Impact of slope farmland use change on ecosystem services value in China,2000-2020

Slope farmland is an important component of farmland resources in China.The utilization and change of slope farmland have significant effects on ecosystems,and understanding the impact of slope farmland change on ecosystem services(ESs)is critical for effective land utilization and ecosystem protection.This study aims to analyze slope farmland changes in China between 2000 and 2020 and quantify the impact of these changes on ESs by the use of a land use dynamic attitude study,and an ecosystem services value(ESV)equivalent.Results show that the area of slope farmland in China was mainly concentrated on slopes of 2°-6°,and exhibited a downward trend between 2000 and 2020.There were significant differences in the spatial distribution of the farmland,which was mainly located in the Taihang,Qinling,Wushan,and Xuefeng mountains.ESV increased by$179.235 million due to the conversion between slope farmland and forest,grassland,and construction land from 2000-2010.Conversely,from 2010 to 2020,ESV decreased by$2613.919 million due to the conversion of forest and grassland to slope farmland as well as the conversion of slope farmland to construction land.

Evaluation of Loss of Degraded Farmland Ecosystem Services in Tibet, China

Four environmemtal service functions of wheat, barley and rape ecosystem are evaluated in material production, air adjustment (including carbon dioxide fixation and oxygen release in Tibetan Autonomous Region), water conservation, and nutrient recycling. Based on it the economic loss of environment due to desertification is valued. The results show that the service functions of farmland ecosystem in Tibet are totally valued at 4 436. 2 × 106 yuan, the value of each service function is ordered as: air adjustment 2 070.2× 106 yuan (46.67%), material production 2 011. 1× 106 yuan (45.33%), nutrient recycling 193. 1×106 yuan (4.35%), and water conservation 161. 8×106 yuan (3.65%). The total area of wheat, barley and rape in Tibet is over 189 700 ha, and the service function of farmland ecosystem is valued at 23 386 yuan/ha per year. The degraded area of arable land in Tibet is about 1 082 ha per year, equivalent to the annual loss of farmland ecosystem service value of 25.3×106 yuan. Over the past 30 years the total loss of the value is 1 347.0×106 yuan.

Values of the Farmland Ecosystem Services of Qingdao City, China, and their Changes

The values of farmland ecosystem services are composed of several components: provisioning service value, regulating service value, supporting service value and cultural service value, so it is important to make a full assessment of the values of farmland ecosystem services for agriculture and farmland protection. Here, we assessed the values of farmland ecosystem services in Qingdao City in 1997, 2002, 2007, 2012 and 2017 by using various methods(market value method, carbon tax method, afforestation cost method, substitute cost method, equivalent factor method, etc.) based on establishing an assessment index system for the farmland ecosystem services value. The results show that the total yearly value of farmland ecosystem services increased from 499.74× 10~8 Yuan to 681.74× 10~8 Yuan in the period of 1997-2017, and the yearly value of farmland ecosystem services per hectare increased from 6.57× 10~4 Yuan to 9.73× 10~4 Yuan. The product provisioning service, carbon fixation service and oxygen release service, as well as the soil conservation service, are the main farmland ecosystem services, and the proportions of these four ecosystem service values to the total value of farmland ecosystem services in Qingdao City were large and kept increasing. Some countermeasures are put forward to adequately use the indirect service value of the farmland ecosystem and provide improved well-being for humans, such as protecting and wisely using farmland, developing agriculture that is rooted in local conditions, promoting agricultural production efficiency, speeding up construction of modern agriculture gardens, deepening the supply-side structural reform of agriculture, developing agricultural eco-tourism, etc.

Payments for Ecosystem Services: Market Mechanism or Diversified Modes?

