Fast Marching Method for Microseismic Source Location in Cavern-Containing Rockmass: Performance Analysis and Engineering Application

Microseismic(MS)event locations are vital aspect of MS monitoring technology used to delineate the damage zone inside the surrounding rock mass.However,complex geological conditions can impose significantly adverse effects on the final location results.To achieve a high-accuracy location in a complex cavern-containing structure,this study develops an MS location method using the fast marching method(FMM)with a second-order difference approach(FMM2).Based on the established velocity model with three-dimensional(3D)discrete grids,the realization of the MS location can be achieved by searching the minimum residual between the theoretical and actual first arrival times.Moreover,based on the calculation results of FMM2,the propagation paths from the MS sources to MS sensors can be obtained using the linear interpolation approach and the Runge–Kutta method.These methods were validated through a series of numerical experiments.In addition,our proposed method was applied to locate the recorded blasting and MS events that occurred during the excavation period of the underground caverns at the Houziyan hydropower station.The location results of the blasting activities show that our method can effectively reduce the location error compared with the results based on the uniform velocity model.Furthermore,the obtained MS location was verified through the occurrence of shotcrete fractures and spalling,and the monitoring results of the in-situ multipoint extensometer.Our proposed method can offer a more accurate rock fracture location and facilitate the delineation of damage zones inside the surrounding rock mass.

Application of topography fast marching method in landslide

Geophysical exploration methods are important tools for landslide disaster assessment,landslide treatment scheme design,and landslide prevention engineering.Seismic exploration,as an important geophysical exploration method,plays an critical role in geological disaster evaluation.Traveltime is one of the most frequently used seismic attributes.Among many different traveltime calculation methods,the fast marching method(FMM)is featured for its advantages in high efficiency,high accuracy and strong stability.In this paper,the velocity models are established according to the real landslide models,and then the topography FMM is applied to these landslide models.The calculation results show that topography FMM outperforms in calculating the traveltime for landslides.

An eikonal equation-based earthquake location method by inversion of multiple phase arrivals

The precise determination of earthquake location is the fundamental basis in seismological community,and is crucial for analyzing seismic activity and performing seismic tomography.First arrivals are generally used to practically determine earthquake locations.However,first-arrival traveltimes are not sensitive to focal depths.Moreover,they cannot accurately constrain focal depths.To improve the accuracy,researchers have analyzed the depth phases of earthquake locations.The traveltimes of depth phases are sensitive to focal depths,and the joint inversion of depth phases and direct phases can be implemented to potentially obtain accurate earthquake locations.Generally,researchers can determine earthquake locations in layered models.Because layered models can only represent the first-order feature of subsurface structures,the advantages of joint inversion are not fully explored if layered models are used.To resolve the issue of current joint inversions,we use the traveltimes of three seismic phases to determine earthquake locations in heterogeneous models.The three seismic phases used in this study are the first P-,sPg-and PmP-waves.We calculate the traveltimes of the three seismic phases by solving an eikonal equation with an upwind difference scheme and use the traveltimes to determine earthquake locations.To verify the accuracy of the earthquake location method by the inversion of three seismic phases,we take the 2021 M_(S)6.4 Yangbi,Yunnan earthquake as an example and locate this earthquake using synthetic and real seismic data.Numerical tests demonstrate that the eikonal equation-based earthquake location method,which involves the inversion of multiple phase arrivals,can effectively improve earthquake location accuracy.

A REACTIVE DYNAMIC CONTINUUM USER EQUILIBRIUM MODEL FOR BI-DIRECTIONAL PEDESTRIAN FLOWS

In this paper, a reactive dynamic user equilibrium model is extended to simulate two groups of pedestrians traveling on crossing paths in a continuous walking facility. Each group makes path choices to minimize the travel cost to its destination in a reactive manner based on instantaneous information. The model consists of a conservation law equation coupled with an Eikonal-type equation for each group. The velocity-density relationship of pedestrian movement is obtained via an experimental method. The model is solved using a finite volume method for the conservation law equation and a fast-marching method for the Eikonal-type equation on unstructured grids. The numerical results verify the rationality of the model and the validity of the numerical method. Based on this continuum model, a number of results, e.g., the formation of strips or moving clusters composed of pedestrians walking to the same destination, are also observed.

