Relationship between the level of fasting plasma glucose and beta cell functions in Chinese with or without diabetes

Background Type 2 diabetes is a chronic disease characterized by a progressive loss of beta cell functions. However, the evaluation of beta cell functions is either expensive or inconvenient for clinical practice. We aimed to elucidate the association between the changes of insulin responsiveness and the fasting plasma glucose （FPG） during the development of diabetes. Methods A total of 1192 Chinese individuals with normal blood glucose or hyperglycemia were enrolled for the analysis. The early insulinogenic index （△I30/△G30）, the area under the curve of insulin （AUC-Ⅰ）, and homeostasis model assessment were applied to evaluate the early phase secretion, total insulin secretion, and insulin resistance respectively. Polynomial regression analysis was performed to estimate the fluctuation of beta cell functions. Results The △I30/△G30 decreased much more rapidly than the AUC-Ⅰ accompanying with the elevation of FPG. At the FPG of 110 mg/dl （a pre-diabetic stage）, the AI30/AG30 lost 50% of its maximum while the AUC-Ⅰ was still at a compensated normal level. The AUC-Ⅰ exhibited abnormal and decreased gradually at the FPG of from 130 mg/dl to higher （overt diabetes）, while the △I30/△G30 almost remained at 25% of its maximum value. When hyperglycemia continuously existed at 〉 180 mg/dl, both the AI30/AG30 and AUC-Ⅰ were totally lost. Conclusion The increased fasting plasma glucose reflects progressive decompensation of beta cell functions, and could be used to guide the strategy of clinical treatments.

Performance of Fasting Plasma Glucose and Postprandial Urine Glucose in Screening for Diabetes in Chinese High-risk Population

Background： The conventional approaches to diabetes screening are potentially limited by poor compliance and laboratory demand. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of fasting plasma glucose （FPG） and postprandial urine glucose （PUG） in screening for diabetes in Chinese high-risk population. Methods： Nine hundred and nine subjects with high-risk factors of diabetes underwent oral glucose tolerance test after an overnight fast. FPG, hemoglobin A 1 c, 2-h plasma glucose （2 h-PG）, and 2 h-PUG were evaluated. Diabetes and prediabetes were defined by the American Diabetes Association criteria. The area under the receiver operating characteristic （ROC） curve was used to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of 2 h-PUG, and the optimal cut-off determined to provide the largest Youden index. Spearman correlation was used for relationship analysis. Results： Among 909 subjects, 33.4% （304/909） of subjects had prediabetes, and 17.2% （156/909） had diabetes. The 2 h-PUG was positively related to FPG and 2 h-PG （r = 0.428 and 0.551, respectively, both P 〈 0.001）. For estimation of 2 h-PG 〉 7.8 mmol/L and 2 h-PG ≥ 11.I mmol/L using 2 h-PUG, the area under the ROC curve were 0.772 （95% confidence interval [CI]： 0.738-0.806） and 0.885 （95% CI：0.850-0.921 ）, respectively. The corresponding optimal cut-offs for 2 h-PUG were 5.6 mmol/L and 7.5 retool/L, respectively. Compared with FPG alone, FPG combined with 2 h-PUG had a higher sensitivity fbr detecting glucose abnormalities （84.1% vs. 73.7%, P〈 0.001） and diabetes （82.7% vs. 48.1%, P〈 0.001）. Conclusion： FPG combined with 2 h-PUG substantially improves the sensitivity in detecting prediabetes and diabetes relative to FPG alone, and may represent an efficient layperson-oriented diabetes screening method.

A cohort study on the association between fasting plasma glucose level over 5. 3 mmol / L and risks of abnormal glucose metabolism and cardiovascular diseases in the elderly

Objective To evaluate the association of fasting plasma glucose(FPG)level over 5.3 mmol/L with the development of abnormal glucose metabolism and cardiovascular disease(CVD).Methods This was a retrospec-tive cohort study with 1 064 non-diabetic subjects(980males;84 females)aged 60 or over,who carried out annual health check-up in Chinese PLA General

Gender differences in the relationship between plasma lipids and fasting plasma glucose in non-diabetic urban Chinese popula- tion： a cross-section study

