A Seismic Design Method for Subsea Pipelines Against Earthquake Fault Movement

As there are no specific guidelines on design of subsea pipelines crossing active seismic faults, methods for land buried pipelines have been applied to. Taking the large seismic fault movement into account, this paper proposes improved methods for seismic designs of subsea pipelines by comprehensively investigating the real constraining of soil on the pipelines, the interaction processes of soil with the pipeline, the plastic slippage of the soil, and the elastic-plastic properties of the pipeline materials. New formulas are given to calculate the length of transition section and its total elongation. These formulas are more reasonable in mechanism, and more practical for seismic design of subsea pipelines crossing active faults.

Response analysis of a submarine cable under fault movement

Based on the performance of submarine cables in past earthquakes, an analytical method to determine cable performance under seabed fault movement is proposed in this paper. First, common types of earthquake damage to submarine cables are summarized, which include seabed displacement induced by fault movement, submarine landslides and seabed soil liquefaction, etc. The damage is similar to damage observed to buried pipelines following land earthquakes. The Hengchun earthquake of Dec. 26, 2006 is used as a case study. The M7.2 earthquake occurred in the South China Sea at 20：26 Beijing Time, and caused 14 international submarine cables to sever and break. The results show that the proposed method predicts damage similar to that observed in the Hengchun earthquake. Based on parametric studies of the influence of the water depth and the magnitude of the submarine earthquake, countermeasures to prevent damage to submarine cables are proposed.

An equivalent-boundary method for the shell analysis of buried pipelines under fault movement

A new shell finite element method (FEM) model with an equivalent boundary is presented for estimating the re- sponse of a buried pipeline under large fault movement. The length of affected pipeline under fault movement is usually too long for a shell-mode calculation because of the limitation of memory and time of computers. In this study, only the pipeline segment near fault is modeled with plastic shell elements to study the local buckling and the large section deformation in pipe. The material property of pipe segment far away from the fault is considered as elastic, and nonlinear spring elements at equivalent boundaries are obtained and applied to two ends of shell model. Compared with the fixed-boundary shell model, the shell model with an equivalent boundary proposed by the study can remarkably reduce the needed memory and calculating time.

Fault Movement Potential of Marzanabad Area, North Alborz, Iran

The major Quaternary faults of Marzanabad in the north Alborz can be classified based on their strikes into two sets: northwest and eastwest. In this paper, we use a model to evaluate their movement potential. Their theoretical model is based on the relationship between fault geometrical characteristics and regional tectonic stress field. The results show that Taleqan, Kandovan Chitan-Dozbon and Makaroud-Dalir fault zones are of the highest movement potential in the area. Also, the region where the fault zones have been intersected (northeastern part of study area) is prone to high seismicity;however, these fault zones don’t have high movement potentials.

Stress and Strain Accumulation Due to a Long Dip-Slip Fault Movement in an Elastic-Layer over a Viscoelastic Half Space Model of the Lithosphere-Asthenosphere System

Most of the earthquake faults in North-East India, China, mid Atlantic-ridge, the Pacific seismic belt and Japan are found to be predominantly dip-slip in nature. In the present paper a dip-slip fault is taken situated in an elastic layer over a viscoelastic half space representing the lithosphere-asthenosphere system. A movement of the dip-slip nature across the fault occurs when the accumulated stress due to various tectonic reasons e.g. mantle convection etc., exceeds the local friction and cohesive forces across the fault. The movement is assumed to be slipping in nature, expressions for displacements, stresses and strains are obtained by solving associated boundary value problem with the help of integral transformation and Green’s function method and a suitable numerical methods is used for computation. A detailed study of these expressions may give some ideas about the nature of stress accumulation in the system, which in turn will be helpful in formulating an earthquake prediction programme.