Payment for ecosystem services is a concept of environmental protection and method of environmental management that has ＂purchasing conservation＂ as a major feature and has grown around the world since the 1990 s. It is stressed by the school of environmental economics that as a voluntary mechanism of exchange between ecological service providers and demanders, payments for ecosystem services can help to increase inputs and improve efficiency. Ecological economics holds that the ecological system and the complexity of the policy environment restrict the functional space of market mechanisms. The negative influence of the objective of giving priority to efficiency on environmental protection and social fairness cannot be neglected; therefore, the exchange mechanism is just one type of eco-compensation models. Here, we posit that payments for ecosystem services is a good tool for environmental protection and increases inputs and efficiency. Although payment for ecosystem services is confronted with challenges in application, it is playing an increasingly important role in the field of ecological services with a relatively high degree of commodification. Payments for ecosystem services can also increase the cost effectiveness of publicly managed environmental projects with the cooperation of other policy tools.

Research on the Patterns and Evolution of Ecosystem Service Consumption in the “Belt and Road”

With great significance in ecosystem protection and sustainable development,the study of ecosystem service consumption(ESC)has become a hot topic in ecological research.Based on FAOSTAT data,in this study the patterns,composition and evolution of ESC and ecosystem service consumption patterns(ESCP)in the“Belt and Road"were revealed on the total and regional scales,taking consumed-biomass as a main indicator.Three main conclusions were reached.1)The total ESC was mainly contributed from farmland ecosystems along the"Belt and Road",followed by grassland ecosystems.The ESC indicators on the whole system scale fluctuated,but increased from year 2000 to year 2016.The total ESC increased from 12911.89 Tg yr_1 to 16810.00 Tg yr^1,and the annual per capita consumption of ecosystem services increased from 3.3228 million g p_1 yr'1 to 3.6392 million g p_1 yr'1.2)The ESC,composition and evolution varied significantly among countries,zones and ecosystems.The annual per capita ESC was highest in Mongolia on the national scale,and highest in Central and Eastern Europe and lowest in Southeast Asia on zone scale,which represented the results from the joint effects of regional resource endowments,consumption habits,levels of productive forces,and other factors.3)Higher farmland ESC was the dominant ESCP,which accounted for about 76.7%of the total area along the"Belt and Road",followed by higher farmland+higher grassland ESC,which accounted for about 19.0%of the total area.The other consumption patterns(i.e.,those of higher grassland ESC,higher forestland ESC or higher farmland+higher forest+higher grassland ESC)were found in only a few countries.The ESCP may be related to higher regional population density or the higher proportions of developing countries.Therefore,to realize sustainable social,economic and ecological development,and to improve people's well-being,countries along the,lBelt and Road"should take advantage of their own resources in developing industries,actively expand trade,achieve mutual benefits and win-win situations,and adjust and optimize consumption patterns of ecosystem services.This study can provide data support for further research on the mechanism of ESCP formation this area.

Payments for watershed ecosystem services:mechanism,progress and challenges

Introduction:Payment for watershed ecosystem services(PWES),a policy instrument for compensating for the externality of watershed ecosystem/environmental services,has gained in policy importance in China over the past two decades.Many scholars and researchers have contributed to the conceptualization of this policy framework by developing operational mechanisms as well as compensation standards for PWES.Outcomes:This article reviews 27 PWES schemes piloted in China and in 10 other countries,with a particular emphasis on successful cases of land-use conversion programs,such as the Paddy Land to Dry Land Program and Sloping Land Conversion Program that have been implemented in China.Discussion:By comparing different cases,the authors attempt to answer the following questions:what were the ecological and institutional contexts in which these schemes were established and how did they work?What were the actual efficiencies and impacts of these piloted schemes?Which scheme worked better in certain ecological,socio-economic,and institutional contexts?Conclusion:Based on case studies,the authors draw the following conclusions about Chinese PWES:(1)to establish an acceptable standard for a PWES program,it is necessary to estimate the economic and social costs regarding the livelihoods of households;(2)multistakeholder negotiation mechanism for PWES,including intermediaries,such as the local government,NGO/NPOs,village committees,and user associations,should be used;(3)ES,non-market services,should acquire positive externalities to accomplish an optimal win–win pattern concerning both environmental goals and the livelihoods of local resource users.

