Direct propylene epoxidation with H2 and O2,an attractive process to produce propylene oxide(PO),has a potential explosion danger due to the coexistence of flammable gases(i.e.,C3 H6 and H2)and oxidizer(i.e.,O2).The u...Direct propylene epoxidation with H2 and O2,an attractive process to produce propylene oxide(PO),has a potential explosion danger due to the coexistence of flammable gases(i.e.,C3 H6 and H2)and oxidizer(i.e.,O2).The unknown explosion limits of the multi-component feed gas mixture make it difficult to optimize the reaction process under safe operation conditions.In this work,a distribution method is proposed and verified to be effective by comparing estimated and experimental explosion limits of more than 200 kinds of flammable gas mixture.Then,it is employed to estimate the explosion limits of the feed gas mixture,some results of which are also validated by the classic Le Chatelier’s Rule and flammable resistance method.Based on the estimated explosion limits,process optimization is carried out using commercially high and inherently safe reactant concentrations to enhance reaction performance.The promising results are directly obtained through the interface called gOPT in gPROMS only by using a simple,easy-constructed and mature packed-bed reactor,such as the PO yield of 13.3%,PO selectivity of 85.1%and outlet PO fraction of 1.8%.These results can be rationalized by indepth analyses and discussion about the effects of the decision variables on the operation safety and reaction performance.The insights revealed here could shed new light on the process development of the PO production based on the estimation of the explosion limits of the multi-component feed gas mixture containing flammable gase s,inert gas and O2,followed by process optimization.展开更多
为提高母线保护的动作速度,根据行波传输理论,提出一种行波波形积分式快速母线保护方法。当母线故障时,在所有出线上检测到的初始行波均来自于线路的背后,是正向行波;而某条出线发生故障时,在所有非故障线路上检测到的初始行波是正向行...为提高母线保护的动作速度,根据行波传输理论,提出一种行波波形积分式快速母线保护方法。当母线故障时,在所有出线上检测到的初始行波均来自于线路的背后,是正向行波;而某条出线发生故障时,在所有非故障线路上检测到的初始行波是正向行波,而故障线路上检测到的初始行波是反向行波。在故障后特定时间内对各条出线上的方向行波进行积分运算,根据正反向行波积分值的比值大小识别故障方向。综合分析所有出线的故障方向,可识别母线是否发生故障。利用PSCAD/EMTDC构建了500 k V母线模型,仿真结果表明:所提方法鲁棒性强、动作快速、可靠性高,其性能基本不受故障电阻、故障初始角、开关操作等的影响,有望应用于实际的电力工程中。展开更多
蒸发气(Boil Off Gas,缩写为BOG)的处理是LNG接收站必须考虑的关键问题之一,关系着LNG接收站的能耗及安全、平稳运行。为此,介绍了LNG接收站BOG处理的4种工艺:①BOG直接压缩工艺;②BOG再冷凝液化工艺;③BOG间接热交换再液化工艺;④蓄冷...蒸发气(Boil Off Gas,缩写为BOG)的处理是LNG接收站必须考虑的关键问题之一,关系着LNG接收站的能耗及安全、平稳运行。为此,介绍了LNG接收站BOG处理的4种工艺:①BOG直接压缩工艺;②BOG再冷凝液化工艺;③BOG间接热交换再液化工艺;④蓄冷式BOG再液化工艺。运用HYSYS软件建立了采用不同BOG处理工艺的LNG接收站模型,对比了目前主要采用的BOG直接压缩工艺和再冷凝液化工艺在工艺流程及能耗方面的差异,并分析了外输量、外输压力及再冷凝器压力对BOG处理工艺节能效果的影响,在此基础上提出了BOG再冷凝液化工艺的改进措施——BOG进入再冷凝器前进行预冷,可比原工艺节约18.2%的能耗。同时还针对青岛LNG接收站提出了BOG再冷凝液化及直接压缩工艺混合使用的优化运行方案,可使进入再冷凝器的LNG流量保持恒定,没被冷凝的BOG经过高压压缩机提压到外输压力,与完成气化的LNG混合后外输,可避免BOG进入火炬系统而造成的能源浪费,同时减小再冷凝器入口流量的波动,使装置运行更稳定、更经济。展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(91434117,21776077)the Shanghai Rising-Star Program(17QA1401200)+1 种基金the Program for Professor of Special Appointment(Eastern Scholar)at Shanghai Institutions of Higher Learningthe Open Project of State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering(SKL-Che-15C03).
