Breast cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers and one of the most significant sources of cancer mortality. Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a particularly aggressive subtype that has proven diffic...Breast cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers and one of the most significant sources of cancer mortality. Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a particularly aggressive subtype that has proven difficult to treat with standard chemotherapies. Obesity has also been shown to exacerbate breast cancer, and diagnoses of these two diseases frequently overlap. Both conditions are regulated in part by the fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) demethylase, an RNA demethylase which may drive breast cancers through epigenetic alterations to gene expression. Methods of inhibiting FTO have been researched in vitro and in vivo as an alternative or adjunct to chemotherapies in multiple cancers, including breast cancer. Translating knowledge of the role of FTO in breast cancer and the development of novel agents may allow for improvements in the treatment of this refractory cancer. This review therefore aims to provide an overview of existing and developing chemical inhibitors of FTO that could be innovatively studied for the treatment of TNBC and associated comorbidity.展开更多
目的探究脂肪含量和肥胖相关蛋白(fat mass and obesity-associated protein,FTO)和丝氨酸-苏氨酸激酶蛋白激酶D2(serine-threonine kinase protein kinase D2,PRKD2)在糖尿病肾病(diabetic kidney disease,DKD)进展中的调控作用和调节...目的探究脂肪含量和肥胖相关蛋白(fat mass and obesity-associated protein,FTO)和丝氨酸-苏氨酸激酶蛋白激酶D2(serine-threonine kinase protein kinase D2,PRKD2)在糖尿病肾病(diabetic kidney disease,DKD)进展中的调控作用和调节机制。方法采用35 mmol/L葡萄糖对足细胞(MPC5细胞)进行高糖刺激24h构建DKD体外模型。采用FTO过表达载体(pcDNA-FTO)和PRKD2过表达载体(pcDNA-PRKD2),或空载体(vector)转染高糖诱导的MPC5细胞。通过RT-qPCR检测FTO和PRKD2过表达效率;MeRIP检测PRKD2 mRNA的N6-甲基腺苷(N6-methyladenosine,m6A)修饰水平;ELISA检测Caspase-3活性、IL-6,TNF-α和单核细胞趋化蛋白-1(monocyte chemotactic protein-1,MCP-1)分泌量;流式细胞术分析细胞凋亡率;Western blot评估FTO和PRKD2蛋白水平,以及SIRT1/HIF-1α通路关键蛋白表达水平;Pearson分析FTO和PRKD2水平的相关性。结果与无高糖诱导对照组比较,高糖诱导的足细胞中FTO蛋白(0.51±0.04 vs 1.00±0.03)和PRKD2蛋白(0.45±0.03 vs 1.01±0.04)水平显著下调,差异具有统计学意义(t=13.17,16.76,均P<0.001)。高糖诱导的足细胞中FTO蛋白水平和PRKD2蛋白水平呈正相关(r2=0.7051,P<0.001)。与vector组相比,pcDNA-FTO组PRKD2 mRNA的m6A水平(0.56±0.09 vs1.01±0.13)降低,PRKD2 mRNA水平(3.16±0.14 vs 1.03±0.02)显著升高,差异具有统计学意义(t=51.37,11.82,均P<0.001)。与control组(IL-6:512.76±61.85 pg/ml,TNF-α:28.17±2.83 pg/ml,MCP-1:157.31±17.69 pg/ml)和vector组(IL-6:498.41±87.51 pg/ml,TNF-α:26.35±5.47 pg/ml,MCP-1:165.52±16.87 pg/ml)比较,pcDNA-PRKD2组IL-6(301.86±21.85 pg/ml),TNF-α(11.06±4.12 pg/ml),MCP-1分泌量(81.45±9.03pg/ml)显著减少,差异具有统计学意义(F=7.51,10.47,61.97,均P<0.01)。与control组(Caspase-3:689.65±79.5U/L,细胞凋亡率:22.31%±2.69%)和vector组(Caspase-3:715.91±113.58 U/L,细胞凋亡率:21.07%±3.28%)比较,pcDNA-PRKD2组Caspase-3活性(437.64±104.76 U/L)和细胞凋亡率(8.41%±3.15%)下降,差异具有统计学意义(F=2.35,79.13,均P<0.01)。与control组(SIRT1:1.01±0.05,HIF-1α:1.03±0.07)和vector组(SIRT1:0.97±0.05,HIF-1α:1.02±0.03)相比,pcDNA-PRKD2组SIRT1蛋白(3.51±0.15)水平升高,HIF-1α蛋白(0.37±0.07)水平降低,差异具有统计学意义(F=31.54,8.31,均P<0.01)。结论FTO介导m6A修饰的PRKD2通过SIRT1/HIF-1α通路抑制高糖诱导的足细胞炎症反应和细胞凋亡。展开更多