Evaluation of ecosystem service of straw return to soil in a wheat field of China

Crop straw is an important natural resource in China because it is rich in nutrients.When returned to fields after harvests,the straw can improve soil quality and the next crop’s yield.Evaluating the economic values of the main ecological services of a farmland ecosystem while implementing the straw return technique can be a more systematic and comprehensive approach to better understand the contribution of straw return to the development of ecological agriculture.Based on the data of a field experiment established in 2010 with varying numbers of years of straw return,four ecological services,i.e.,agricultural product and industrial raw materials,atmospheric regulation and purification,soil nutrient accumulation,and water conservation,were selected to estimate a net ecosystem service value(ESV)of a wheat field’s ecosystem services.Agro-ecosystem service appraisal theories were applied to estimate the economic value of each service.Results showed that straw returning improved the total ESV in the wheat system.Compared to the no straw return treatment,1 year,3 years,5 years or 7 years of straw returning altered the economic value of the agricultural product and industrial raw materials(EVAIM)by-5.93%to 7.84%and improved atmospheric regulation(EVAR)by 13.66%-30.80%,soil nutrient accumulation(EVSNA)by 59.87%-233.31%and water conservation(EVWC)by 2.60%-13.26%.The total ESV of wheat plots with 1-7 years of straw returning was 3.67%-27.41%higher than that with no straw return,and the total ESV increased with the increase in years of straw return.The proportion of EVAIM out of the total ESV in this wheat field system was highest(accounted for 47.09%-55.64%),followed by EVAR and EVWC.The value of EVSNA was the lowest.However,the proportion of EVSNA was higher than that of water conservation after the fifth year of straw return.In general,the adoption of continuous straw returning in a wheat field ecosystem is ecologically valuable.The results can inform the development and implementation of ecological compensation policies involving straw return.

What Developing International Markets for Ecosystem Services Reveal for China's Forestry Sector?

The market mechanism for forest ecosystem service has already become common knowledge among countries in the international movement to address global climate change.In this paper,international experiences of forest ecosystem market such as better understanding of concept,public participation, sound trading rules and measurement standards are analyzed,and its implication for China is also summarized.Finally,the prospects of forest ecosystem service market in China are discussed.The purpose of this paper i...

Separating the effects of two dimensions on ecosystem services:Environmental variables and net trade-offs

Spatial and temporal changes in ecosystem services(ESs)are driven by two types of factors:environmental factors and trade-offs/synergies between services.In the ecological conservation red line(ECRL)area,in which national ecological security and social sustainable development are guaranteed,it is particularly important to clarify the driving mechanism of ESs for the management of ecosystems.In this study,soil conservation,water yield,and carbon sequestration in Beijing’s ECRL area are quantified,and GeoDetector is used to identify the factors influencing the trade-offs/synergies between ESs.Moreover,partial correlation analysis is used to calculate the net trade-offs/synergies and compare them with the extent to which environmental variables contribute to ESs.The results are as follows:environmental variables and trade-offs/synergies have different effects on the changes in ESs,and their interactions can enhance the determinative power of the corresponding individual variable.The land use intensity is an extremely important factor affecting the trade-offs/synergies between the three services,indicating that rational land use planning in Beijing’s ECRL area is crucial for avoiding the negative impacts of trade-offs and enabling coordinated optimization of ESs.After the elimination of the cross-influence of environmental variables,the trade-offs/synergies change significantly,and the impact of environmental variables on ESs is compared with the net trade-offs/synergies.Environmental variables are the driving forces of the spatiotemporal changes in soil conservation.Precipitation and carbon sequestration have similar effects on water yield.Spatiotemporal changes in carbon sequestration are closely related to the other two services,with smaller influences from environmental variables.

