IINFLUENCE OF HEAT TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY ON PROPERTY OF LOW COBALT Fe-Cr-Co PERMANENT MAGNETIC ALLOY

The research is carried out through specification measurement of magnetic property, photo analysis of electronic microscope, metallographic analysis, micro hard and so on means. The initial researches have been done about the influence on material property by solid solution treatment, heat magnetic treatment and aging treatment technology of the low cobalt Fe Cr Co alloy. Therefore, better productive technologies have been found.

Fabricating functionally graded Fe-Cr-Co permanent magnetic alloys via laser powder bed fusion

Laser powder bed fusion(LPBF)in-situ alloying technology offers the possibility to construct gradient materials with varied structures and properties.Functionally graded Fe-Cr-Co permanent magnetic alloys were fabricated by LPBF and in-situ alloying mixed powders of Fe,Cr,and Co elements.The effects of different Fe,Cr and Co contents on the microstructure,magnetic properties and hardness of Fe-Cr-Co alloys prepared by LPBF were studied.The as-built Fe-Cr-Co alloys present a single body-centered-cubic phase and have a homogeneous distribution of elements.The mechanical properties and magnetic properties of the compositionally graded sample show a gradient variation.With the increase in Cr content,the Vickers hardness of the sample increases,and the saturation magnetization of the sample decreases.The optimal magnetic properties in an isotropic state are given as coercivity HcB=21.65 kA/m,remanence Br=0.70 T and energy product(BH)_(max)=5.35 kJ/m^(3),which are comparable to or higher than the reported magnetic properties in an isotropic state prepared by traditional powder metallurgy.LPBF in-situ alloying technology has the potential to further explore Fe-Cr-Co magnetic materials,such as those consisting of multiple or more constituent elements,and to maximize the compositional flexibility of magnetic materials.

(Nd_(0.9)Dy_(0.1))_(16)Co_(5)Fe_(70)Nb_(2)B_(7) PERMANENT MAGNETIC ALLOY AND BEHAVIOUR OF Nb

The magnetic properties of (Nd_(0.9)Dy_(0.1))_(16)Co_(5)Fe_(70)Nb_(2)B_(7) permanent magnetic alloy prepared by powder metallurgy are:Br=1.08T,_(1)H_(C)=1620kA/m,(BH)_(max)=208kJ/m^(3).The behaviour of Nb in this alloy was studied by joint methods of dynamic observation by high voltage electron microscope(HVEM)and Mossbauer effects.With Nb and Co substituting parts of Fe and adding a little Dy,practical magnetic alloy with excellent properties can be obtained.The thermal stability of it is 80 ℃ higher than that of ternary Nd-Fe-13 magnet.The study shows that adding Nb into Nd-Fe-B can make the intrinsic coercivity appear peak value at about Nb=2%(in mole fraction).Nb mainly enters into Nd-rich and B-rich phases,a little into Nd_(2)Fe_(14)B phase.

Recent progress in high temperature permanent magnetic materials

Permanent magnetic materials capable of operating at high temperature up to 500℃ have wide potential applications in fields such as aeronautics, space, and electronic cars. SmCo alloys are candidates for high temperature applications, since they have large magnetocrystalline anisotropy field （6-30 T）, high Curie temperature （720-920℃）, and large energy product （〉200 kJ.m-3） at room temperature. However, the highest service temperature of commercial 2：17 type SmCo magnets is only 300℃, and many efforts have been devoted to develop novel high temperature permanent magnets. This review focuses on the development of three kinds of SmCo based magnets： 2：17 type SmCo magnets, nanocrystalline SmCo magnets, and nanocomposite SmCo magnets. The oxidation protection, including alloying and surface modification, of high temperature permanent magnets is discussed as well.

INVESTIGATION OF PHASE SEPARATION OF THE Fe-Ni-Co-Al-Cu-Ti PERMANENT MAGNET ALLOY

Microstructure formed in the Fe-Ni-Co-Al-Cu-Ti permanent magnetic alloy with different treatments was studied by means of TEM observation, XRD method and SAXS technology. The results indicated that spinodal decomposition and orderiing transformation coexisted in the alloy and spinodal decomposition was completed in a short time. The ratio of component of spinodal and ordered microstructure was dependent on the cooling rate. The variation of gyration radius RG of the rod-like precipitates could be accounted for by the different growth modes of the precipitates related to strain energy and interface energy.

