Ozone Depletion Identification in Stratosphere Through Faster Region-Based Convolutional Neural Network

The concept of classification through deep learning is to build a model that skillfully separates closely-related images dataset into different classes because of diminutive but continuous variations that took place in physical systems over time and effect substantially.This study has made ozone depletion identification through classification using Faster Region-Based Convolutional Neural Network(F-RCNN).The main advantage of F-RCNN is to accumulate the bounding boxes on images to differentiate the depleted and non-depleted regions.Furthermore,image classification’s primary goal is to accurately predict each minutely varied case’s targeted classes in the dataset based on ozone saturation.The permanent changes in climate are of serious concern.The leading causes beyond these destructive variations are ozone layer depletion,greenhouse gas release,deforestation,pollution,water resources contamination,and UV radiation.This research focuses on the prediction by identifying the ozone layer depletion because it causes many health issues,e.g.,skin cancer,damage to marine life,crops damage,and impacts on living being’s immune systems.We have tried to classify the ozone images dataset into two major classes,depleted and non-depleted regions,to extract the required persuading features through F-RCNN.Furthermore,CNN has been used for feature extraction in the existing literature,and those extricated diverse RoIs are passed on to the CNN for grouping purposes.It is difficult to manage and differentiate those RoIs after grouping that negatively affects the gathered results.The classification outcomes through F-RCNN approach are proficient and demonstrate that general accuracy lies between 91%to 93%in identifying climate variation through ozone concentration classification,whether the region in the image under consideration is depleted or non-depleted.Our proposed model presented 93%accuracy,and it outperforms the prevailing techniques.

Hybrid Convolutional Neural Network for Plant Diseases Prediction

Plant diseases prediction is the essential technique to prevent the yield loss and gain high production of agricultural products.The monitoring of plant health continuously and detecting the diseases is a significant for sustainable agri-culture.Manual system to monitor the diseases in plant is time consuming and report a lot of errors.There is high demand for technology to detect the plant dis-eases automatically.Recently image processing approach and deep learning approach are highly invited in detection of plant diseases.The diseases like late blight,bacterial spots,spots on Septoria leaf and yellow leaf curved are widely found in plants.These are the main reasons to affects the plants life and yield.To identify the diseases earliest,our research presents the hybrid method by com-bining the region based convolutional neural network(RCNN)and region based fully convolutional networks(RFCN)for classifying the diseases.First the leaf images of plants are collected and preprocessed to remove noisy data in image.Further data normalization,augmentation and removal of background noises are done.The images are divided as testing and training,training images are fed as input to deep learning architecture.First,we identify the region of interest(RoI)by using selective search.In every region,feature of convolutional neural network(CNN)is extracted independently for further classification.The plants such as tomato,potato and bell pepper are taken for this experiment.The plant input image is analyzed and classify as healthy plant or unhealthy plant.If the image is detected as unhealthy,then type of diseases the plant is affected will be displayed.Our proposed technique achieves 98.5%of accuracy in predicting the plant diseases.

Grid Side Distributed Energy Storage Cloud Group End Region Hierarchical Time-Sharing Configuration Algorithm Based onMulti-Scale and Multi Feature Convolution Neural Network

There is instability in the distributed energy storage cloud group end region on the power grid side.In order to avoid large-scale fluctuating charging and discharging in the power grid environment and make the capacitor components showa continuous and stable charging and discharging state,a hierarchical time-sharing configuration algorithm of distributed energy storage cloud group end region on the power grid side based on multi-scale and multi feature convolution neural network is proposed.Firstly,a voltage stability analysis model based onmulti-scale and multi feature convolution neural network is constructed,and the multi-scale and multi feature convolution neural network is optimized based on Self-OrganizingMaps(SOM)algorithm to analyze the voltage stability of the cloud group end region of distributed energy storage on the grid side under the framework of credibility.According to the optimal scheduling objectives and network size,the distributed robust optimal configuration control model is solved under the framework of coordinated optimal scheduling at multiple time scales;Finally,the time series characteristics of regional power grid load and distributed generation are analyzed.According to the regional hierarchical time-sharing configuration model of“cloud”,“group”and“end”layer,the grid side distributed energy storage cloud group end regional hierarchical time-sharing configuration algorithm is realized.The experimental results show that after applying this algorithm,the best grid side distributed energy storage configuration scheme can be determined,and the stability of grid side distributed energy storage cloud group end region layered timesharing configuration can be improved.