N^(6)-甲基腺苷(N^(6)-methyladenosine,m^(6)A)是RNA最常见的内部修饰,在RNA的加工、转运、翻译及稳定性方面发挥重要作用。脂肪量和肥胖相关基因(fat mass and obesity-associated,FTO)作为第一个被发现的mRNA m^(6)A去甲基化酶,参与...N^(6)-甲基腺苷(N^(6)-methyladenosine,m^(6)A)是RNA最常见的内部修饰,在RNA的加工、转运、翻译及稳定性方面发挥重要作用。脂肪量和肥胖相关基因(fat mass and obesity-associated,FTO)作为第一个被发现的mRNA m^(6)A去甲基化酶,参与多种肿瘤的发生、发展及治疗抵抗,调节肿瘤干细胞自我更新、肿瘤代谢及肿瘤微环境。作为肿瘤治疗有希望的靶点,越来越多的FTO抑制剂被研发出来并在临床前研究中取得了良好的治疗效果。本研究就FTO在肿瘤发生、肿瘤干细胞自我更新、肿瘤免疫和代谢及治疗抵抗等方面的功能和潜在分子机制的研究进展作一综述,并讨论靶向FTO在肿瘤治疗中的应用前景。展开更多
Background Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease （NAFLD） is a complex disorder and has been closely linked to obesity.The fat mass and obesity-associated （FTO） gene is a newly discovered gene related to obesity,which ...Background Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease （NAFLD） is a complex disorder and has been closely linked to obesity.The fat mass and obesity-associated （FTO） gene is a newly discovered gene related to obesity,which enhances oxidative stress and tipogenesis in NAFLD.The forkhead transcription factor O1 （FoxO1） is another important gene involved in NAFLD,which causes lipid disorders when insulin resistance appears in the liver.However,the interactions between FTO and FoxO1 during the pathogenesis of NAFLD have not been fully elucidated.This study was designed to identify the relationship between these two factors that are involved in the development of NAFLD.Methods This study includes two parts referred to as animal and cell experiments.Twelve female SPF C57BL/6 mice were fed a high-fat diet to serve as an NAFLD animal model.Aspartate aminotransferase （AST）,alanine aminotransferase （ALT）,total triglyceride （TG）,total cholesterol （TC）,alkaline phosphatase （ALP）,high-density lipoprotein （HDL）,and low-density lipoprotein （LDL） were measured.Immunohistochemical analysis was used to detect the expression and histological localization of FTO,FoxO1,and adenosine monophosphate （AMP）-activated protein kinase （AMPK）.The L02 cells were exposed to high fat for 24,48,or 72 hours.Oil red O staining was used to detect intracellular lipid droplets.Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was used for analyzing the levels of FTO and FoxO1 mRNA.Results At the end of 10 weeks,ALP,ALT,AST,and LDL were significantly increased （P ＜0.01）,while TC and TG were also significantly higher （P ＜0.05）.In addition,HDL was significantly decreased （P ＜0.05）.The FTO and FoxO1 proteins were weakly expressed in the control group,but both FTO and FoxO1 were expressed significantly higher （P ＜0.01） in the experimental group,and the expression of the two factors was significantly correlated.AMPK in the high-fat group showed a low level of correlation with FTO,but not with FoxO1.Oil Red O staining results showed that the cells cultured in 50％ fetal bovine serum for 24,48,or 72 hours exhibited steatosis.FTO and FoxO1 mRNA were increased in the high-fat group compared with the normal group （P ＜0.01）.The expression levels of FTO and FoxO1 mRNA were the highest at 48 hours （P ＜0.05）.Conclusions A high-fat diet leads to higher expression of FTO,phosphorylation of FoxO1,and decreased phosphorylation of AMPK.These results suggest that the interactions between FTO and FoxO1 are closely related to the pathogenesis of NAFLD.展开更多
目的研究FTO(fat-mass and obesity associated)基因SNP rs9939609和rs1421085多态性与儿童青少年单纯性肥胖及其代谢指标的相关性。方法以2004至2006年于复旦大学附属儿科医院内分泌门诊就诊的汉族单纯性肥胖和超重儿童青少年分别作为...目的研究FTO(fat-mass and obesity associated)基因SNP rs9939609和rs1421085多态性与儿童青少年单纯性肥胖及其代谢指标的相关性。方法以2004至2006年于复旦大学附属儿科医院内分泌门诊就诊的汉族单纯性肥胖和超重儿童青少年分别作为肥胖组和超重组;选择上海市某中学正常体重汉族学生作为正常对照组。分别测量身高和体重,计算BMI。测定血清空腹葡萄糖(FPG)、空腹胰岛素(FIns)、三酰甘油(TG)和总胆固醇(TC)水平。计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)和胰岛素敏感指数(QUICKI)。抽提外周血基因组DNA,采用Taqman-MGB探针技术检测FTO基因SNPrs9939609和rs1421085多态性,分析不同基因型与代谢指标和BMI的相关性。结果肥胖组纳入236例,超重组纳入239例,正常对照组纳入241名。肥胖+超重组的BMI、FPG、FIns、TG和HOMA-IR显著高于正常对照组;②肥胖、超重和正常对照组rs9939609分型成功率分别为94.9%(224/236例)、97.9(234/239例)和95.9%(231/241名),rs1421085分型成功率分别为92.8%(219/236例)、97.1%(232/239例)和95.4%(230/241名)。rs9939609AA基因型频率:肥胖组为2.7%,超重组为0.4%,正常对照组为1.7%,肥胖+超重组A等位基因频率显著高于正常对照组(OR=1.437,P=0.048);rs1421085CC基因型频率:肥胖组为2.7%,超重组为0.9%,正常对照组为1.7%,肥胖+超重组C等位基因频率高于正常对照组,但差异无统计学意义(OR=1.388,P=0.0760);③rs1421085TC+CC基因型和rs9939609TA+AA基因型儿童青少年的BMI显著高于TT基因型(rs9939609:P=0.0003;rs1421085:P=0.0005);rs1421085TC+CC基因型和rs9939609TA+AA基因型与FPG、FIns、TG、TC、HOMA-IR、QUICKI无显著相关性。结论FTO基因SNP rs9939609和rs1421085多态性与中国汉族儿童青少年肥胖和(或)超重存在相关性。A等位基因频率远低于欧洲人群,对BMI的作用效果与欧洲人群相似,但对代谢指标影响存在显著差异。展开更多
为了研究阿勒泰大尾羊和小尾寒羊不同脂肪组织及其他组织之间基因表达的差异,探讨脂肪与肥胖相关基因(fat mass and obesity associated gene,FTO)与绵羊体脂沉积的相关性。随机各选择6只6月龄雄性阿勒泰大尾羊和小尾寒羊,禁食24h后屠宰...为了研究阿勒泰大尾羊和小尾寒羊不同脂肪组织及其他组织之间基因表达的差异,探讨脂肪与肥胖相关基因(fat mass and obesity associated gene,FTO)与绵羊体脂沉积的相关性。随机各选择6只6月龄雄性阿勒泰大尾羊和小尾寒羊,禁食24h后屠宰,分别采集下丘脑、海马、背最长肌、心肌和脂肪组织样本,应用冰冻组织切片技术,测定脂肪细胞的面积,用real-time PCR检测FTO基因在各组织中的表达水平。结果显示,阿勒泰大尾羊尾脂脂肪细胞面积极显著高于肾周脂脂肪细胞面积(P<0.01)。阿勒泰大尾羊与小尾寒羊下丘脑和海马FTO基因表达水平无显著差异,背最长肌、心肌FTO基因表达水平阿勒泰大尾羊的极显著高于小尾寒羊的(P<0.01),肾周脂中FTO基因表达水平阿勒泰大尾羊的显著高于小尾寒羊的(P<0.05)。阿勒泰大尾羊肾周脂、心周脂和尾脂中FTO基因表达水平在肾周脂、心周脂、尾脂之间无显著差异。结果表明,FTO基因表达水平在阿勒泰大尾羊和小尾寒羊之间存在品种间的差异。展开更多