Present-day Block Movement and Fault Activity on the Eastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau

The geology and tectonics in the eastern margin of Tibetan Plateau are complex. The main tectonic framework is composed of blocks and faults. Using discontinuous global positioning system survey data for 2008–2014, the velocity field for the Eurasia reference framework was obtained. Based on the velocity field, the present-day velocities of the blocks and boundary faults were estimated. The results reveal that the movement rates of the Chuan-Qing, South China, Chuan-Dian and Indo-China blocks are（17.02±0.60） mm/a,（8.77±1.51） mm/a,（13.85±1.31） mm/a and（6.84 ± 0.74） mm/a, respectively, and their movement directions are 99.5°, 120.3°, 142.9° and 153.3°, respectively. All blocks exhibit clockwise rotation. The displacement rates of the Xianshuihe, Longmenshan, Anninghe, Zemuhe, Xiaojiang and Red River faults are（7.30±1.25–8.30±1.26） mm/a,（10.07±0.97–11.79±0.89） mm/a,（0.96±0.74–2.98±1.73） mm/a,（2.03±0.49–3.20±0.73） mm/a,（3.45±0.40–6.02±0.50） mm/a and（6.23±0.56） mm/a, respectively. The Xianshuihe, Anninghe, Zemuhe and Xiaojiang faults show leftlateral strike-slip movement, while the Longmenshan and Red River faults show right-lateral strikeslip. These characteristics of the blocks and faults are related to the particular tectonic location and dynamic mechanism.

Monitoring the horizontal movement along the Shanxi fault zone by GPS measurement

Based on the data from 4 times of repeated measurements (1996-1999) of GPS monitoring network arranged along Shanxi fault zone, the current horizontal movement of Shanxi fault zone and its relationship with Yangyuan-Hunyuan earthquake (M=5.6; 39.8°N, 113.9°E; November 1, 1999) which occurred at the north part of the monitoring network is analyzed. The results from the analysis indicate: (1) The horizontal movement along Shanxi fault zone was not obvious from 1996 to 1997; (2) The intensity of horizontal movement along Shanxi fault zone increased at the period of 1997 to 1998, and there are three areas with relatively higher strain (1×10-6) appeared, i.e., the source region, Xinzhou region and northeastern part of Jiexiu; (3) Although the dominant movement direction of Shanxi fault zone in the period of 1998 to 1999 was consistent with the fault striking direction, but as compared with the movement in the passed year, the direction was almost reversed, while the absolute value of the movement was close each other; (4) The accumulated horizontal movement along Shanxi fault zone from 1996 to 1999 became obvious gradually. It can be divided into three parts by considering its tendency: (a) the dominant direction of movement in north of Xinzhou is NNE (0.8 cm); (b) in south of Quwo it is SSW (1 cm); (c) in the central area it is rather complicated, the deformation in the southern part is little more large, but in the view of whole area there is no dominant movement exist. Generally speaking, Shanxi fault zone is mainly controlled by the NNE-SSW-trending extension stress field, but there is no strike-slip movement. In the period of 1997 to 1998, there might be a clear stress disturb and it was essentially recovered in 1999. Then the Yangyuan-Hunyuan earthquake occurred. Very possible, this disturb is the triggering to the earthquake.

Three-dimensional crustal movement and the activities of earthquakes,volcanoes and faults in Hainan Island,China

Hainan Island is a seismic active region, where Qiongshan M7.5 earthquake occurred in 1605 and several seismic belts appeared in recent years, especially the NS trending seismic belt （NSB） located in the northeast part of the island. Here is also a magmatic active region. The lava from about 100 volcanoes covered more than 4000 km^2. The latest eruptions occurred on Ma＇anling-Lei Huling volcanoes within 10,000 years. The neotectonic movement has been determined by geological method in the island and its adjacent areas. In the paper, the present-day 3D crustal movement is obtained by using Global Positioning System （GPS） data observed from 2009 to 2014 and leveling observations measured in 1970s and 1990s respectively. The results show the horizontal movement is mainly along SEE direction relative to the Eurasian Plate. The velocities are between 4.01 and 6.70 mm/a. The tension rate near the NSB is less than I mm/a. The vertical movement shows the island uplifts as a whole with respect to the reference benchmark Xiuyinggang. The average uplifting rate is 2.4 mm/a. The rates are 2-3 mm/a in the northwest and 3-5mm/a in the northwest. It shows the deformation pattern of the southwest island is upward relative to the northeast, which is different from the result inferred from the coastal change and GPS. Haikou and its adjacent region present a subsidence in a long time. The southern part of the middle segment of the Wangwu-Wenjiao fault uplifts relative to the northern. Meanwhile, the western part uplifts relative to the eastern NSB. The vertical crustal motion and the two normal faults nearly correspond to the terrain. The NSB is located along the Puqiangang-Dazhibo fault, which is assessed as a segmented fault with a dip of 80°-90° and party exposed. The 3D deformations and other studies reveal the present activities of earthquakes, volcanoes and the faults. The small earthquakes will still occur in the NS belt and the volcanoes are not active now.