多尺度特征和极化自注意力的Faster-RCNN水漂垃圾识别

针对小目标水漂垃圾形态多变、分辨率低且信息有限,导致检测效果不理想的问题,提出一种改进的Faster-RCNN(Faster Regions with Convolutional Neural Network)水漂垃圾检测算法MP-Faster-RCNN(Faster-RCNN with Multi-scale feature and Polarized self-attention)。首先,建立黄河兰州段小目标水漂垃圾数据集,将空洞卷积结合ResNet-50代替原来的VGG-16(Visual Geometry Group 16)作为主干特征提取网络,扩大感受野以提取更多小目标特征;其次,在区域生成网络(RPN)利用多尺度特征,设置3×3和1×1的两层卷积,补偿单一滑动窗口造成的特征丢失;最后,在RPN前加入极化自注意力,进一步利用多尺度和通道特征提取更细粒度的多尺度空间信息和通道间依赖关系,生成具有全局特征的特征图,实现更精确的目标框定位。实验结果表明,MP-Faster-RCNN能有效提高水漂垃圾检测精度,与原始Faster-RCNN相比,平均精度均值(mAP)提高了6.37个百分点,模型大小从521 MB降到了108 MB,且在同一训练批次下收敛更快。

基于改进Faster R-CNN与U-Net算法的桥梁病害识别与量化方法

为实现桥梁病害检测的自动化,对基于图像处理技术的混凝土桥梁表观病害的智能识别和尺寸确定方法展开研究.提出基于改进Faster R-CNN算法的病害识别方法,利用K均值聚类和遗传算法对区域候选网络锚框进行优化设计;以裂缝预测区域为基础,提出ResNet34结合U-Net的裂缝形态提取方法,并结合裂缝形态学研究了裂缝像素宽度和长度的确定方法.结果表明:锚框优化设计可改进Faster R-CNN算法的表观病害识别效果,5类常见病害的预测准确率、召回率、平均精确率分别由68.40%、69.87%、74.64%提升到85.40%、83.59%、83.72%;利用病害预测框,结合改进U-Net算法的裂缝像素尺寸计算,可实现裂缝病害尺寸的自动测量;基于改进Faster R-CNN和改进U-Net的方法可实现混凝土桥梁常见病害的智能识别和尺寸量化,从而提高桥梁病害检测效率并促进桥梁技术状况评定的智能化.

基于改进Faster R-CNN的变电站设备外部缺陷检测

针对变电站设备外部缺陷目标检测任务中目标形状多样,周围环境复杂,当前代表性算法识别准确度低,错检漏检严重的问题,对比了众多目标检测算法在变电站设备缺陷数据集上的检测结果,检测精度较高的是添加了特征融合金字塔结构的Faster R-CNN(faster region-based convolutional network)算法,但其对小目标物体和设备渗漏油的检测精度仍有提升空间,为此设计一种基于Faster R-CNN的改进算法。改进算法通过对输入图像进行数据增强,在网络中添加SPP(spatial pyramid pooling)结构以及改进特征融合方式,对分类以及边界框回归损失函数进行改进的方式来提高缺陷的检测精度。与原Faster R-CNN算法进行对比,改进算法在变电站设备缺陷目标检测数据集的检测结果中AP(average precision)(0.5∶0.95)提高了2.7个百分点,AP(0.5)提高了4.3个百分点,对小目标物体的检测精度也提高了1.8个百分点,试验结果验证了该方法的有效性。