The association between dyslipidemia and elevated fasting glucose in type 2 diabetes is well known. In non-diabetes, whether this association still exists, and whether dyslipidemia is an independent risk factor for high fasting plasma glucose （FPG） levels are not clear. This cross-sectional study recruited 3460 non-diabetic Chinese subjects （1027 men, and 2433 women, aged 35-75 years old） who participated in a health survey. Men and women were classified into tertiles by levels of plasma lipids respectively. In women, the prevalence of impaired fasting glucose （IFG） was decreased with increased HDL-C. A stepwise increase in HDL-C was associated with decreasing FPG levels （lowest tertiles, FPG： 5.376 ± 0.018; middle tertiles, 5.324± 0.018; highest tertiles, 5.276±0.018mmol/L; P = 0.001）. Reversely, FPG levels increased from lowest tertiles to highest tertiles of LDL-C, TC, and TG. we found that women in the first tertile with lower HDL-C level had a 1.75-fold increase in risk of IFG compared with non-diabetic women in the third tertile with higher HDL-C level （OR： 1.75; 95% CI： 1.20-2.56）. In men, no significant association was found. We took age, BMI, waist/hip ratio, education, smoking, alcohol drinking, and physical exercise as adjusted variables. In Chinese non-diabetic women, dyslipidemia is independently associated with high levels of FPG; TG, HDL-C, and LDL-C are predictors of IFG independent of BMI and waist/hip ratio.

Toroidal Multipolar Expansion for Fast L-Mode Plasma Boundary Reconstruction in EAST

A new method for plasma boundary reconstruction, based on the toroidal multipolar expansion （TME） scheme, is applied successfully in EAST. TME applies a limited number of toroidal multipolar moments based on toroidal coordinates to treat a two-dimensional problem of axisymmetric plasma equilibrium. The plasma boundary reconstructed by TME is consistent with the results by using EFIT. The method is sufficiently reliable and fast for real time shape control.

Glucose metabolism continuous deteriorating in male patients with human immunodeficiency virus accepted antiretroviral therapy for 156 weeks

BACKGROUND The dynamic characteristics of glucose metabolism and its risk factors in patients living with human immunodeficiency virus(PLWH)who accepted primary treatment with the efavirenz(EFV)plus lamivudine(3TC)plus tenofovir(TDF)(EFV+3TC+TDF)regimen are unclear and warrant investigation.AIM To study the long-term dynamic characteristics of glucose metabolism and its contributing factors in male PLWH who accepted primary treatment with the EFV+3TC+TDF regimen for 156 wk.METHODS This study was designed using a follow-up design.Sixty-one male treatmentnaive PLWH,including 50 cases with normal glucose tolerance and 11 cases with prediabetes,were treated with the EFV+3TC+TDF regimen for 156 wk.The glucose metabolism dynamic characteristics,the main risk factors and the differences among the three CD4+count groups were analyzed.RESULTS In treatment-naive male PLWH,regardless of whether glucose metabolism disorder was present at baseline,who accepted treatment with the EFV+3TC+TDF regimen for 156 wk,a continuous increase in the fasting plasma glucose(FPG)level,the rate of impaired fasting glucose(IFG)and the glycosylated hemoglobin(HbA1c)level were found.These changes were not due to insulin resistance but rather to significantly reduced isletβcell function,according to the homeostasis model assessment ofβcell function(HOMA-β).Moreover,the lower the baseline CD4+T-cell count was,the higher the FPG level and the lower the HOMA-βvalue.Furthermore,the main risk factors for the FPG levels were the CD3+CD8+cell count and viral load(VL),and the factors contributing to the HOMA-βvalues were the alanine aminotransferase level,VL and CD3+CD8+cell count.CONCLUSION These findings provide guidance to clinicians who are monitoring FPG levels closely and are concerned about IFG and decreased isletβcell function during antiretroviral therapy with the EFV+3TC+TDF regimen for long-term application.

The Expression of Resistin in Adipose Tissues of Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Insulin Resistance

The relationship between the expression of resistin in polycystic ovary syndrome （PCOS） and insulin resistance was investigated. The plasma resistin concentrations in 35 patients with PCOS and 40 controls were measured by ELISA. Luteinizing hormone （LH）, follicle-stimulating hormone （FSH）, and fasting insulin （FIN） were tested by radioimmunoassay. Insulin resistance index （HOMA-IR） was calculated. Fasting plasma glucose （FPG） was determined by oxidase test. Western blot and reverse transcriptase PCR （RT-PCR） methods were used to detect the expression of resistin in adipose tissues. The levels of plasma resistin, LH, LH/FSH and FIN and HOMA-IR in patients with PCOS were significantly higher than those in control group （all P〈0.05）. Plasma resistin was correlated positively with FPG, FIN, HOMA-IR, LH and LH/FSH （r=0.56, 0.60, 0.65, 0.48, and 0.42 respectively）. Resistin protein and mRNA expression levels in patients with PCOS were significantly higher than those in normal tissues （all P〈0.01）. It was concluded that resistin might be involved in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance of PCOS.