文摘Direct propylene epoxidation with H2 and O2,an attractive process to produce propylene oxide(PO),has a potential explosion danger due to the coexistence of flammable gases(i.e.,C3 H6 and H2)and oxidizer(i.e.,O2).The unknown explosion limits of the multi-component feed gas mixture make it difficult to optimize the reaction process under safe operation conditions.In this work,a distribution method is proposed and verified to be effective by comparing estimated and experimental explosion limits of more than 200 kinds of flammable gas mixture.Then,it is employed to estimate the explosion limits of the feed gas mixture,some results of which are also validated by the classic Le Chatelier’s Rule and flammable resistance method.Based on the estimated explosion limits,process optimization is carried out using commercially high and inherently safe reactant concentrations to enhance reaction performance.The promising results are directly obtained through the interface called gOPT in gPROMS only by using a simple,easy-constructed and mature packed-bed reactor,such as the PO yield of 13.3%,PO selectivity of 85.1%and outlet PO fraction of 1.8%.These results can be rationalized by indepth analyses and discussion about the effects of the decision variables on the operation safety and reaction performance.The insights revealed here could shed new light on the process development of the PO production based on the estimation of the explosion limits of the multi-component feed gas mixture containing flammable gase s,inert gas and O2,followed by process optimization.
文摘为提高母线保护的动作速度,根据行波传输理论,提出一种行波波形积分式快速母线保护方法。当母线故障时,在所有出线上检测到的初始行波均来自于线路的背后,是正向行波;而某条出线发生故障时,在所有非故障线路上检测到的初始行波是正向行波,而故障线路上检测到的初始行波是反向行波。在故障后特定时间内对各条出线上的方向行波进行积分运算,根据正反向行波积分值的比值大小识别故障方向。综合分析所有出线的故障方向,可识别母线是否发生故障。利用PSCAD/EMTDC构建了500 k V母线模型,仿真结果表明:所提方法鲁棒性强、动作快速、可靠性高,其性能基本不受故障电阻、故障初始角、开关操作等的影响,有望应用于实际的电力工程中。
文摘蒸发气(Boil Off Gas,缩写为BOG)的处理是LNG接收站必须考虑的关键问题之一,关系着LNG接收站的能耗及安全、平稳运行。为此,介绍了LNG接收站BOG处理的4种工艺:①BOG直接压缩工艺;②BOG再冷凝液化工艺;③BOG间接热交换再液化工艺;④蓄冷式BOG再液化工艺。运用HYSYS软件建立了采用不同BOG处理工艺的LNG接收站模型,对比了目前主要采用的BOG直接压缩工艺和再冷凝液化工艺在工艺流程及能耗方面的差异,并分析了外输量、外输压力及再冷凝器压力对BOG处理工艺节能效果的影响,在此基础上提出了BOG再冷凝液化工艺的改进措施——BOG进入再冷凝器前进行预冷,可比原工艺节约18.2%的能耗。同时还针对青岛LNG接收站提出了BOG再冷凝液化及直接压缩工艺混合使用的优化运行方案,可使进入再冷凝器的LNG流量保持恒定,没被冷凝的BOG经过高压压缩机提压到外输压力,与完成气化的LNG混合后外输,可避免BOG进入火炬系统而造成的能源浪费,同时减小再冷凝器入口流量的波动,使装置运行更稳定、更经济。
