Inversion of Stress Fields in the Middle Section of the Xiaojiang Fault and Its Adjacent Area

With waveform data of 613 earthquakes with ML ≥ 2. 5 in the middle section of the Xiaojiang fault and its adjacent area which occurred during January,1998 to September 2007,focal mechanisms were calculated by the direct wave amplitude ratio of S /P in the vertical component and their characteristics were analyzed. According to regional tectonic features of the middle section of the Xiaojiang fault and its adjacent area,the study region was partitioned into two zones with the Xiaojiang fault as the boundary,e. g. zone A and zone B (including the Xiaojiang fault). In order to research the faults stress in detail,the Xiaojiang fault zone was picked out for independent analysis. The study region was also partitioned into 1°× 1° cells with a 0. 5° step. The stress fields of zone A,B and the fault zone were inverted with the FMSI method (Gephart,1990). The results show that first, the faults are mainly of strike-slip in the middle section and its adjacent area,amounting to 81. 28%,69. 23% and 72. 97% in the A,B and fault zones,respectively. Secondly,the stress inversion also indicates that the directions of maximum principal stress σ1 in the A, B,and fault zones are approximately NNW,NWW and NWW,the stress action is mainly horizontal,and strike-slip faulting is dominant in the study area. On the other hand,the direction of the principal stress field in the central Yunnan block changed from NNW to NWW,however,in the region between the Yuanmou and Pudu River faults,the azimuth of the main compressive stress shows that the north-south slip is obvious. While the direction of the main compressive stress of the Xiaojiang fault zone is nearly NW; in the east of the Xiaojiang fault,the direction of principal compressive stress is NW to NNW in the eastern Yunnan block.

Genetic algorithm-finite element method inversion of the factors determining the recent tectonic stress field of part of East Asia area

Genetic algorithm finite element method (GA FEM) is applied to the study of tectonic stress field of part of East Asia area. From the observed stress distribution, 2 D elastic plane stress inversion is made to deduce the boundary forces and investigate controlling factors. It is suggested that the continent continent collision is the dominant factor controlling the Chinese tectonic stress field. The ocean continent convergence along the subduction zone is an important factor. There exists tensile boundary force along the marginal sea.

The MT inversion for conductivity anisotropy and EDA precursor，stress field and deformationbandintheEarthsdeepcrust

The conductivity anisotropy behaviour is described for certain environment in the Earths crust and the MT inversion method for a layered symmetrically anisotropic model is presented. The inversion interpretations of the anisotropic model from the observational data are helpful to identify the earthquake precusors as indicated by the deep conductivity anisotropic variations, and also provide some useful information to investigate the stress states and deformation bands in the deep crust of the Earth.

Focal Mechanism Solutions and Stress Field Inversion of Moderately Strong Earthquakes in the Northern Tianshan Area

Using the focal mechanism solutions of 24 moderately strong earthquakes in the northern Tianshan area,we carried out system cluster and stress field inversion analysis.The result indicates that,the focal mechanism solutions of moderately strong earthquakes are mainly dip-slip reverse faulting in the northern Tianshan area.The principal rupture planes of earthquakes are NW-oriented.It is basically consistent with the strike of earthquake structure in its adjacent area.The direction of the principal compression stress P axis is nearly NS,and its inclination angle is small;while the inclination angle of the principal extensional stress T axis is large.It shows that the regional stress field is mainly controlled by the near-NS horizontal compressive stress.The direction of the maximum principal stress shows a gradation process of NNE-NS-NW from east to west.

Regional stress field in Yunnan revealed by the focal mechanisms of moderate and small earthquakes

We determined focal mechanism solutions of 627 earthquakes of magnitude M ≥ 3.0 in Yunnan from January 2008 to May 2018 by using broadband waveforms recorded by 287 permanent and temporary regional stations. The results clearly revealed predominantly strike-slip faulting characteristics for earthquakes in Yunnan, with focal depths concentrated in the top 10 km of the crust. The earthquake mechanisms obtained were combined with the global centroid moment tensor solutions of 80 additional earthquakes from 1976 to 2016 to invert for the regional variations of stress field orientation by using a damped regional-scale stress inversion scheme.Results of the stress field inversion confirmed that the Yunnan region is under a strike–slip stress regime, with both maximum and minimum stress axes being nearly horizontal. The maximum compressional axes are primarily oriented in a northwest-southeast direction, and they experience a clockwise rotation from north to south, whereas the maximum extensional axes are oriented largely northeast-southwest. The maximum compressional axes are in line with the global positioning system–inferred horizontal velocity field and the southeastward escape of the Sichuan–Yunnan Rhombic Block, whereas the maximum extensional axes are consistent with anisotropy derived from SKS splitting. Against the strike–slip background, normal faulting stress regimes can be seen in the Tengchong volcanic area as well as in other areas with complex crisscrossing fault zones.

