Research on simultaneous localization and mapping for AUV by an improved method:Variance reduction FastSLAM with simulated annealing

At present,simultaneous localization and mapping(SLAM) for an autonomous underwater vehicle(AUV)is a research hotspot.Aiming at the problem of non-linear model and non-Gaussian noise in AUV motion,an improved method of variance reduction fast simultaneous localization and mapping(FastSLAM) with simulated annealing is proposed to solve the problems of particle degradation,particle depletion and particle loss in traditional FastSLAM,which lead to the reduction of AUV location estimation accuracy.The adaptive exponential fading factor is generated by the anneal function of simulated annealing algorithm to improve the effective particle number and replace resampling.By increasing the weight of small particles and decreasing the weight of large particles,the variance of particle weight can be reduced,the number of effective particles can be increased,and the accuracy of AUV location and feature location estimation can be improved to some extent by retaining more information carried by particles.The experimental results based on trial data show that the proposed simulated annealing variance reduction FastSLAM method avoids particle degradation,maintains the diversity of particles,weakened the degeneracy and improves the accuracy and stability of AUV navigation and localization system.

Robust Iterated Sigma Point FastSLAM Algorithm for Mobile Robot Simultaneous Localization and Mapping

Simultaneous localization and mapping （SLAM） is a key technology for mobile robots operating under unknown environment. While FastSLAM algorithm is a popular solution to the SLAM problem, it suffers from two major drawbacks： one is particle set degeneracy due to lack of observation information in proposal distribution design of the particle filter; the other is errors accumulation caused by linearization of the nonlinear robot motion model and the nonlinear environment observation model. For the purpose of overcoming the above problems, a new iterated sigma point FastSLAM （ISP-FastSLAM） algorithm is proposed. The main contribution of the algorithm lies in the utilization of iterated sigma point Kalman filter （ISPKF）, which minimizes statistical linearization error through Gaussian-Newton iteration, to design an optimal proposal distribution of the particle filter and to estimate the environment landmarks. On the basis of Rao-Blackwellized particle filter, the proposed ISP-FastSLAM algorithm is comprised by two main parts： in the first part, an iterated sigma point particle filter （ISPPF） to localize the robot is proposed, in which the proposal distribution is accurately estimated by the ISPKF; in the second part, a set of ISPKFs is used to estimate the environment landmarks. The simulation test of the proposed ISP-FastSLAM algorithm compared with FastSLAM2.0 algorithm and Unscented FastSLAM algorithm is carried out, and the performances of the three algorithms are compared. The simulation and comparing results show that the proposed ISP-FastSLAM outperforms other two algorithms both in accuracy and in robustness. The proposed algorithm provides reference for the optimization research of FastSLAM algorithm.

A novel method for mobile robot simultaneous localization and mapping

A novel mobile robot simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) method is implemented by using the Rao- Blackwellized particle filter (RBPF) for monocular vision-based autonomous robot in unknown indoor environment. The particle filter combined with unscented Kalman filter (UKF) for extending the path posterior by sampling new poses integrating the current observation. Landmark position estimation and update is implemented through UKF. Furthermore, the number of resampling steps is determined adaptively, which greatly reduces the particle depletion problem. Monocular CCD camera mounted on the robot tracks the 3D natural point landmarks structured with matching image feature pairs extracted through Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT). The matching for multi-dimension SIFT features which are highly distinctive due to a special descriptor is implemented with a KD-Tree. Experiments on the robot Pioneer3 showed that our method is very precise and stable.

Mobile Robot Hierarchical Simultaneous Localization and Mapping Using Monocular Vision

A hierarchical mobile robot simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) method that allows us to obtain accurate maps was presented. The local map level is composed of a set of local metric feature maps that are guaranteed to be statistically independent. The global level is a topological graph whose arcs are labeled with the relative location between local maps. An estimation of these relative locations is maintained with local map alignment algorithm, and more accurate estimation is calculated through a global minimization procedure using the loop closure constraint. The local map is built with Rao-Blackwellised particle filter (RBPF), where the particle filter is used to extending the path posterior by sampling new poses. The landmark position estimation and update is implemented through extended Kalman filter (EKF). Monocular vision mounted on the robot tracks the 3D natural point landmarks, which are structured with matching scale invariant feature transform (SIFT) feature pairs. The matching for multi-dimension SIFT features is implemented with a KD-tree in the time cost of O(lbN). Experiment results on Pioneer mobile robot in a real indoor environment show the superior performance of our proposed method.