基于Faster-RCNN改进的目标检测算法

以Faster-RCNN目标检测算法为基础,用(1×3+3×1+3×3)非对称卷积块替代Faster-RCNN网络模型的3×3卷积核,提出一种基于Faster-RCNN的改进目标检测算法。首先,将残差网络ResNet作为算法骨干,用于提取图像的特征图(Feature map),将Feature map先通过(1×3+3×1+3×3)的卷积核块之后经过两个1×1的卷积核。其次,利用区域建议网络(Regional proposal network,RPN)获得共享特征层的建议框,把建议框映射到卷积的最后一层Feature map上,通过感兴趣区域池化层(Region of interest,RoI)将不同尺寸的锚框进行归一化。最后,利用探测分类概率(Softmax loss)和探测边框回归(Smooth L1 loss)进行训练。本文使用的是PASCAL_VOC数据集,平均查确率(Mean average precision,mAP)结果表明,相比于原始Faster-RCNN算法,mAP值提高了0.38%,相比于RetinaNet算法,mAP值提高了2.68%,相比于YOLOv4算法,mAP值提高了3.41%。

基于Faster-RCNN的探地雷达公路病害图像检测

路面病害检测一直是保障公路施工质量的一大挑战。探地雷达(GPR)作为一种无损检测(NDT)工具,现已被广泛应用于沥青路面的施工监测和评估,但传统的探地雷达图像依靠人工检测,效率较低。深度学习检测算法已证明其能以接近实时的速度从图像和视频中识别各种物体,而目前自动探地雷达图像检测的研究应用很少。为了解决人工识别病害图像的缺陷,提出一种基于Faster-RCNN的GPR病害图像检测模型。样本选取自中柬共建“一带一路”项目金港高速公路上的一个试验路段,利用安装在无人机上的探地雷达检测路面状况。模型利用实地采集的雷达图像进行训练和测试,并采用准确率、召回率和综合平均精度(mAP)评价分类和检测结果。测试结果表明,标记各类病害图像识别的准确率和召回率均>91%,mAP为94.1%。Faster-RCNN模型能准确和定量地识别出探地雷达检测中的裂缝、空洞和松散图像,满足高速公路施工质量检测需要。

Diagnosis of primary clear cell carcinoma of the liver based on Faster region-based convolutional neural network

Background:Distinguishing between primary clear cell carcinoma of the liver(PCCCL)and common hepatocellular carcinoma(CHCC)through traditional inspection methods before the operation is difficult.This study aimed to establish a Faster region-based convolutional neural network(RCNN)model for the accurate differential diagnosis of PCCCL and CHCC.Methods:In this study,we collected the data of 62 patients with PCCCL and 1079 patients with CHCC in Beijing YouAn Hospital from June 2012 to May 2020.A total of 109 patients with CHCC and 42 patients with PCCCL were randomly divided into the training validation set and the test set in a ratio of 4:1.The Faster RCNN was used for deep learning of patients’data in the training validation set,and established a convolutional neural network model to distinguish PCCCL and CHCC.The accuracy,average precision,and the recall of the model for diagnosing PCCCL and CHCC were used to evaluate the detection performance of the Faster RCNN algorithm.Results:A total of 4392 images of 121 patients(1032 images of 33 patients with PCCCL and 3360 images of 88 patients with CHCC)were uesd in test set for deep learning and establishing the model,and 1072 images of 30 patients(320 images of nine patients with PCCCL and 752 images of 21 patients with CHCC)were used to test the model.The accuracy of the model for accurately diagnosing PCCCL and CHCC was 0.962(95%confidence interval[CI]:0.931-0.992).The average precision of the model for diagnosing PCCCL was 0.908(95%CI:0.823-0.993)and that for diagnosing CHCC was 0.907(95%CI:0.823-0.993).The recall of the model for diagnosing PCCCL was 0.951(95%CI:0.916-0.985)and that for diagnosing CHCC was 0.960(95%CI:0.854-0.962).The time to make a diagnosis using the model took an average of 4 s for each patient.Conclusion:The Faster RCNN model can accurately distinguish PCCCL and CHCC.This model could be important for clinicians to make appropriate treatment plans for patients with PCCCL or CHCC.