Modern tectonic stress field deeply in Xuzhou Coal Mine

By inverting fault slip data, the parameters of 12 tectonic stress tensors in the mine region can be determined. The following characteristics can be obtained for recent tectonic stress fields, which are found deep in the study region. The results show that the recent tectonic stress field mainly presents the characteristics of near NWW-SSE maximum compressional stress and near NE-SW minimum extensional stress, while the stress regimes are mainly of strike slip, part of the reverse-fault type. Recent tectonic stress field in the region is characterized by horizontal components. The maximum principal compression stress direction was from NEE to SEE, the average principal compression stress direction was near NWW-SSE maximum compres- sional stress and near NE-SW minimum extensional. The recent tectonic stress field of the studied area can be controlled by a large tectonic stress area.

Moment tensor inversion for focal mechanism of the Beibuwan earthquakes

Two earthquakes of Ms=6.0 and Ms=6. 1 consecutively occurred on December 31, 1994 and January 10, 1995 in Beibuwan region, China. By using the generalized reflection-transmission coefficient matrix and the discrete slowness integration method in the calculation of Green's functions, we obtained the focal mechanisms of these earthquakes using long-period waveforms of regional body waves recorded by the China Digital Seismograph Network (CDSN) by means of moment tensor inversion method in frequency domain. The results inverted indicate that the focal mechanisms of these two earthquakes were similar to each other. Their principal compressional stresses are in NW-SE direction and principal tensional stresses are in NE-SW direction. It turns out that the occurrence of the two earthquakes was controlled by the same tectonic environment related to the collision of the Philippine Plate and the Eurasian Plates. On the other hand, the results imply that the stress field in the seismogenic region has a significant change after the Ms=6.0 earthquake. It may be proposed that the occurrence of the Ms=6. 1 earthquake could be related to the stress field adjustment caused by the Ms=6.0 earthquake.

The Spatial and Temporal Variation of Modern Tectonic Stress Field in North China before and after the 1976 Tangshan Earthquake

By using 126 earthquake focal mechanism solutions (M S≥4.7) during the period of 1963～1998, modern tectonic stress field in North China is inverted by means of the step by step convergence. The inversion results indicate that the tectonic stress field in the research region is clearly variational in space and time: (1) The middling principal stress axis σ 2 is basically vertical. The maximum and minimum principal stress axes σ 1 and σ 2 are nearly horizontal, but the azimuths of σ 1 and σ 3 are inconsistent in different districts and periods. (2) Before the Tangshan earthquake in 1976, the three principal stress axes are uniform. The azimuth of maximum principal stress axis σ 1 is 68° (striking in a NEE-SWW direction). (3) After the Tangshan earthquake, the maximum principal stress axis σ 1 and minimum principal stress axis σ 3 have variations in different districts. In the northern area of North China and on the eastern side of the Tancheng-Lujiang fault zone, the maximum principal stress axis σ 1 is also striking in a NEE-SWW direction. Its azimuth is 68°. It is the same as that before the Tangshan earthquake. In the southern area of North China, the maximum principal stress axis σ 1 is striking in a E-W direction and its azimuth is 87°.