Rapid State Augmentation for Compressed EKF-Based Simultaneous Localization and Mapping

A new method for speeding up the state augment operations involved in the compressed extended Kalman filter-based simultaneous localization and mapping （CEKF-SLAM） algorithm was proposed. State augment usually requires a fully-updated state eovariance so as to append the information of newly observed landmarks, thus computational volume increases quadratically with the number of landmarks in the whole map. It was proved that state augment can also be achieved by augmenting just one auxiliary coefficient ma- trix. This method can yield identical estimation results as those using EKF-SLAM algorithm, and computa- tional amount grows only linearly with number of increased landmarks in the local map. The efficiency of this quick state augment for CEKF-SLAM algorithm has been validated by a sophisticated simulation project.

Simultaneous Localization and Mapping System Based on Labels

In this paper a label-based simultaneous localization and mapping（ SLAM） system is proposed to provide localization to indoor autonomous robots. In the system quick response（ QR） codes encoded with serial numbers are utilized as labels. These labels are captured by two webcams,then the distances and angles between the labels and webcams are computed. Motion estimated from the two rear wheel encoders is adjusted by observing QR codes. Our system uses the extended Kalman filter（ EKF） for the back-end state estimation. The number of deployed labels controls the state estimation dimension. The label-based EKF-SLAM system eliminates complicated processes,such as data association and loop closure detection in traditional feature-based visual SLAM systems. Our experiments include software-simulation and robot-platform test in a real environment. Results demonstrate that the system has the capability of correcting accumulated errors of dead reckoning and therefore has the advantage of superior precision.

Underwater Simultaneous Localization and Mapping Based on Forward-looking Sonar

A method of underwater simultaneous localization and mapping （SLAM） based on forward-looking sonar was proposed in this paper. Positions of objects were obtained by the forward-looking sonar, and an improved association method based on an ant colony algorithm was introduced to estimate the positions. In order to improve the precision of the positions, the extended Kalman filter （EKF） was adopted. The presented algorithm was tested in a tank, and the maximum estimation error of SLAM gained was 0.25 m. The tests verify that this method can maintain better association efficiency and reduce navigatioJ~ error.

Review of Simultaneous Localization and Mapping Technology in the Agricultural Environment

Simultaneous localization and mapping(SLAM)is one of the most attractive research hotspots in the field of robotics,and it is also a prerequisite for the autonomous navigation of robots.It can significantly improve the autonomous navigation ability of mobile robots and their adaptability to different application environments and contribute to the realization of real-time obstacle avoidance and dynamic path planning.Moreover,the application of SLAM technology has expanded from industrial production,intelligent transportation,special operations and other fields to agricultural environments,such as autonomous navigation,independent weeding,three-dimen-sional(3D)mapping,and independent harvesting.This paper mainly introduces the principle,sys-tem framework,latest development and application of SLAM technology,especially in agricultural environments.Firstly,the system framework and theory of the SLAM algorithm are introduced,and the SLAM algorithm is described in detail according to different sensor types.Then,the devel-opment and application of SLAM in the agricultural environment are summarized from two aspects:environment map construction,and localization and navigation of agricultural robots.Finally,the challenges and future research directions of SLAM in the agricultural environment are discussed.

Localization and mapping in urban area based on 3D point cloud of autonomous vehicles

In order to meet the application requirements of autonomous vehicles, this paper proposes a simultaneous localization and mapping （SLAM） algorithm, which uses a VoxelGrid filter to down sample the point cloud data, with the combination of iterative closest points （ICP） algorithm and Gaussian model for particles updating, the matching between the local map and the global map to quantify particles＇ importance weight. The crude estimation by using ICP algorithm can find the high probability area of autonomous vehicles＇ poses, which would decrease particle numbers, increase algorithm speed and restrain particles＇ impoverishment. The calculation of particles＇ importance weight based on matching of attribute between grid maps is simple and practicable. Experiments carried out with the autonomous vehicle platform validate the effectiveness of our approaches.