Ecological compensation mechanism for Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region based on footprint balance and footprint deficit

Construction of the ecological compensation mechanism is an important approach to put the“Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Coordinated Development Plan”into practice and improve the ecological environment of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region.This paper constructs an ecological compensation mechanism for the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region based on the footprint balance and footprint deficit after clarifying ecological governance objectives.First,this paper proposes to establish a uniform,hierarchical and classified supply mechanism of ecosystem services according to the classification of land resources,water resources and forest resources for the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region.Then,the“Authority with Corresponding Responsibility”for the supply of ecosystem services in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region can be realized through a footprint balance and footprint deficit indicator circulation mechanism.Finally,the scientific and rational ecological compensation standard can be guaranteed through establishing the integrated governance mechanism for ecological compensation in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and improving the“ecological compensation standard”.The results of this paper can provide sound theoretical support for effectively promoting the improvement of ecosystem services and human well-being in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region.

基于植物功能群的生态系统服务形成与维持机制研究

生态系统可以从“结构-功能-服务”3个层次来理解,其中服务是人类的主观感受或效用。维持高质量的生态系统服务还需从生态系统的自然属性入手。结构和功能是生态系统服务形成和维持的内在机制,而植物是生态系统结构和功能的核心驱动力。植物功能群具有特定功能的植物组合,其中优势植物功能群控制着生态系统的结构和功能。生态系统服务的概念、分类与植物功能群密切相关,植物功能群是生态系统与生态系统服务间更直接的桥梁。建立生态系统服务与植物功能群间的联系,使相关研究有更明确的指向,在深化理论研究的同时使研究成果更容易落地。生态系统服务的形成、维持机制与植物功能群的内在联系主要体现在4个主要方面:(1)植物功能群的内在适应性特征和外在效应是生态系统服务形成的基础;(2)植物功能群的多功能特性为生态系统服务协同提供了可能;(3)植物功能群间替代和互补效应可以提升生态系统服务质量和稳定性;(4)植物功能群能够提供基于自然的生态系统服务修复问题解决方案。

人工智能赋能的居家社区养老服务发展及其生态系统优化策略研究

伴随人工智能技术在养老领域的应用,居家社区养老服务呈现协同演化的发展趋势。这既为人口老龄化下破解养老服务供给不足难题带来重大机遇,也给传统居家养老服务模式转型升级提出新的挑战。基于人工智能的技术特征,从“技术创新—要素整合—系统优化”过程维度揭示人工智能赋能的居家养老服务发展路径,并以生态系统理论为分析框架,从“宏观—中观—微观”层面剖析人工智能赋能居家社区养老服务面临规范性与引领性政策缺位、参与主体协作网络不紧密、养老服务供给和需求结构性失衡三个障碍。据此,应从宏观层面完善配套政策,加大对人工智能养老服务的支持力度;从中观层面推进数据汇聚与整合,促进多主体协同联动;从微观层面精准识别老年人需求,提升养老服务供给效率与能力。

退耕还林地生态环境损害评估案例分析及应用

近年来,随着我国经济的高速发展,林地生态环境损害事件日益增加。不同类型的生态系统或同一生态系统在不同区域所提供的生态服务功能侧重均不同,鉴定评估林地生态系统的环境损害价值时应选用不同的测算方法。通过阐述理论公式法和实际监测法的原理和适用范围及其在生态环境损害评估中的应用,并对量化过程中参数的选取原则与方法进行说明。结合案例分析非法占用退耕还林地导致的生态环境损害范围和程度,计算出2012年~2019年的生态环境损害价值量为205万元。研究退耕还林地生态环境损害典型案例,并将其推广应用于小规模普通林地,对林地生态环境损害案件的鉴定评估环节具有重要引领作用。

耕地生态补偿问题研究进展:运行机制与政策实践

耕地生态系统是全球最重要的生态系统之一。耕地生态补偿作为调节耕地保护相关者利益关系的公共制度安排,在保护耕地生态系统、促进耕地可持续利用、保障粮食安全方面具有重要作用。论文从耕地生态补偿的概念与内涵、补偿机制构建、补偿实践探索三个方面对相关文献进行梳理,认为现有研究存在耕地完全价值体现不充分、补偿标准与补偿年限判定不明确、补偿资金来源不丰富、补偿主体利益分配不清晰的突出问题,并在此基础上提出以法制化、多元化、市场化、信息化为核心的未来研究方向。