Characteristics of recent tectonic stress field in Jiashi,Xinjiang and adjacent regions

In this paper, we analyze the general directional features of regional tectonic stress field in Jiashi, Xinjiang and adjacent regions from the data of focal mechanism solutions, borehole breakouts and fault slip. The direction of maximum horizontal principal stress given by these three sorts of stress data differs slightly, which indicates there is a NS-trending horizontal compression in the tectonic stress field in the region of interest. We also invert and analyze the temporal and spatial changes of recent tectonic stress field in the research region by using 137 focal mechanism solutions. The inverted results show that the maximum principal stress 0-1 in Jiashi and adjacent re- gions is NNW-SSE with an azimuth of 162°. In the period from 1997 to 2003 before the occurrence of Ji- ashi-Bachu earthquake, the directions of the maximum principal stress σ1 and the minimum principal stress σ3 in Jiashi seismic source zone changed clockwise with respect to the tectonic stress field in the regions around. The maximum principal stress σ1 adjusted to the direction of NNE-SSW with an azimuth of 25°. Under the control of this tectonic stress field, a series of earthquakes happened, including the Jiashi strong earthquake swarm in 1997. Then, the tectonic stress field in the Jiashi seismic source zone might adjust again. And the tectonic stress field controlling the Jiashi-Bachu earthquake in 2003 was in accordance with the regions around.

Moment tensor inversion of focal mechanism for the aftershock sequence of 1982 Lulong M_S =6.1 earthquake

Using the moment tensor inversion method, we calculate the focal mechanisms of the aftershock sequence of the Ms=6.1 Lulong earthquake occurred on October 19, 1982 in Hebei Province. We found that the pressure axis in Lulong basin is nearly in the east-west direction with an azimuth of N74°E. However, in the north of the basin the stress axis changes to N43°E; and in some places near the center of the basin it changes to the northwest that is almost perpendicular to the P axis obtained by us from those events around the basin. This feature illuminates that in Lulong earthquake sequence, the stress direction is different in different parts of crustal structure, which shows that the tectonic movement in Lulong region is complex. This is because that Lulong is located in the eastern part of Chinese mainland and is subject to the compression of Japanese Sea Basin driven by the Pacific Plate. On the other hand, nipped by the Yanshan and North China blocks, Lulong is obviously restricted by the block boundaries.

Recent tectonic stress field research in Shanxi graben system

By comprehension of earthquake focal mechanism solutions and the data of in-situ stress measurements, the tectonic stress field in Shanxi region has been summarized, which indicate that the stress state in this region is different from that of its eastern surrounding regions. The next, by fitting the measured data, the boundary forces that influenced the distribution of the stress field in this region has been studied using inversion method. The inversion results showed the following messages: the effect of the boundary force between the blocks is the main determinative factor for the recent tectonic stress field in Shanxi and the regional material and its property is a secondary factor; the horizontal main stress of tectonic stress field in Shanxi region is consistent with the stretch of fault basins.

川滇菱形块体东边界震源机制与应力场特征

文中利用四川、云南、重庆、青海、甘肃地震台网以及西昌密集台阵和巧家密集台阵的数字地震波形资料,采用CAP全波形反演方法及HASH初动极性和振幅比方法,获得了川滇菱形块体东边界区域3 951组M L≥1.0地震的震源机制。进而基于以上震源机制,采用阻尼区域应力场反演算法(MSTASI)和Vavrycuk的迭代联合反演方法获得了研究区的构造应力场分布特征、主要活动断裂的应力性质和摩擦系数。结果显示,研究区震源机制P轴、T轴以及最大主应力轴σ1和最小主应力轴σ3总体上倾角较小,揭示了近水平的挤压或剪切应力环境。σ1以NW-SE和NWW-SEE向为主,从北到南有顺时针旋转的趋势,应力性质以走滑型为主,局部兼有逆冲型和拉张型,整体分布特征与区内走滑型边界断裂活动性质一致。R值具有明显的空间差异,鲜水河断裂-龙门山断裂-安宁河断裂交会地区R值相对较高,有明显的挤压特征;鲜水河断裂带、安宁河断裂带北段和小江断裂带的R值均在0.25~0.5之间,表现为NE-SW向挤压和NW-SE向拉张,拉张应力可能远小于挤压应力;大凉山断裂带北段和则木河断裂带的R值均在0.5~1之间,表现为NW-SE向压缩和NE-SW向拉张,且挤压应力大于拉张应力。研究区域主要断裂的摩擦系数也有差异:安宁河断裂带和大凉山断裂带北段的摩擦系数相对较低,在0.75以下,鲜水河断裂带、则木河断裂带及大凉山断裂带南段的摩擦系数偏高,在0.80以上。川滇菱形块体东边界活动断裂带上的构造应力相对较高,尤其是鲜水河断裂带和小江断裂带的应力更高,需要关注其地震危险性。