胃癌是消化系统最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,多数患者发现时已处于晚期,预后不佳。外科手术及化学治疗(化疗仍是目前胃癌的主要治疗方式。N6-甲基腺嘌呤(N6-methyladenosine,m^(6)A)是近年来肿瘤研究的热点。m^(6)A作为真核生物中最常见的RNA...胃癌是消化系统最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,多数患者发现时已处于晚期,预后不佳。外科手术及化学治疗(化疗仍是目前胃癌的主要治疗方式。N6-甲基腺嘌呤(N6-methyladenosine,m^(6)A)是近年来肿瘤研究的热点。m^(6)A作为真核生物中最常见的RNA修饰形式,可以调控RNA循环的各个阶段,包括RNA剪接、加工、降解和翻译等,从而调控RNA的表达和功能,在细胞分化、发育和代谢等各个环节中发挥关键作用。m^(6)A去甲基化酶可去除RNA上的甲基基团,确保m^(6)A甲基化是一个动态的可逆的过程。作为m^(6)A甲基化过程的关键酶,m^(6)A去甲基化酶——脂肪和肥胖相关蛋白(fat mass and obesity-associated protein,FTO)、AlkB同系物5(AlkB homolog 5,ALKBH5)、ALKBH3的失调能通过多种机制调控胃癌的演进过程,与胃癌的发生发展密切相关。m^(6)A去甲基化酶通过调节信号通路,改变胃癌细胞的增殖和侵袭能力,影响胃癌对化疗药物的耐药性,参与调控胃癌的免疫应答及线粒体代谢,从而影响胃癌细胞的生长,有望成为一个全新的治疗靶点。该文综述了m^(6)A去甲基化酶参与胃癌发生发展的分子机制,以及其表达和功能与胃癌生物学特性的关系,旨在为胃癌的早期诊断和靶向治疗提供新的研究思路。展开更多
文摘Breast cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers and one of the most significant sources of cancer mortality. Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a particularly aggressive subtype that has proven difficult to treat with standard chemotherapies. Obesity has also been shown to exacerbate breast cancer, and diagnoses of these two diseases frequently overlap. Both conditions are regulated in part by the fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) demethylase, an RNA demethylase which may drive breast cancers through epigenetic alterations to gene expression. Methods of inhibiting FTO have been researched in vitro and in vivo as an alternative or adjunct to chemotherapies in multiple cancers, including breast cancer. Translating knowledge of the role of FTO in breast cancer and the development of novel agents may allow for improvements in the treatment of this refractory cancer. This review therefore aims to provide an overview of existing and developing chemical inhibitors of FTO that could be innovatively studied for the treatment of TNBC and associated comorbidity.
文摘N^(6)-甲基腺苷(N^(6)-methyladenosine,m^(6)A)是RNA最常见的内部修饰,在RNA的加工、转运、翻译及稳定性方面发挥重要作用。脂肪量和肥胖相关基因(fat mass and obesity-associated,FTO)作为第一个被发现的mRNA m^(6)A去甲基化酶,参与多种肿瘤的发生、发展及治疗抵抗,调节肿瘤干细胞自我更新、肿瘤代谢及肿瘤微环境。作为肿瘤治疗有希望的靶点,越来越多的FTO抑制剂被研发出来并在临床前研究中取得了良好的治疗效果。本研究就FTO在肿瘤发生、肿瘤干细胞自我更新、肿瘤免疫和代谢及治疗抵抗等方面的功能和潜在分子机制的研究进展作一综述,并讨论靶向FTO在肿瘤治疗中的应用前景。
文摘Background Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease （NAFLD） is a complex disorder and has been closely linked to obesity.The fat mass and obesity-associated （FTO） gene is a newly discovered gene related to obesity,which enhances oxidative stress and tipogenesis in NAFLD.The forkhead transcription factor O1 （FoxO1） is another important gene involved in NAFLD,which causes lipid disorders when insulin resistance appears in the liver.However,the interactions between FTO and FoxO1 during the pathogenesis of NAFLD have not been fully elucidated.This study was designed to identify the relationship between these two factors that are involved in the development of NAFLD.Methods This study includes two parts referred to as animal and cell experiments.Twelve female SPF C57BL/6 mice were fed a