Experiment Study on Movement and Damage of Overburden Under MiningFace Crossing Fault

Based on similar material model experiment, this paper studies the subsidence difference of fault hanging wall and lying wall when mining face crosses fault and the normal relative movement regularity of a fault zone. The change in bulking coefficients of fault zone, hanging wall and lying wall are given, the difference of mean bulking coefficients of two fault walls are discussed and the dynamic development pattern of fissure zone during mining face crossing fault is obtained.

Tectonic Taphrogenesis and Paleoseismic Records from the Yishu Fault Zone in the Initial Stage of the Caledonian Movement

The Yishu fault zone （mid-segment of the Tanlu fault zone） was formed in the Presinian. Periodic tectonic activities and strong seismic events have occurred along the fault zone. During the initial stage of the Caledonian Movement, with the proceeding of the marine transgression from the Yishu paleo-channel to the western Shandong, uneven thick sediments, composed mainly of sand, mud and carbonates of littoral, lagoon, and neritic facies, were deposited in the Yishu fault zone and western Shandong, and constructed the bottom part of the Lower Cambrian consisting of the Liguan and Zhushadong formations. Through field observations and the lab-examinations, various paleoseismic records have been discovered in the Liguan Formation and the Zhushadong Formations of the Yishu fault zone and its vicinity, including some layers with syn-sedimentary deformation structures that were triggered by strong earthquakes （i.e. seismite, seismo-olistostrome, and seismo-turbidite）. Paleoseismic records developed in the Zhushadong Formation are mainly seismites with soft-sediment deformation structures, such as liquefied diapir, small liquefied-carbonate lime-mud volcano, liquefied vein, liquefied breccia, convolute deformation （seismic fold）, graded fault, soft siliceous vein, and deformation stromatolite, as well as seismites with brittle deformation structures of semiconsolidated sediments. Paleoseismic records preserved in the Liguan Formation are not only seismo-olistostrome with a slump fold, load structure, and ball-and-pillows, but also seismo-turbidite with convolution bedding, graded bedding and wavy-bedding. However, in the western Shandong area, the closer to the Yishu fault zone, the greater the thickness of the Liguan Formation and the Zhushadong Formation, the greater the number and type of layers with paleoseismic records, and the higher the earthquake intensity reflected by associations of seismic records. This evidence indicates that tectonic taphrogenesis accompanied by strong earthquake events occurred in the Yishu fault zone during the initial stage of the Caledonian Movement, which embodied the break-up of the Sino-Korean Plate along the Paleo-Tanlu fault zone at that time.

Negative Dislocation Model and the Movement Pattern of a Fault:Determination of Potential Earthquake Sources in Western Yunnan

To determine the locked and slip parts on a fault,we simulated the movement pattern of the fault with a combined model consisting of a negative dislocation in the locked area superimposed on a relative movement between two sides of the fault.In this way,we determined the locked parts of faults by inversion with multiple epochs of geodetic data.In this paper,we have determined the movement patterns of four main faults in western Yunnan by inversion with two epochs of geodetic surveys and some crossing-fault observations.From the inversion result,we have identified the areas around Dali and Xiangyun to be the locked area,which is regarded as a sign of potential earthquake sources.