Accuracy and Repeatability of Computer Aided Cervical Vertebra Landmarking in Cephalogram

The accuracy and repeatability of computer aided cervical vertebra landmarking (CACVL) were investigated in cephalogram.120 adolescents (60 boys,60 girls) aged from 9.1 to 17.2 years old were randomly selected.Twenty-seven landmarks from the second to fifth cervical vertebrae on the lat-eral cephalogram were identified.In this study,the system of CACVL was developed and used to iden-tify and calculate the landmarks by fast marching method and parabolic curve fitting.The accuracy and repeatability in CACVL group were compared with those in two manual landmarking groups [orthodon-tic experts (OE) group and orthodontic novices (ON) group].The results showed that,as for the accu-racy,there was no significant difference between CACVL group and OE group no matter in x-axis or y-axis (P>0.05),but there was significant difference between CACVL group and ON group,as well as OE group and ON group in both axes (P<0.05).As for the repeatability,CACVL group was more reli-able than OE group and ON group in both axes.It is concluded that CACVL has the same or higher ac-curacy,better repeatability and less workload than manual landmarking methods.It’s reliable for cervi-cal parameters identification on the lateral cephalogram and cervical vertebral maturation prediction in orthodontic practice and research.

A sharp interface approach for cavitation modeling using volume-of-fluid and ghost-fluid methods

This paper describes a novel sharp interface approach for modeling the cavitation phenomena in incompressible viscous flows. A one-field formulation is adopted for the vapor-liquid two-phase flow and the interface is tracked using a volume of fluid（VOF） method. Phase change at the interface is modeled using a simplification of the Rayleigh-Plesset equation. Interface jump conditions in velocity and pressure field are treated using a level set based ghost fluid method. The level set function is constructed from the volume fraction function. A marching cubes method is used to compute the interface area at the interface grid cells. A parallel fast marching method is employed to propagate interface information into the field. A description of the equations and numerical methods is presented. Results for a cavitating hydrofoil are compared with experimental data.

Fast and accurate surface normal integration on non-rectangular domains

The integration of surface normals for the purpose of computing the shape of a surface in 3D space is a classic problem in computer vision. However,even nowadays it is still a challenging task to devise a method that is flexible enough to work on non-trivial computational domains with high accuracy, robustness,and computational efficiency. By uniting a classic approach for surface normal integration with modern computational techniques, we construct a solver that fulfils these requirements. Building upon the Poisson integration model, we use an iterative Krylov subspace solver as a core step in tackling the task. While such a method can be very efficient, it may only show its full potential when combined with suitable numerical preconditioning and problem-specific initialisation. We perform a thorough numerical study in order to identify an appropriate preconditioner for this purpose.To provide suitable initialisation, we compute this initial state using a recently developed fast marching integrator. Detailed numerical experiments illustrate the benefits of this novel combination. In addition, we show on real-world photometric stereo datasets that the developed numerical framework is flexible enough to tackle modern computer vision applications.

Efficient Dynamic Floor Field Methods for Microscopic Pedestrian Crowd Simulations

Floor field methods are one of the most popular medium-scale navigation concepts in microscopic pedestrian simulators.Recently introduced dynamic floor field methods have significantly increased the realism of such simulations,i.e.agreement of spatio-temporal patterns of pedestrian densities in simulations with real world observations.These methods update floor fields continuously taking other pedestrians into account.This implies that computational times are mainly determined by the calculation of floor fields.In this work,we propose a new computational approach for the construction of dynamic floor fields.The approach is based on the one hand on adaptive grid concepts and on the other hand on a directed calculation of floor fields,i.e.the calculation is restricted to the domain of interest.Combining both techniques the computational complexity can be reduced by a factor of 10 as demonstrated by several realistic scenarios.Thus on-line simulations,a requirement of many applications,are possible for moderate realistic scenarios.

A new numerical well testing approach: Application to characterization of complex fault structures

Fluid flow in hydrocarbon reservoirs and consequently optimum scenario for hydrocarbon production,is heavily influenced by reservoir heterogeneities.Faults are one of the most common types of heterogeneity found in reservoirs.Leaky faults,baffles(limited extent faults)and complex multiple fault geometries are among the most complicated and important types of faults that are difficult to characterize.Leaky faults,unlike the sealing faults,are in partial communication with other portions of the reservoir.Because of faults'effect on reservoir connectivity and possible infill drilling plan for accessing all parts of the reservoirs,possible communication across the fault must be precisely modeled.In order to detect the effect of a fault on communication within the reservoir,we need to analyze dynamic data.There are a few analytical methods for modelling partially communicating faults,however,these methods may not be accurate enough and may be limited in application,especially in complex situations.Numerical methods(i.e.finite difference or finite element)are also not computationally economical when a large number of grid blocks are simulated.In the current work,the Fast Marching Method(FMM)is applied to effectively mimic fluid flow in the heterogeneous areas,such as complex faults.It is shown that FMM can capture the effect of different fault configurations on the bottom hole pressure and is also able to capture different linear,radial and spherical flows.