基于Transformer改进的Faster RCNN在复杂环境下的车辆检测

在监控视角中目标车辆较小、遮挡较为严重,导致检测精度低。通过探讨卷积神经网络和Transformer模型的互相借鉴和联系,并结合损失函数等常规改进,提出了新的Faster RCNN模型。通过借鉴Transformer模型的思想,对原有的特征提取网络进行了改进,将原block比例3∶4∶6∶3改为3∶3∶27∶3、卷积核由3×3改为7×7,增大其感受野,能够更好捕捉图像中的全局特征,使用DW卷积来减少参数量并略微提高性能,使用Channel shuffle解决通道间信息不交流的问题。将原先交并比IoU改为CIoU,与改进后的特征提取网络结合,进一步提高小目标和遮挡目标的检测效果。在UA-DETRAC数据集上,改进后的模型在mAP@0.5:0.95方面比原算法提高了20.20%,并在大、中、小目标下分别提高了15.8%、23%和45.8%,相较于其他模型,如YO⁃LOv7、YOLOv5和Cascade RCNN,mAP@0.5:0.95分别提高了3.3%、5%和6.69%。

基于Faster-RCNN算法的无人机高速铁路接触网开口销缺陷检测方法的研究

当前高速铁路接触网参数检测中,存在开口销体积小、分布分散、故障缺陷识别困难,过度依赖综合检测车等问题。本文提出一种采用无人机航拍,结合图像分割与识别技术的基于更快的区域卷积神经网络(Faster R-CNN)算法实现图像处理和优化,进而对开口销缺陷进行检测识别的方法,有效地提升开口销缺陷识别准确率和有效性。测试结果表明,采用基于Faster R-CNN算法的无人机高速铁路接触网开口销缺陷检测方法的开口销图像缺陷识别准确率可达到98%以上,平均精度约90%,接受者操作特征曲线下的面积(area under curve,AUC)大于0.98。该算法通过软件开发工具包(software development kit,SDK)嵌入到无人机,实现接触网开口销自动巡检、智能识别,为现场作业提供智能化检测设备,提升接触网的智能化检测手段,保障高速铁路安全运行。

基于改进Faster-RCNN的生活垃圾分类研究

随着人口的增长,生活垃圾分类问题日益突出。文章提出了一种基于改进快速的区域卷积神经网络(Faster-Region Convolutional Neural Network,Faster-RCNN)的生活垃圾分类方法,将特征提取网络改为ResNet50网络,并在区域推荐网络(Region Proposal Network,RPN)中使用K-means聚类算法。结果表明,基于改进Faster-RCNN的网络模型的准确率达到94.5%,具有较高的准确率和较快的分类速度,可为解决生活垃圾分类提供一种有效的技术手段。

基于改进的Faster RCNN的仪表自动识别方法

在环境复杂的工业场景中,仪表盘存在类别多、相似性高等问题,导致检测的识别效果较差、准确率不高。针对这一问题,提出了一种基于改进的更快速的区域卷积神经网络(Faster RCNN)的仪表自动识别方法。首先,采用残差网络(Resnet)101代替视觉几何群网络(VGG)16,进行了网络结构简化;然后,引入了特征金字塔网络(FPN),并将其改进为递归特征金字塔网络后进行了迭代融合,输出了特征图;接着,引入了注意力机制模块,根据特征的重要程度,完成了对输出通道权值的重新分配,增强了Faster RCNN对目标的运算能力;提出了改进非极大值抑制算法(Softer-NMS),通过降低置信度来确定准确的目标候选框;最后,采用Mosaic数据增强技术对可视对象类(VOC)2007数据集进行了扩充,对改进后的Faster RCNN模型进行了仪表自动识别的实验。研究结果表明:在相同工业环境下,与传统的Faster RCNN算法模型相比,改进后的Faster RCNN模型准确率为93.5%,较原模型提高了3.8%,mAP值为92.6%,较原模型提高了3.7%,可见该方法在实际生产中具有较强的鲁棒性与泛化能力,可满足工业上对智能检测的要求。

Facial Expression Recognition Using Enhanced Convolution Neural Network with Attention Mechanism

Facial Expression Recognition(FER)has been an interesting area of research in places where there is human-computer interaction.Human psychol-ogy,emotions and behaviors can be analyzed in FER.Classifiers used in FER have been perfect on normal faces but have been found to be constrained in occluded faces.Recently,Deep Learning Techniques(DLT)have gained popular-ity in applications of real-world problems including recognition of human emo-tions.The human face reflects emotional states and human intentions.An expression is the most natural and powerful way of communicating non-verbally.Systems which form communications between the two are termed Human Machine Interaction(HMI)systems.FER can improve HMI systems as human expressions convey useful information to an observer.This paper proposes a FER scheme called EECNN(Enhanced Convolution Neural Network with Atten-tion mechanism)to recognize seven types of human emotions with satisfying results in its experiments.Proposed EECNN achieved 89.8%accuracy in classi-fying the images.