基于土地利用情景模拟的和田地区生态系统服务价值时空特征与交互驱动研究

为探究生态系统服务价值(Ecosystem Services Value,ESV)时空演变规律与驱动机制,以新疆和田地区为研究区,耦合PLUS-Geodetector模型对2018—2034年土地利用情景进行模拟,并从产业发展角度分析其ESV变化趋势与驱动机制。本研究设置8类土地利用类型和不同情景下的邻域权重,利用PLUS模型进行模拟得到2034年自然演变、经济优先、生态保护三种土地利用情景。结果表明:三种情景下,和田地区ESV总值均有所增加,其中生态保护情景增长量最高,经济优先情景最低;除南部山区、中北部水域附近为高值、次高值、中值区域外,ESV分布呈现出以低值、次低值区域为主,南高北低的总体特征;2010—2018年,和田地区ESV的大幅度变动主要集中在中部城镇发展轴邻近区域,而在2018—2034年,ESV的空间变化范围将进一步扩张,由农牧业、工业快速发展所带来的耕地、建设用地向城镇轴线南北两侧的迅速扩展是造成ESV空间变化的主要因素,经济优先情景下人造土地利用类型扩张速度更快,生态保护情景则与之相反。和田地区ESV现状与演化趋势是自然与产业因素综合作用的结果,自然因素对和田地区ESV驱动作用较社会经济因素更强,社会经济因素中牧业、工业具有更强的驱动作用,双因子交互作用的驱动力大于单因子,且各产业交互作用驱动力高于单产业。研究表明,不同的发展模式下和田地区ESV的数量与分布产生明显差异,而各产业内的各个因素及其交互作用对ESV的变化具有明显的驱动作用,根据ESV评估与驱动机制分析科学规划发展路线,对和田地区可持续、高质量发展具有重要意义。

退耕区域生态系统服务作用关系尺度效应及分异机制——以安塞区为例

生态系统服务的形成依赖于一定时空尺度上的生态过程。因此,探究生态系统服务在不同空间尺度的特征、关联和效应对于丰富生态系统服务的可持续管理具有重要的理论价值和实践意义。以典型退耕县域安塞区作为研究对象,基于生态模型定量评估了6项重要的生态系统服务,采用相关系数法、双变量空间自相关以及地理探测器揭示了不同空间尺度上生态系统服务作用关系的尺度效应及分异机制。研究结果显示:(1)退耕区域内,生态系统服务之间以协同关系为主,其中调节服务与支持服务的协同关系最强(|r|≥0.5),而权衡关系发生在文化服务与其他服务之间。从时间序列来看,调节服务与支持服务的作用关系较为稳定,在研究期间保持为协同关系,且协同度在退耕还林后有所提升;(2)生态系统服务作用关系的空间尺度效应主要表现在作用关系的方向变化与空间显著性的差异。在网格尺度中,生态系统服务之间的关系较为稳健,作用方向的变化主要发生在网格尺度与行政单元之间,且随研究尺度的加大,服务之间作用关系的空间显著性降低;(3)生态系统服务的权衡与协同是自然因子和社会因子共同作用的结果。退耕区人类活动干扰较小,自然因子的解释力(q均值0.1507)高于社会因子(q均值0.0148),且影响某类生态系统服务的关键因子对生态系统服务的作用关系起到重要作用。其中,土地利用程度和地形因子的共同作用是进行生态系统服务管理的主要关注点。

面向知识服务的数字阅读生态系统的构建及运行机制研究

数字阅读为我国文化数字化战略及全民阅读的实施提供了重要的路径支持,构建面向知识服务的数字阅读生态系统有助于促进知识的传播和共享。文章基于信息生态学理论,采用文献调研法研究了面向知识服务的数字阅读生态系统的内涵与功能,在阐释其要素构成的基础上,设计出系统概念模型并探讨其运行机制、优化策略及发展趋势。研究表明,面向知识服务的数字阅读生态系统是由阅读主体、阅读内容、阅读环境相互作用形成的知识服务系统,其运行机制包括:用户需求与反馈机制、用户互动与社区机制、内容生产与编辑机制、版权保护与分发机制、技术与平台驱动机制、数字素养与用户教育机制、政策与法规支持机制。