高水头抽水蓄能电站地应力综合测试及抗劈裂分析

抽水蓄能电站建设处于加速期,合理布置地应力试验和精准获取地应力数据对高水头抽水蓄能电站意义重大。以某高水头抽水蓄能电站为案例,针对高水头抽水蓄能电站地形特点及地应力特征,在不同勘察阶段进行综合地应力测量,同时联合地应力场反演,获取空间三维地应力场分布规律并对围岩进行抗劈裂分析。综合实测结果表明:二维地表深孔结果随埋深梯度有变化,中浅部有应力集中现象,符合高水头抽水蓄能电站的地应力分布特征。三孔交汇法及孔壁应变法的地应力量值及方向吻合,地下厂房和高压岔管部位岩体的最大实测主应力为20.9 MPa,最小主应力为7.0 MPa;岩体以水平应力为主。最大主应力方向集中为NEE向。有利用综合实测结果加强模型精细化进行初始地应力场反演,能较好地反映此类工程的地应力场特征,利于围岩的抗劈裂分析及后续衬砌方案的选择。综合地应力测试对于高水头抽水蓄能的地应力获取具有可行性。可供高水头抽水蓄能电站工程的地应力勘察参考。

基于MLR–ANN算法的地应力场反演与裂缝预测

中国页岩气储层埋藏深,受构造运动影响,地应力分布规律复杂,传统方法很难准确反演区域地应力大小和方向。提出多元线性回归和人工神经网络的耦合算法,对川南长宁—建武区块的页岩气储层及周边地应力场进行反演,并采用综合破裂系数法,对储层裂缝进行预测,划分裂缝发育区域。研究表明,基于多元回归和神经网络的耦合算法能准确反演区域的地应力场分布规律。研究区的地应力以挤压应力为主,方向在NE115°左右。受构造运动产生的断层周边应力较为集中,易发育剪切裂缝,裂缝以发育和较发育程度为主。研究区在邻近龙马溪组底部的五峰组上段和构造大断层部位裂缝发育程度较高。研究成果对该区块完善页岩气开采的井网布置、压裂优化设计和套管损坏防治等有一定的参考价值。

特长深埋隧道岩爆倾向性预测与影响因素研究

岩爆倾向性预测是深埋硬岩隧道工程施工的难点,以往研究多以隧道施工中现场监测数据为预测基础,但预测结果存在时效性和局限性。从西南地区某特长深埋隧道工程区地应力现场实测数据出发,对区域地应力场进行三维数值反演分析,获取隧道轴向地应力特征,从而对隧道施工中岩爆倾向性等级进行预测,并利用数值模拟手段对岩爆影响因素进行对比分析,其结果可为类似特长深埋隧道工程提供参考。研究结果表明:①实测点附近三向主应力总体趋势为:σ_(H)>σ_(v)>σ_(h),其中最大水平主应力σ_(H)值为10.96~17.07 MPa,方向N9°W~N7°E;②隧道轴向最大水平主应力σ_(H)最大值为23.88 MPa,最小水平主应力σ_(h)较恒定;竖向主应力σ_(v)最大值为46.70 MPa,其量值变化和隧道埋深呈正相关。该隧道具备岩爆发生的基本条件,施工中存在中等、强烈岩爆风险;③侧压系数为0.8时,墙角处岩爆倾向性较大,其他各部位倾向性相同;埋深越大,岩爆倾向性越大,且各部位岩爆倾向性受埋深的影响程度基本一致;围岩弹性模量为40 GPa时,岩爆倾向性最大;围岩内摩擦角大于40°时,隧道断面各部位岩爆倾向性趋于平稳。

大型地下厂房水压致裂法地应力测量及地应力场反演分析

岩体初始地应力是地下工程研究中的重要内容,依托大型地下厂房工程,采用三维水压致裂法和常规水压致裂法对洞内孔ZK1和地表孔ZK2分别进行地应力测量,获得岩体初始地应力;基于实测数据利用三维数值模拟方法进行地应力场反演计算,获得所需工程区的地应力场分布规律。研究表明:水压致裂法可以有效地获得初始地应力,三维水压致裂法获得的地下应力情况更为准确且可以与垂直孔测试数据互相印证;数值模拟获取的地应力计算值和实测值具有一致性,厂房隧洞布置较为合理且工程区发生岩爆概率较低;现场原位测试结果与回归地应力场分布规律可为工程设计提供有效的科学支撑。