Faster-RCNN的车型识别分析

车型识别是目标检测领域在智能交通的重要应用,也是近年来国内外学者的研究热点之一。针对已有车辆检测方法缺乏识别车型能力的问题,提出了基于Faster-RCNN目标检测模型与ZF、VGG-16以及ResNet-101 3种卷积神经网络分别结合的策略,实验对比了该策略中的3种结合模型方案在BIT-Vehicle和CompCars2种大型车型数据库的车型识别能力。在BIT-Vehicle数据集上,基于Faster-RCNN与ResNet-101结合模型方案的车型识别率高与其余2种结合模型方案,其车型识别率高达91.3%;在迁移测试CompCars数据集上,3种结合模型方案均展现了很好的泛化能力。

改进Faster-RCNN自然环境下识别刺梨果实

为了实现自然环境下刺梨果实的快速准确识别,根据刺梨果实的特点,该文提出了一种基于改进的FasterRCNN刺梨果实识别方法。该文卷积神经网络采用双线性插值方法,选用FasterRCNN的交替优化训练方式(alternating optimization),将卷积神经网络中的感兴趣区域池化(ROI pooling)改进为感兴趣区域校准(ROIalign)的区域特征聚集方式,使得检测结果中的目标矩形框更加精确。通过比较FasterRCNN框架下的VGG16、VGG_CNN_M1024以及ZF3种网络模型训练的精度-召回率,最终选择VGG16网络模型,该网络模型对11类刺梨果实的识别精度分别为94.00%、90.85%、83.74%、98.55%、96.42%、98.43%、89.18%、90.61%、100.00%、88.47%和90.91%,平均识别精度为92.01%。通过对300幅自然环境下随机拍摄的未参与识别模型训练的刺梨果实图像进行检测,并选择以召回率、准确率以及F1值作为识别模型性能评价的3个指标。检测结果表明:改进算法训练出来的识别模型对刺梨果实的11种形态的召回率最低为81.40%,最高达96.93%;准确率最低为85.63%,最高达95.53%;F1值最低为87.50%,最高达94.99%。检测的平均速度能够达到0.2s/幅。该文算法对自然条件下刺梨果实的识别具有较高的正确率和实时性。

基于Faster-RCNN的肺结节检测算法

针对目前的肺结节检测中存在的个体差异、同病异影、同影异病的问题,提出一种大样本条件下的基于Faster-RCNN的肺结节检测算法,对比研究目前的深度学习模型的适应性,给出一种通用的随着样本数量增加肺结节检测率持续提升的策略。首先搭建深度学习的软硬件环境,设置影像数据接口与Faster-RCNN的网络接口匹配;然后搭建Faster-RCNN的单类分类网络,并对网络结构的参数进行调整优化;最后用包含2000例病人的肺结节数据集,通过不同的卷积神经网络模型(包括ZF和VGG),计算CT图像在各自模型中的特征。对测试结果进行分析评估,分别统计其漏检率、检测准确率,并探讨不同训练数量和数据增广类型对最终检测准确率的影响。最终ZF模型的检测准确率为90.82%,准确率的波动方差为13.30%;VGG模型的检测准确率为87.02%,准确率的波动方差为37.10%。ZF模型的波动方差小,检测精确度高,综合考虑,ZF模型对肺结节的检测效果优于VGG模型的检出效果。所提出的肺结节检测技术具有良好的理论价值和工程应用价值。