Comparison of different gastric bypass procedures in gastric carcinoma patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

AIM: To determine the effect of different Roux-en-Y gastric bypass procedures in gastric carcinoma patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Influencing factors for peripheral and posterior lesions in mild non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy--the Kailuan Eye Study

AIM:To explore the influencing factors of diabetes type 2 patients with mild non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy(NPDR)in the Kailuan area of Tangshan,Hebei Province,China.METHODS:In this non-interventional,retrospective study,683 patients with type 2 diabetes were included in the Kailuan Diabetic Retinopathy Study involving participants with diabetes in the community-based longitudinal Kailuan Study.Based on the undilated ultrawide field(200°;UWF)images and partial dilated digital fundus images,the diabetic retinopathy(DR)of the surveyed population was graded.Interobserver agreement was estimated by using Cohen’s Kappa statistics.The main outcome indicators included gender,age,weight,height,body mass index,blood pressure,circumferences of neck,waist and hip,current smoking,levels of fasting plasma glucose(FPG),hypersensitive C-reactive protein,creatinine,and cholesterol,etc.According to different lesions’locations of patients with mild NPDR,logistic regression models were used to estimate the odds ratios(ORs)and their 95%Cls of each risk factor.RESULTS:The study group of 683 patients included 570 males and 113 females.The mean age of the patients was62.18±9.41 y.Compared with dilated fundus examinations,there was fair agreement with the level of DR identified on UWF images in 63.91%of eyes(k=0.369,95%CI,0.00-0.00).Detected by UWF images,there were 98 patients with mild NPDR having peripheral retinal lesions,35 patients with mild NPDR having posterior lesions,44 patients with mild NPDR whose lesions were detected both in and out the standard two fields area,and 336 patients with non obvious DR.Parameters that conferred a statistically significant increased risks for mild NPDR with having peripheral retinal lesions were neck circumstance(OR,1.124;95%CI,1.044-1.211),and with posterior lesions were FPG(OR,1.052;95%CI,1.007-1.099).CONCLUSION:UWF is an effectiveness means of DR screening.Moreover,it is necessary to evaluate peripheral diabetic retinal lesions which can help to estimate the severity of DR.The phenomenon that nonuniform and inhomogeneous distribution of DR lesions has been found.And the influencing factors in mild NPDR are differing by different lesions’locations.

Insulin Glargine 300 Units/mL Effectiveness in Patients with T2DM Uncontrolled by Basal Insulin in Real-Life Settings in the Czech Republic

Introduction: To evaluate the clinical effectiveness of Gla-300 units/mL (Gla-300) in the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) uncontrolled by basal insulin in real-life clinical settings in the Czech Republic (TOPAZ study). Methods: TOPAZ was a prospective, multi-center, non-interventional, 6-month study. Of the 312 patients screened, 289 were evaluated at month 6. The primary objective was the change of HbA1c after 6 months. The proportion of patients with HbA1c < 7.0% DCCT (< 53 mmol/mol), and those with a decrease of at least 0.5% of HbA1c at month 6, change in FPG, body weight and insulin dose at month 3 and 6 were analysed as secondary objectives. Incidence of hypoglycemia, adverse events and patient treatment satisfaction were also assessed. Results: HbA1c decreased significantly after 6 months (mean change 0.9% ± 1.1% DCCT [−9.9 ± 11.6 mmol/mol], p < 0.0001). HbA1c target < 7.0% DCCT was achieved in 17.6% of patients, 66.1% of patients showed mean HbA1c decrease of 0.5% ± 0.8%. At month 6, FPG decreased (mean change from baseline −1.8 ± 3.1 mmol/L) as well as the incidence of hypoglycemia decreased by 49% (p < 0.0001) while no weight gain was observed. No significant safety signals were identified. Conclusion: In a real-life setting, switching to Gla-300 in T2DM patients uncontrolled with other basal insulin was associated with improved glycemic control and reduced risk of hypoglycemia without weight gain, while patients’ satisfaction with treatment increased.

Evaluation of Insulin Resistance Indices in Type 2 Diabetic Patients Treated with Different Anti-Diabetic Drugs

Clinically, determination of insulin resistance is important for diabetic patients. We evaluated the relationship among 20/(fasting C-peptide × fasting plasma glucose), HOMA-IR and QUICKI indices in type 2 diabetic patients. The study included 40 patients with type 2 diabetes. Patients divided into three groups based on their medication: metformin, metformin + glibenclamide and metformin + glitazone. Fasting blood sugar, and lipid profile were measured by enzymatic method, serum insulin, and C-peptide were measured by ELISA method. Insulin resistance was calculated by using of 20/(fasting C-peptide × fasting plasma glucose), HOMA-IR and QUICKI indices. There was no significant relationship between 20/(fasting C-peptide × fasting plasma glucose) index and other parameters in all studied groups except QUICKI in metformin group showed a significant correlation with 20/(fasting C-peptide × fasting plasma glucose) index (r = 0.56 and p = 0.03). There was a significant correlation between HOMA-IR and QUICKI indices in all studied groups. There was no significant relationship between 20/(fasting C-peptide × fasting plasma glucose) index with other clinical parameters. On the other hand, our data strongly suggested a significant correlation between HOMA-IR and QUICKI indices in studied subjects with type 2 diabetes.