页岩气储层多期构造应力场反演与裂缝演化

川南泸州区块五峰组—龙马溪组的页岩气蕴藏量大,构造运动使地应力局部集中,从而引起裂缝和断层的产生,对页岩气的勘探开发有较大影响。为了优选页岩气勘探区,采用地震综合资料、古构造图和岩石力学参数测试等方法,运用神经网络算法和地质力学建模方法,对研究区多期古构造应力场进行反演,并对应力影响下的储层裂缝发育规律进行预测。研究结果表明:采用数值模拟和神经网络算法,可以进行多期构造作用下的地应力场反演。多期构造运动使地应力发生调整变化,地层背斜部位应力较为集中,背斜核部受到强烈构造作用而发生破裂,应力逐步释放;多期构造运动使储层岩石承受的应力逐步变化,易出现破裂带而形成断层,应力逐步减小;原有断层周边裂缝发育较为强烈,易出现应力衰减区域,从而出现多而短的小型裂缝。现今应力场受多期构造运动综合影响,分布较复杂,裂缝发育规律性不强,对页岩气钻井、开发等影响较大。研究成果对深层页岩气的勘探开发具有一定的指导意义。

腾冲及邻区构造应力场与地震活动性研究

以云南腾冲及邻区为研究区域,使用FM_(S)I 方法进行应力场反演;在此基础上,进行了断层滑动趋势和地震活动性分析。结果表明:腾冲及邻区的震源机制主要以走滑型为主,最大应力主轴σ1沿 NNE—SSW 向,最小主应力轴σ_(3)沿 NWW 向,并且最大、最小主应力轴都是近水平向。研究区域具有较强滑动趋势的断层走向范围主要为40°—80°、160°—200°、220°—260°、340°—360°;断层倾角为50°—70°,这与该地区的构造背景相符。结合该地区的断层分布分析认为,腾冲火山区附近的大盈江断裂、龙川江断裂、龙陵—瑞丽断裂未来可能具有较明显地震活动趋势。2000—2021年该区域发生了7次4.0级及以上的中强地震,且2012年之前研究区域内地震活动较多,4.0级及以上地震事件大部分都发生在2011年前后;其间,2次中强地震活动均发生在滑动趋势较强的断层周边。

2023年塔吉克斯坦M_(W)7.2地震InSAR同震形变场与滑动分布

利用Sentinel-1A卫星SAR影像数据,对2023年塔吉克斯坦M_(W)7.2地震开展同震形变提取,基于弹性位错模型进行断层反演,并以本文反演得到的右旋节面解为接收面,计算不同深度的静态库仑应力。同震形变结果显示,升轨LOS向最大形变量达15 cm,降轨LOS向最大形变量达16 cm。断层反演结果表明,此次地震最优发震断层走向为131.1°、倾角为85.7°,同震主滑移区分布在深度10~30 km范围内,以右旋走滑为主,最大滑移位置位于地下约20 km深度处,滑移量为3.49 m,未破裂至地表,矩震级为M_(W)7.16。库仑应力结果显示,该区域库仑应力符合帕米尔高原已有的应力场及地质学研究结果,随着深度增加,其影响范围以发震断层为中心向外扩张,且自5 km深度往下,应力加载区逐渐侵蚀应力卸载区,并开始以加载区为主,在约10 km深度处开始发生余震活动,与本次发震断层相邻的2条断层未来短时间内地震风险性较小。

Preliminary analysis on the tectonic stress level in the source region of Tangshan earthquake

The abundant data of focal mechanism solutions in Tangshan region, China, are inverted for the tectonic stress field. Combined with tectonophysical consideration, the magnitude of the three principal stresses, as well as their vertical variation under the average crustal rock property, in the source region of the 1976 Tangshan earthquake is estimated. The relationship between crustal stress and friction mc, pore pressure P0 and stress shape factor F is studied. The paper draws the conclusion that the vertical increasing rate of the maximum principal stress s is directly proportional to friction, and inversely to pore pressure P0 and stress shape factor F ; while the vertical increasing rate of the minimum principal tress s is directly proportional to pore pressure P0, inversely to friction mc and stress shape factor F. This study is a try to invert the data of focal mechanism solutions for the complete stress tensor.