Robust SLAM localization method based on improved variational Bayesian filtering

Aimed at the problem that the state estimation in the measurement update of the simultaneous localization and mapping(SLAM)method is incorrect or even not convergent because of the non-Gaussian measurement noise,outliers,or unknown and time-varying noise statistical characteristics,a robust SLAM method based on the improved variational Bayesian adaptive Kalman filtering(IVBAKF)is proposed.First,the measurement noise covariance is estimated using the variable Bayesian adaptive filtering algorithm.Then,the estimated covariance matrix is robustly processed through the weight function constructed in the form of a reweighted average.Finally,the system updates are iterated multiple times to further gradually correct the state estimation error.Furthermore,to observe features at different depths,a feature measurement model containing depth parameters is constructed.Experimental results show that when the measurement noise does not obey the Gaussian distribution and there are outliers in the measurement information,compared with the variational Bayesian adaptive SLAM method,the positioning accuracy of the proposed method is improved by 17.23%,20.46%,and 17.76%,which has better applicability and robustness to environmental disturbance.

Analyzing the Impact of Scene Transitions on Indoor Camera Localization through Scene Change Detection in Real-Time

Real-time indoor camera localization is a significant problem in indoor robot navigation and surveillance systems.The scene can change during the image sequence and plays a vital role in the localization performance of robotic applications in terms of accuracy and speed.This research proposed a real-time indoor camera localization system based on a recurrent neural network that detects scene change during the image sequence.An annotated image dataset trains the proposed system and predicts the camera pose in real-time.The system mainly improved the localization performance of indoor cameras by more accurately predicting the camera pose.It also recognizes the scene changes during the sequence and evaluates the effects of these changes.This system achieved high accuracy and real-time performance.The scene change detection process was performed using visual rhythm and the proposed recurrent deep architecture,which performed camera pose prediction and scene change impact evaluation.Overall,this study proposed a novel real-time localization system for indoor cameras that detects scene changes and shows how they affect localization performance.

一种基于遗传算法的FastSLAM 2．0算法

FastSLAM 2.0算法的重采样过程会带来"粒子耗尽"问题,为了改进算法的性能、提高估计精度,将FastSLAM 2.0算法与遗传算法相结合,提出了一种解决SLAM问题的方法——遗传快速SLAM算法.针对FastSLAM 2.0算法的特点,设计了一种改进的遗传算法来兼顾粒子权值和粒子集的多样性.遗传快速SLAM算法采用unscented粒子滤波器估计机器人的路径,地图估计则采用扩展卡尔曼滤波器.采用SLAM领域的标准数据集"car park dataset"对提出的算法进行了验证,实验结果表明遗传快速SLAM算法在估计精度和一致性方面都具有较好的性能,并且算法的计算复杂度能满足实时性要求.

基于自适应渐消EKF的FastSLAM算法

快速同时定位与建图(fast simultaneous localization and mapping,FastSLAM)算法的采样过程会带来粒子退化问题,为了改进算法的性能,提高估计精度,从研究粒子滤波的建议分布函数出发,提出基于自适应渐消扩展卡尔曼滤波(adaptive fading extended Kalman filter,AFEKF)的FastSLAM算法。该算法基于FastSLAM的基本框架,利用AFEKF产生一种参数可自适应调节的建议分布函数,使其更接近移动机器人的后验位姿概率分布,减缓粒子集的退化。因此在同等粒子数的情况下,该算法有效提高了SLAM精度,以此减少所使用的粒子数,降低算法的复杂度。基于模拟器和标准数据集的实验仿真结果验证了该算法的有效性。

一种基于SR-UKF的FastSLAM算法

标准FastSLAM算法存在着粒子集退化和线性化误差累积的缺陷。针对上述问题,提出了基于平方根无迹卡尔曼滤波(SR-UKF)的FastSLAM算法。SR-UKF选取一组能够代表状态向量统计特性的代表点带入非线性函数处理后重新构建出新的统计特性;使用SR-UFK取代EKF来估计每个粒子的后验位姿提议分布,可以提高粒子采样精度,减缓粒子集的退化;同时SR-UKF可以确保协方差矩阵的非负定,保证了SLAM算法的稳定性。仿真实验结果表明,基于SR-UKF的FastSLAM算法在估计精度和鲁棒性两方面均优于FastSLAM 2.0算法。