基于改进Faster-RCNN的绝缘子检测算法

为了提高高压输电线路巡检效率,提出改进Faster-RCNN的绝缘子检测算法。首先,在特征提取网络中添加具有注意力机制动态选择机制网络(SKNet),从而使网络着重学习与绝缘子特征相关通道;其次,借助滤波器响应归一化(FRN)层替代原批归一化(BN)层,以避免模型陷入梯度饱和区域;最后,使用距离交并比(DIoU)代替原交并比(IoU)方法,以精确表达特征候选区域框位置。对开源航拍绝缘子数据集进行平移、旋转、Cutout和CutMix等操作来进行增强,将数据集扩充到3000张并从中随机选择2500张作为训练集,其余500张作为测试集。相较于原Faster-RCNN算法,所提算法平均准确率提高了3.46个百分点,平均召回率提高了2.76个百分点。实验结果表明:所提算法具有较高检测精度和稳定性,可满足电力巡线绝缘子检测应用场景需求。

融合引导锚框算法的Faster-RCNN缺陷检测

针对传统零件表面缺陷检测方法准确性差效率低,无法满足智能制造需求的问题,提出基于Faster-RCNN深度学习算法的缺陷检测方法。在Faster-RCNN基本算法的基础上,引入引导锚框算法生成anchor方案,解决算法中anchor方案对本次检测的缺陷目标缺乏针对性、产生大量的冗余区域建议窗口的问题,以提高检测的准确性和效率;通过对比非极大值抑制中不同的IOU阈值对检测结果的影响,确定最优的IOU阈值,并设计零件缺陷样本采集方案,建立三种零件缺陷数据集,在此基础上对方法的有效性进行试验验证。实验结果表明,该方法能够大幅度提高零件表面缺陷检测的准确性和效率,各缺陷检测结果的平均精度可达97.7%以上,平均检测速度达到4.3 fps,满足了智能制造的急迫需求。

Leguminous seeds detection based on convolutional neural networks:Comparison of Faster R-CNN and YOLOv4 on a small custom dataset

This paper help with leguminous seeds detection and smart farming. There are hundreds of kinds of seeds and itcan be very difficult to distinguish between them. Botanists and those who study plants, however, can identifythe type of seed at a glance. As far as we know, this is the first work to consider leguminous seeds images withdifferent backgrounds and different sizes and crowding. Machine learning is used to automatically classify andlocate 11 different seed types. We chose Leguminous seeds from 11 types to be the objects of this study. Thosetypes are of different colors, sizes, and shapes to add variety and complexity to our research. The images datasetof the leguminous seeds was manually collected, annotated, and then split randomly into three sub-datasetstrain, validation, and test (predictions), with a ratio of 80%, 10%, and 10% respectively. The images consideredthe variability between different leguminous seed types. The images were captured on five different backgrounds: white A4 paper, black pad, dark blue pad, dark green pad, and green pad. Different heights and shootingangles were considered. The crowdedness of the seeds also varied randomly between 1 and 50 seeds per image.Different combinations and arrangements between the 11 types were considered. Two different image-capturingdevices were used: a SAMSUNG smartphone camera and a Canon digital camera. A total of 828 images wereobtained, including 9801 seed objects (labels). The dataset contained images of different backgrounds, heights,angles, crowdedness, arrangements, and combinations. The TensorFlow framework was used to construct theFaster Region-based Convolutional Neural Network (R-CNN) model and CSPDarknet53 is used as the backbonefor YOLOv4 based on DenseNet designed to connect layers in convolutional neural. Using the transfer learningmethod, we optimized the seed detection models. The currently dominant object detection methods, Faster RCNN, and YOLOv4 performances were compared experimentally. The mAP (mean average precision) of the FasterR-CNN and YOLOv4 models were 84.56% and 98.52% respectively. YOLOv4 had a significant advantage in detection speed over Faster R-CNN which makes it suitable for real-time identification as well where high accuracy andlow false positives are needed. The results showed that YOLOv4 had better accuracy, and detection ability, as wellas faster detection speed beating Faster R-CNN by a large margin. The model can be effectively applied under avariety of backgrounds, image sizes, seed sizes, shooting angles, and shooting heights, as well as different levelsof seed crowding. It constitutes an effective and efficient method for detecting different leguminous seeds incomplex scenarios. This study provides a reference for further seed testing and enumeration applications.