Development of Strip Casting Technology in Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Alloys and Hydrogen Storage Alloys in China

The SC technique is now being applied widely in material preparation, especially in rare earth functional materials in virtue of its advanced process and high performance product. The applications of SC technique in rare earth permanent magnet alloys and hydrogen storage alloys were analyzed integrative, on the basis of summary of SC technique development in this paper. The paper mainly includes development history of SC technology, effect of SC technology on alloy microstructure, application of SC technology in RE storage hydrogen alloy and sintered Nd-Fe-B alloy, development of SC equipment and SC product industry. At the same time, the paper points out the existing problem of SC products.

Abnormal variation of magnetic properties with Ce content in(PrNdCe)_2Fe_(14)B sintered magnets prepared by dual alloy method

Resource-saving（PrNdCe）_2Fe_（14）B sintered magnets with nominal composition（PrNd）_（15-x）Ce_xFe_（77）B_8（x=0–10）were prepared using a dual alloy method by mixing（PrNd）_5Ce_（10）Fe_（77）B_8 with（PrNd）_（15）Fe_（77）B_8 powders. For Ce atomic percent of 1% and 2%, coercivity decreases dramatically. With further increase of Ce atomic percent, the coercivity increases, peaks at 6.38 kOe in（PrNd）_（11）Ce_4Fe_（77）B_8, and then declines gradually. The abnormal dependence of coercivity is likely related to the inhomogeneity of rare earth chemical composition in the intergranular phase, where Pr Nd concentration is strongly dependent on the additive amount of（PrNd）_5Ce_（10）Fe_（77）B_8 powders. In addition, for Ce atomic percent of 8%,7%, and 6% the coercivity is higher than that of magnets prepared by the conventional method, which shows the advantage of the dual alloy method in preparing high abundant rare earth magnets.

Microstructure and corrosion property of AZ61 magnesium alloy by electromagnetic stirring

The influence of permanent-magnet-driven stirring during solidification on the microstructure and corrosion property of AZ61 magnesium alloy was investigated. The corrosion behaviour of AZ61 was studied in 3.5mol/L NaCl by measuring electrochemical polarization. The results show that the permanent-magnet stirring refines the microstructure of AZ61 magnesium alloy, which improves the precipitation amount and distribution uniformity of β phase and decreases the content of hydrogen, but it has less influence on the distribution uniformity of Zn. The change of precipitation amount of β phase influences the corrosive nature of the matrix, and it has no direct proportion with the corrosion resistance of the matrix.

Mn-based permanent magnets

Mn-based intermetallic compounds have attracted much attention due to their fascinating structural and physical properties,especially their interesting hard magnetic properties.In this paper,we have summarized the magnetic and structural properties of Mn-based intermetallic compounds(Mn X,where X=Al,Bi,and Ga).Various methods for synthesizing single phases of MnAl,MnBi,and Mnx Ga were developed in our lab.A very high saturation magnetization of 125 emu/g,coercivity of 5 kOe,and maximum energy product(BH)_(max)of 3.1 MG·Oe were achieved at room temperature for the pureτ-Mn–Al magnetic phase without carbon doping and the extrusion process.Low temperature phase(LTP)MnBi with a purity above 95 wt.%can be synthesized.An abnormal temperature coefficient of the coercivity was observed for the LTP MnBi magnet.Its coercivity increased with temperature from 100 K to 540 K,reached a maximum of 2.5 T at about540 K,and then decreased slowly to 1.8 T at 610 K.The positive temperature coefficient of the coercivity is related to the evolution of the structure and magnetocrystalline anisotropy field of the LTP MnBi phase with temperature.The LTP MnBi bonded magnets show maximum energy products(BH)_(max)of 8.9 MG·Oe(70 kJ/m^(3))and 5.0 MG·Oe(40 k J/m^(3))at room temperature and 400 K,respectively.Ferrimagnetic Mn_(x)Ga phases with L10 structures(x〈2.0)and D0_(22)structures(x〉2.0)were obtained.All of the above structures can be described by a D0_(22)supercell model in which 2 a-Ga and 2 b-Mn are simultaneously substituted.The tetragonal D0_(22)phases of the Mn_(x)Ga show high coercivities ranging from 7.2 kOe for low Mn content x=1.8 to 18.2 kOe for high Mn content x=3 at room temperature.The Mn_(1.2)Ga sample exhibits a room temperature magnetization value of 80 emu/g.The hard magnetic properties of coercivityiH_(c)=3.5 kOe,remanence M_(r)=43.6 emu/g,and(BH)_(max)=2.5 MG·Oe were obtained at room temperature.Based on the above studies,we believe that Mn-based magnetic materials could be promising candidates for rare earth free permanent magnets exhibiting a high Curie temperature,high magnetocrystalline anisotropy,and very high coercivity.