无人机Unscented FastSLAM算法研究

同时定位与作图(SLAM)成为使运动载体真正自主导航的必要前提,因此成为近来研究的热点问题。FastSLAM作为一种成功的SLAM研究方法吸引了许多学者的关注。FastSLAM把SLAM问题分解为一个定位问题和一个作图问题,地图由EKF滤波进行估计。提出了一种用于无人机(UAV)的改进的FastSLAM算法,使用UKF来代替EKF估计地标的位置,可以改善估计的精度,同时,避免线性化传感器的观测模型及计算雅可比矩阵。

基于改进的粒子群优化的FastSLAM方法

提出了一种基于改进的粒子群优化（IPSO）的快速同时定位和地图创建（FastSLAM）方法——IPSO FastSLAM算法。该算法在粒子预估过程中引入观测信息，调整了粒子的提议分布，增强了位置预测的准确性。改进的粒子群优化采用两步优化策略，即首先通过种群速度自适应调整惯性权重，有效地克服了粒子退化问题，改善了算法的实时性，然后针对粒子耗尽问题，在粒子群优化算法中引入遗传算法的变异运算对其进行改进，扩大解空间的范围，从而保持了种群的多样性。仿真和实时数据实验验证了该方法正确、可行。

一种利用模糊逻辑改进FastSLAM 2.0的方法

FastSLAM算法采用固定样本数目,当移动机器人状态不确定性很高时,算法效率较低,并且重采样步骤容易导致样本耗尽的问题,采用模糊逻辑来动态调整粒子数目,并采用自适应重采样只在需要时才采样。理论分析和仿真结果表明,改进后的算法具有更高的估计精度和更好的连贯性。

基于头脑风暴算法的FastSLAM 2.0算法

针对FastSLAM 2.0算法粒子权值退化与粒子多样性丧失导致机器人定位建图精度下降的问题,提出了基于头脑风暴算法改进FastSLAM 2.0算法。通过头脑风暴算法替换FastSLAM 2.0算法重采样过程,首先将重要性采样后的粒子权值作为头脑风暴算法中个体评判的适度值,根据适度值大小差异完成K-means聚类操作;其次对聚类后的集合进行变异操作,并取消头脑风暴算法中个体选择操作,从而实现改进头脑风暴算法替代FastSLAM 2.0算法重采样过程,缓解粒子的贫化现象,增加粒子多样性,最终实现对机器人定位建图精度的提升。在机器人定位建图实验中,对比经典FastSLAM 2.0算法和基于遗传算法改进FastSLAM 2.0算法,提出的算法定位精度最高,相较于经典FastSLAM 2.0算法,提出算法定位精度提升了63%,稳定性提升了55%。

基于ISSA-FastSLAM的移动机器人定位与建图

针对传统FastSLAM算法需要大量粒子提高SLAM精度以及多样性缺失的问题,提出了一种基于改进SSA(麻雀算法)优化的FastSLAM算法。首先,在预测粒子集时加入机器人最新时刻的观测信息并通过改进SSA计算粒子适应度值,为避免SSA陷进局部最优,将计算结果较差的粒子进行混沌初始化;其次,通过改进SSA分工协作、扩大搜索空间的特性更新预测粒子集,增加粒子多样性;最后,当最优个体更新位置时依据变异率进行变异操作,根据改进SSA获取的最优解调整粒子集的提议分布,使预测粒子集在权重计算前就更逼近机器人真实位置,以此提高估计精度。仿真实验结果表明,ISSA-FastSLAM算法较FastSLAM、SSA-FastSLAM算法相比,其位姿与路标估计精度更高且鲁棒性更佳。

基于深度学习的移动机器人语义SLAM方法研究

为了给移动机器人提供细节丰富的三维语义地图,支撑机器人的精准定位,本文提出一种结合RGB-D信息与深度学习结果的机器人语义同步定位与建图方法。改进了ORB-SLAM2算法的框架,提出一种可以构建稠密点云地图的视觉同步定位与建图系统;将深度学习的目标检测算法YOLO v5与视觉同步定位与建图系统融合,反映射为三维点云语义标签,结合点云分割完成数据关联和物体模型更新,并用八叉树的地图形式存储地图信息;基于移动机器人平台,在实验室环境下开展移动机器人三维语义同步定位与建图实验,实验结果验证了本文语义同步定位与建图算法的语义信息映射、点云分割与语义信息匹配以及三维语义地图构建的有效性。