Temperature and electron density of soil plasma generated by LA-FPDPS

Electron temperature and electron number density are important parameters in the characterization of plasma. In this paper the electron temperature and electron number density of soil plasma generated by laser ablation combined with nanosecond discharge spark at different discharge voltages have been studied. Saha-Boltzmann plot and Stark broadening are used to determine the temper- ature and electron number density. It is proved that local thermal equilibrium is fulfilled in the nanosecond spark enhanced plasma. The enhanced optical emission, signal to noise ratio and the stability in term of the relative standard deviation of signal intensity at different spark voltages were investigated in detail. A relative stable discharge process was observed with use of a 10 kV discharge voltage under the carried experimental configuration.

Efficacy and safety of saxagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus:a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

As a new oral hypoglycemic agent, saxagliptin belongs to the class of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 （DPP-4） inhibitors. However, it remains inconclusive whether saxagliptin is associated with increased risk of adverse events （AE） and efficacy as add-on treatment. Therefore, we performed an up-to-date meta-analysis to compare the efficacy and safety of saxagliptin with placebo and other oral hypoglycemic agents in adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus （T2DM）. Randomized clinical trials （RCTs） comparing saxagliptin with comparators were retrieved by selecting articles from Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane Library and Clinical Trials Registry Platform up to Oct. 2013. Weighted mean difference （WMD） was used to analyze the effect of hypoglycemic agents on HbAlc, weight and fasting plasma glucose （FPG）. While the patients who achieved HbAlc〈7.0% and had AE were analyzed as relative risks （RR）. A total of 18 articles from 16 RCTs and one clinic trial from the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform met the included criterion. Clinically significant decrease from baseline HbAlc compared with placebo was certified for 2.5 mg/day saxagliptin （WMD = -0.45%, 95% CI, -0.48% to -0.42%） and 5 mg/d saxagliptin （WMD = -0.52%, 95% CI, -0.60% to -0.44%）. Saxagliptin as add-on therapy was superior to thiazolidinediones, up-titrated glyburide, up-titrated metformin or metformin monotherapy in achieving HbA1c〈7.0%. Treatment with saxagliptin had negligible effect on weight, and it was considered weight neutral. Saxagliptin treatment did not increase the risk of hypoglycemia （RR = 1.28, 95% CI 0.72 to 2.27, P = 0.40） and serious adverse experiences （RR = 1.25, 95% CI 0.94 to 1.66, P = 0.13）. No statistically significant differences were observed between saxagliptin and comparators in terms of the risk of infections. The present study showed that saxagliptin was effective in improving glycaemic control in T2DM with a low risk of hypoglycaemia and incidence of infections in either monotherapy or add-on treatment. This founding should be further certified by large-sample size and good-designed RCT.

The role of oral glucose tolerance test in screening for diabetes mellitus in the elderly of Harbin, China

Though diabetes is common worldwide, the proportion of cases diagnosed is not high. Nearly fifty percent of patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) in US are undiagnosed.~1 The ratio might be higher in China. It has been suggested that diabetes may be present 4 to 7 years before diagnosis.~2 (Many of) the complications appear to be present at the time of diagnosis of the diabetic status.~1 (Screening for) diabetes in early stage of diabetes is thus a worthwhile exercise.

Fusion Energy and Stopping Power in a Degenerate DT Pellet Driven by a Laser-Accelerated Proton Beam

In this paper, we have improved the fast ignition scheme in order to have more authority needed for highenergy-gain. Due to the more penetrability and energy deposition of the particle beams in fusion targets, we employ a laser-to-ion converter foil as a scheme for generating energetic ion beams to ignite the fusion fuel. We find the favorable intensity and wavelength of incident laser by evaluating the laser-proton conversion gain. By calculating the source-target distance, proton beam power and energy are estimated. Our analysis is generalized to the plasma degeneracy effects which can increase the fusion gain several orders of magnitude by decreasing the ion-electron collisions in the plasma.It is found that the wavelength of 0.53 μm and the intensity of about 1020W/cm^2, by saving about 10% conversion coefficient, are the suitable measured values for converting a laser into protons. Besides, stopping power and fusion burn calculations have been done in degenerate and non-degenerate plasma mediums. The results indicate that in the presence of degeneracy, the rate of fusion enhances.