小断层影响下的采空区瓦斯运移规律研究

在煤矿开采过程中,小断层会导致采空区瓦斯聚集形成瓦斯富集区,对生产安全具有很大威胁,因此有必要研究小断层影响下的采空区瓦斯运移规律。通过UDEC数值模拟采空区上覆岩层破坏过程,从而计算小断层影响下采空区上覆岩层的空隙率,并利用FLUENT软件数值模拟开采过程中考虑小断层影响的采空区瓦斯运移规律。研究表明:①工作面距离小断层20 m远处,小断层从顶部首先出现滑移现象,采空区上覆岩层的位移开始受到断层的影响;工作面到达断层时,由于断层滑移,上盘岩体在断层面滑移产生回转现象,支撑着采空区岩层,覆岩垮落位移量出现大幅度减小,并且岩层垮落出现滞后现象;小断层的影响范围有限,工作面过小断层60 m之后,采空区上覆岩层位移规律逐渐恢复正常。②通过分析含小断层采空区上覆岩层位移特征,得到了采空区上覆岩层位移及其拟合公式,计算得到了三维空隙率分布规律:垮落带范围内,覆岩空隙率在4个隅角位置最大,并且断层靠近进回风巷的位置也出现了空隙率增高;裂隙带范围内,除断层靠近进回风巷的位置空隙率较大,其他位置空隙率相对较低且变化不明显。③获得了小断层影响下的采空区瓦斯运移规律:在工作面距离断层50 m远处,采空区瓦斯运移几乎不受断层的影响;在工作面推进至断层时,瓦斯沿着断层及其附近的高空隙率覆岩产生的优势逃逸通道向采空区深部运移,同时上盘的瓦斯也向深部转移导致大量瓦斯积聚在断层下盘,可能导致瓦斯随漏风流入工作面及回风巷;在工作面过断层50 m时,采空区瓦斯继续向上隅角附近转移;工作面过断层100 m时,采空区上覆岩层瓦斯运移出现回转现象,上隅角和下盘垮落带瓦斯体积分数高。

云南省洱源县新构造运动的ESR年代学证据

云南省洱源县具有复杂的构造特征和强烈的新构造运动,为详细分析该地区新构造运动的基本特征,本次研究进行了野外岩石样品的电子自旋共振(ESR)年龄测定工作,结果表明:样品年龄数据介于62~1007ka之间,属于新构造运动时期;ESR年龄值由西向东具有逐渐减小的趋势,表明更新世以来,洱源县构造运动关键期由西向东逐渐变晚;结合样品所在海拔和ESR年龄,认为现今海拔高的区域,相对构造隆升时间早、持续时间长,具有较大隆升速率;现今海拔较低的盆山接触带新构造运动表现较为强烈,具有较小ESR年龄值、碎屑岩中的多条小型(伴生)断裂,且天然地震多发。

Robust inversion analysis of local gravity anomalies caused by geological dislocation model of faults

Theoretical analysis and practical observations show that fault dislocations can change the gravity field around the fault. Gravity changes which were caused by the repeated dislocations over a long period of time were superimposed on the Bougeur gravity anomalies. These anomalies became the evidence of historical movement of fault as well as provide a way for the study of paleo earthquakes. This paper investigates inversion methods for the geological dislocation modeling of faults using the local Bouguer's gravity anomalies. To remove the effects of the irrelevant part of gravity anomalies to fault movements, we propose the robust nonlinear inversion method and set up the corresponding algorithm. Modeling examples indicate that the Marquardt's and Baye's least squares solutions depart from the true solution due to the attraction of gross errors in the data. The more seriously the data is contaminated, the more seriously the solutions are biased. In contrast, the proposed robust Marquardt's and Baye's inversion solutions can still maintain consistency with the solution without gross errors, even though 50 percent of the data is contaminated. This indicates that the proposed robust methods are effective. Using the proposed methods, we invert the geological dislocation models of the faults around the Erhai Lake in West Yunnan. The results show that the Northern Cangdong fault and the Erhai fault are normal dip slip faults with about 4 to 5 km dislocations; and that the Southern Cangdong fault has a less dip slip compared with the former two. A satisfactory fitting between the theoretical values of the inversion solution and the actual local gravity field is achievable.