high-fat diet to serve as an NAFLD animal model.Aspartate aminotransferase （AST）,alanine aminotransferase （ALT）,total triglyceride （TG）,total cholesterol （TC）,alkaline phosphatase （ALP）,high-density lipoprotein （HDL）,and low-density lipoprotein （LDL） were measured.Immunohistochemical analysis was used to detect the expression and histological localization of FTO,FoxO1,and adenosine monophosphate （AMP）-activated protein kinase （AMPK）.The L02 cells were exposed to high fat for 24,48,or 72 hours.Oil red O staining was used to detect intracellular lipid droplets.Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was used for analyzing the levels of FTO and FoxO1 mRNA.Results At the end of 10 weeks,ALP,ALT,AST,and LDL were significantly increased （P ＜0.01）,while TC and TG were also significantly higher （P ＜0.05）.In addition,HDL was significantly decreased （P ＜0.05）.The FTO and FoxO1 proteins were weakly expressed in the control group,but both FTO and FoxO1 were expressed significantly higher （P ＜0.01） in the experimental group,and the expression of the two factors was significantly correlated.AMPK in the high-fat group showed a low level of correlation with FTO,but not with FoxO1.Oil Red O staining results showed that the cells cultured in 50％ fetal bovine serum for 24,48,or 72 hours exhibited steatosis.FTO and FoxO1 mRNA were increased in the high-fat group compared with the normal group （P ＜0.01）.The expression levels of FTO and FoxO1 mRNA were the highest at 48 hours （P ＜0.05）.Conclusions A high-fat diet leads to higher expression of FTO,phosphorylation of FoxO1,and decreased phosphorylation of AMPK.These results suggest that the interactions between FTO and FoxO1 are closely related to the pathogenesis of NAFLD.
文摘为了研究阿勒泰大尾羊和小尾寒羊不同脂肪组织及其他组织之间基因表达的差异,探讨脂肪与肥胖相关基因(fat mass and obesity associated gene,FTO)与绵羊体脂沉积的相关性。随机各选择6只6月龄雄性阿勒泰大尾羊和小尾寒羊,禁食24h后屠宰,分别采集下丘脑、海马、背最长肌、心肌和脂肪组织样本,应用冰冻组织切片技术,测定脂肪细胞的面积,用real-time PCR检测FTO基因在各组织中的表达水平。结果显示,阿勒泰大尾羊尾脂脂肪细胞面积极显著高于肾周脂脂肪细胞面积(P<0.01)。阿勒泰大尾羊与小尾寒羊下丘脑和海马FTO基因表达水平无显著差异,背最长肌、心肌FTO基因表达水平阿勒泰大尾羊的极显著高于小尾寒羊的(P<0.01),肾周脂中FTO基因表达水平阿勒泰大尾羊的显著高于小尾寒羊的(P<0.05)。阿勒泰大尾羊肾周脂、心周脂和尾脂中FTO基因表达水平在肾周脂、心周脂、尾脂之间无显著差异。结果表明,FTO基因表达水平在阿勒泰大尾羊和小尾寒羊之间存在品种间的差异。
文摘胃癌是消化系统最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,多数患者发现时已处于晚期,预后不佳。外科手术及化学治疗(化疗仍是目前胃癌的主要治疗方式。N6-甲基腺嘌呤(N6-methyladenosine,m^(6)A)是近年来肿瘤研究的热点。m^(6)A作为真核生物中最常见的RNA修饰形式,可以调控RNA循环的各个阶段,包括RNA剪接、加工、降解和翻译等,从而调控RNA的表达和功能,在细胞分化、发育和代谢等各个环节中发挥关键作用。m^(6)A去甲基化酶可去除RNA上的甲基基团,确保m^(6)A甲基化是一个动态的可逆的过程。作为m^(6)A甲基化过程的关键酶,m^(6)A去甲基化酶——脂肪和肥胖相关蛋白(fat mass and obesity-associated protein,FTO)、AlkB同系物5(AlkB homolog 5,ALKBH5)、ALKBH3的失调能通过多种机制调控胃癌的演进过程,与胃癌的发生发展密切相关。m^(6)A去甲基化酶通过调节信号通路,改变胃癌细胞的增殖和侵袭能力,影响胃癌对化疗药物的耐药性,参与调控胃癌的免疫应答及线粒体代谢,从而影响胃癌细胞的生长,有望成为一个全新的治疗靶点。该文综述了m^(6)A去甲基化酶参与胃癌发生发展的分子机制,以及其表达和功能与胃癌生物学特性的关系,旨在为胃癌的早期诊断和靶向治疗提供新的研究思路。