长江经济带农田生态价值时空变化及影响因素分析

农田生态系统承载着经济、生态和社会功能,紧密联系农业生态与乡村生态。为考察2010—2021年长江经济带农田生态价值时空动态变化及其影响因素,本研究基于改进的生态系统服务价值评估模型和生态系统能值分析框架构建了长江经济带农田生态价值测算指标体系,并采用空间杜宾模型分析了农田生态价值的影响因素。基于以上分析,本研究得到以下结果:1)2010—2021年长江经济带农田生态价值总体呈现波动增长态势,且具有区域性差异。2)长江经济带农田生态价值呈现“上游—中游—下游”梯度递减趋势,整体呈现“西高东低”的空间分布特征,空间聚集特征显著。3)影响因素分析结果表明,财政支农力度、城镇化率、作物种植结构和年均降水量有助于提升农田生态价值,而农业经济发展水平和城乡收入差距不利于农田生态价值的改善和提升。针对本研究结果提出如下建议:长江经济带要结合区位优势制定农业生态产品价值实现政策;加强农业财政支持力度、新型城镇化发展和生态农产品品牌建设;建立和完善长江经济带农业生态产品交易平台和农业生态产品价值实现机制。

黄土丘陵沟壑区村庄生态系统服务对人类福祉的影响机理——以陕西省米脂县为例

[目的]在生态脆弱区,探究村庄生态系统服务对人类福祉的影响机理,为推动区域可持续发展提供参考。[方法]以黄土丘陵沟壑区陕西省米脂县为例,基于生物物理指标、人类需求理论分别评估村庄服务与福祉,分析了两者的空间分布。基于结构方程模型揭示了村庄禀赋视角下村庄服务对福祉的影响机理。[结果](1)作物和肉类空间分布相近,水果供给呈集中分布;高土壤保持村庄分布于南部丘陵,水源涵养和生境质量均西部高于东部;景观美学东部高于西部,高休闲娱乐村庄集中于城镇区。(2)村庄各需求、福祉空间分布差异较大。高福祉村庄包括川道村、多数乡镇中心村、乡村振兴示范村;低福祉村庄主要位于东西部丘陵,需政府重点关注。(3)村庄服务对福祉产生正向影响,作物、肉类、水源涵养是影响村庄福祉的关键服务。村庄禀赋对服务、福祉产生正向影响,且村庄禀赋通过提高村庄ES间接改善村庄福祉水平。高程是关键的自然禀赋,非文盲率和老龄化率是关键的社会禀赋;距县城距离是关键的区位禀赋。[结论]村庄服务与福祉空间差异明显,禀赋—服务—福祉的影响路径显著。依据空间差异与路径差异施策,是提升生态系统服务福祉贡献的要求。

生物炭影响农田温室气体排放的研究进展

针对生物炭在农业生产中对温室气体排放的影响问题,论文综述了近几年有关生物炭对农田生态系统CO_(2)、CH_(4)和N_(2)O三种主要温室气体排放的影响研究,发现生物炭总体上可以减少温室气体的排放,但其实际效果受生物炭种类、土壤理化性质和微生物活性与丰度等多种因素的影响。为此,本文进一步总结了生物炭影响农田系统温室气体排放的作用机理。提出了三条可能机制:(1)生物炭疏松多孔,具有吸附性,依靠自身的吸附作用吸收土壤中的温室气体;(2)生物炭能改变土壤理化性质,使土壤疏松,团聚体和固体物含量提升,抑制土壤矿化,固碳能力提升,吸附性增强;(3)生物炭能改善土壤微生物的生存环境,提高土壤微生物的丰度和活性,微生物活动增强,可以更多地固定土壤中的氮,影响温室气体的排放。通过生物炭途径可助力农业碳减排。