地区的农业经济提高约为4%,通过多种稳健性检验,这一结论仍然成立。进一步分析表明试点政策对周边相邻地区产生空间溢出效应,试点政策主要通过农业机械化生产和劳动力转移等机制影响地区农业发展,而金融贷款仅发挥部分中介效应。与贫困区县相比较,政策对非贫困区的农业经济发展促进作用更明显。另外,通过合成控制法探究试点政策具体影响的区县,发现试点政策对部分区县的农业经济发展有显著促进作用,而在其他试点区的政策效果不明显,甚至存在时间滞后性。最后,根据研究结论提出相应政策建议。

农村土地承包经营权可抵押性及其约束条件分析——以湖北与江苏的试点为例

研究目的:辨明农村土地承包经营权可抵押的约束条件,为农地抵押试点提供可靠的理论依据和可行的政策建议。研究方法:基于湖北天门和江苏新沂的典型案例,从经济条件、职能分工、试点政策与进展等方面对两地试点进行比较研究。研究结果:农村土地承包经营权可抵押性受到法律因素和经济因素的共同制约;在相同的法律制度下,其可抵押性更多地由农业生产水平、土地流转市场、农村社会保障水平等经济条件决定。研究结论:试点应选择在经济发展水平较高、农业生产水平较高、土地流转市场相对完善的地区开展,相关法律政策也应在此类地区有选择地放开。

农地经营权主体差异与农地抵押方式选择——基于市场与组织合约的分类视角

本文立足市场与组织合约的分类视角,通过选取以农户为抵押主体的同心与平罗、以规模经营主体为抵押主体的明溪与枣庄这两对典型案例的对比,探讨农地经营权主体与农地抵押合约方式选择之间的联系,结果表明:在农地抵押中存在直接与间接定价的合约方式差异,且农户和规模经营主体这两类主体倾向于选择不同的抵押合约;当农户作为抵押主体时,采用组织合约的间接方式优于选择市场合约的直接方式;而当规模经营主体作为抵押主体时,以市场合约的直接抵押方式要优于采用组织合约的间接抵押方式。就此,提出考虑抵押主体差异、鼓励具有信息收集与定价功能的主体参与抵押进程、推进"三权分置"改革和活化农地经营权等政策建议。

土地承包经营权抵押范围的再探索

改革开放三十多年后,随着社会的发展与变化,已凸显出现行法律对土地承包经营权的可抵押范围限制并不合理。由于农村的社会结构与实际需求改变,土地的社会保障功能日渐弱化;通过法律的设计,土地承包经营权抵押权的实现得与耕地面积的增减不发生直接关系。考虑到我国各区域间的重大经济差异等原因,法律应有条件地放宽得抵押融资的土地承包经营权范围,以解决农民的实际需要。

农户农地抵押融资方式选择行为影响因素分析——以山东临沂、枣庄、莱芜为例

基于山东省临沂市、枣庄市和莱芜市的调查数据,运用多分类Logistic回归模型,对农地经营权抵押贷款试点中农户农地抵押融资方式选择行为及其影响因素进行实证分析。农地流转体系的完善和专业合作社的发展对农户选择农地经营权抵押贷款具有促进作用,而农村社会保障滞后和现行禁止性法律具有制约作用,收入水平和社会资本对农户传统融资方式影响显著。根据这些影响因素提出了完善相关农地抵押相关制度的政策建议。

基于Logistic-DEA的农村土地承包经营权抵押贷款试点风险控制效果评估

基于入户问卷调查的切身感受和调研数据统计分析的理性思考,本着对农地承包经营权抵押贷款环境风险控制、农户风险控制和机构风险控制总的控制效果进行综合、量化评估的研究目标,通过构建有序两步Logistic-DEA模型的实证分析,研究发现:农地估价突破点、农户分类关键点、风险控制关节点这三个要点是进行农地承包经营权抵押贷款风险控制效果评估的重点;技术改进后的控制效果技术有效,规模无效。建议对老龄农户、纯农业户和专业农户三类农户家庭给予更多的人文关怀以收到更好的风险控制效果。

农户土地承包经营权抵押融资意愿分析——基于江苏太仓市农户的调查

文章在实地调研以及文献分析的基础上,从农户因素、政府因素、金融机构三方面选取影响农户土地承包经营权抵押融资意愿的因子时行实地研究。研究发现:风险偏好、金融机构的放贷利率、农户拥有的土地面积、政府是否支持及农户对贷款的需求程度,是影响农户参与土地承包经营权抵押融资意愿的主要因素。建议在法律和政策层面引导农民风险偏好观念;适当降低金融机构放贷利率,采取有差别贷款政策,实施小额信贷贴息;政府承担第三方角色,提高农户参与土地承包经营权抵押融资意愿。

东北粮食主产区农户主导型农村土地流转价格影响因素

分析各因素对农村土地流转价格的影响方向与作用强度可为确定土地承包经营权流转价格提供依据。该文以黑龙江省农村固定观察点14个村的转入方农户为样本,采用相关性分析和多元线性回归方法分别确定单因素与多因素对流转价格的影响,并对比分析各因素对高于均价组和低于均价组中流转价格的影响差异。结果表明:1)单因素对流转价格的影响分析中,耕地粮食产量对流转价格产生显著正向影响,是影响流转价格最重要的因素;2)多因素对流转价格的影响分析中,耕地粮食产量、村域经济发达程度、县域交通通达性、户主年龄对流转价格产生显著正向影响,县域人均GDP、与市中心距离对流转价格产生显著负向影响;3)对比各因素对高于均价组和低于均价组的影响,发现交通通达性、与市中心距离对高于均价组流转价格的影响方向与总样本一致,这些因素对低于均价组流转价格的影响方向与总样本相反。需明确耕地信息、了解地区经济与交通情况,为确定土地流转价格、完善农村土地流转市场创造条件。

三权分置改革中农村土地承包经营权抵押贷款研究

在三权分置改革下,农村土地承包经营权抵押贷款兼顾效率和公平,兼有金融性和普惠性,是金融支农惠农和农村金融扶贫的新方式,是当前农村金融和普惠金融的有力补充。不过,农村土地承包经营权抵押贷款在抵押物价值评估和确认、农村土地承包经营权再流转和变现、地方政府支持等方面存在不足,抑制了其充分发挥金融性和普惠性功能。只有合理界定和发挥市场和政府作用,以精准识别和分类施策的方式评估和确认抵押物价值,构建农村土地承包经营权再流转体系,完善农村信用体系,建立农民、农业经营主体和农村金融机构风险转移机制等,才能充分释放农村土地承包经营权抵押贷款金融性和普惠性潜能,促进农村经济和金融快速普惠发展。