1999年中国台湾集集M_(W)7.6地震跨断层场地相对运动

为了获得近断层地震动准确的残余位移信息,提出了一种变步长网格搜索地震动基线校正方法。首先基于1999年我国台湾M_(W)7.6集集地震强震动数据,探讨了近断层地震动的位移特征,然后通过地震动时程初始时刻的校正获得了集集地震多组上、下盘台站之间的相对运动时程数据,分析了分别靠近断层上、下盘场地之间相对运动的位移时程特征。结果显示:近断层地震动的滑冲效应显著,断层的平均滑冲速度可高达1.4 m/s;断层两盘间的相对运动类似于近断层地震动的运动特征,且幅值更大;近断层的残余位移约是断层两盘间最大相对位移的80%.

基于Abaqus对断层错动下高速铁路隧道衬砌受力变形模拟研究

以杭温高速铁路某区间隧道为研究对象,采用Abaqus软件建立三维分析模型。通过对断层上、下盘强制施加位移边界条件,分析断层错动下铁路隧道衬砌结构受力变形机制,探究不同断层位错量、断层宽度及倾角下衬砌结构弯矩、应力和竖向位移的变化规律。结果表明,由于断层上下盘的相对错动导致隧道衬砌结构的弯矩、应力和竖向位移变化都会在断层破碎带附近发生激烈波动;衬砌左、右拱腰处主应力峰值在围岩与断层破碎带交界处出现最大和最小值,且其值随着断层位错量的增大而进一步增大;在一定的断层宽度和位错量下,衬砌拱腰处会产生拉应力和压应力,导致衬砌结构极易发生弯曲变形以及拉扭破坏。

Paleoseismic activity on Wujiahe segment of Serteng piedmont fault, Inner Mongolia

Geomorphic study on Wujiahe segment of Serteng piedmont fault, Inner Mongolia is made. Through analysis of the available data in combination with the results of predecessors studies it can be obtained that average vertical displacement rate is 0.48~0.75 mm/a along the Wujiahe segment since the late Pleistocene (14.450~22.340 ka BP) and 0.56~0.88 mm/a since the early-middle Holocene (5.570~8.830 ka BP). Analyzing paleoseismic phenomena revealed in the excavated 5 trenches in combination with the results of predecessors studies of paleoearthquakes on the fault, we determine five paleoseismic events on the Wujiahe segment of Serteng piedmont fault since 27.0 ka BP and the recurrence interval to be about 4.300~4.400 ka. A cluster of paleoearthquakes occurred probably during 8.000~9.000 ka BP and two paleoseismic events in 10.000~20.000 ka BP may be missed. A comparison between height of fault scarps and sum of displacement caused by paleoseismic events revealed in trenches, and recurrence interval of paleoseismic events obtained from average displacement rate along the fault and the disloca-tion by one event suggest that three paleoseismic events are absent in Alagaitu trench. Two paleoseismic events may be absent on the whole active fault segment.

Estimating the Degree of Earthquake Risk from Fault Characteristics

A theoretical model considering the relationship between fault characteristics and tectonic stress is proposed to quantify earthquake risk degree. The model is applied in practice to the fault along the southern margin of Weihe basin in Shaanxi Province, Northwestern China and fitted well with reality.

Meso-Cenozoic Evolution of the Tanlu Fault and Formation of Sedimentary Basins

Abstract: There are a group of large and medium-scale Meso-Cenozoic petroliferous basins along both sides of the Tanlu fault or within the fault zone, e.g., the Songliao basin, the Bohai Bay basin and the Subei-Yellow Sea basin. As shown by studies of the structural types, sedimentary formations, volcanic activities, tectonic evolution as well as the time-space relationship between the Tanlu fault zone and the basins, the formation and distribution of the basins are controlled by the movement of the Tanlu fault. This paper presents an analysis of the tectono-geometric, kinematic and geodynamic features of the basins on the basis of integrated geological-geophysical data, and an exploration into the internal relations between the fault and the basins as well as the formation mechanism and geodynamic processes of the basins.