Effect of annealing process on magnetic properties of Sm(Co_(0.6)Fe_(0.27)Cu_(0.1)Zr_(0.03))_(7.5) ribbons

Sm（Co0.6Fe0.27Cu0.1Zr0.03）7.5 ribbons were prepared by melt-spun method.The results showed that the remnant magnetization Mr and intrinsic coercivity Hci had a rapid increase when the heating rate increased from 5 to 10 °C/min.But the increase of Mr and Hci were observed to be very little when the heating rate was further increased to 20 °C/min.10 °C/min was the critical heating rate for obtaining high magnetic properties.The maximum values of Mr and Hci reached 0.70 T and 780.1 kA/m when the annealing temperature and annealing time were optimized to be 800 °C and 1 h, respectively.Proper second-step heat treatment could suppress the decrease of Hci when the cooling rate increased from 0.7 to 5 °C/min, which could reduce the cooling time effectively.

The Structure and Magnetic Properties of Co₇₇Zr₁₈W₅Melt-Spun Ribbons

Based on X-ray diffraction, microscopic and magnetic analysis, the structure and magnetic properties of Co77Zr18W5 melt-spun ribbons were studied in this paper. A new element to stabilize the metastable Co5Zr phase was found and the coercivity observed in Co-Zr alloys can be obviously enhanced by proper tungsten substitution. The Curie temperature of Co77Zr18W5 ribbons is 475℃ which suggests that W doped Co-Zr alloys may become an attractive candidate perma- nent magnets for practical applications in high temperature. Annealing of the Co77Zr18W5 ribbons results in a decrease of the coercivity which confirmed that the hard magnetic phase is Co5Zr phase in 77Zr18W5 melt-spun ribbons.

Development of cost-effective nanocrystalline multi-component(Ce,La,Y)-Fe-B permanent magnetic alloys containing no critical rare earth elements of Dy,Tb,Pr and Nd

Here we first report the fully abundant rare earth(RE)-based nanocrystalline multi-component(Ce,La,Y)-Fe-B alloys containing no critical RE elements of Nd,Pr,Dy,and Tb by melt-spinning technique.The roles of La and Y substitutions for Ce have been fully understood.La plays a positive role on both thermal stability and room-temperature(RT)magnetic properties.The enhanced coercivity H_(cj)by partial substitution of La is attributed to the increases of anisotropy field H_A and the formation of continuously distributed grain boundaries resulting from the suppre s sion of CeFe_(2)phase.Although Y substitution is not benefit for H_(cj),both remanent polarization J_r and thermal stability have been effectively improved since Y_(2)Fe_(14)B shows relatively high saturation magnetization M_s and a positive temperature coefficient of HA over a certain temperature range.In addition,RE element segregation has been confirmed,La prefers to enter into the grain boundaries than Ce and Y prefers to remain in the 2:14:1 phase.Based on these understanding,a series of melt-spun(Ce,La,Y)-Fe-B alloys have been designed.A relatively good combination of magnetic properties with maximum energy product(BH)_(max)=7.4 MGOe,H_(Cj)=400 kA/m,and J_r=0.63 T has been obtained in[(Ce_(0.8)La_(0.2))_(0.7)Y_(0.3)]_(17)Fe_(78)B_6 alloy,together with high Curie temperature(T_c=488 K)and low temperature coefficients of remanence(α=-0.255%/K)and coercivity(β=-0.246%/K).

Study on The Precipitation and Growth of Cellular Structure of Sm (Co, Cu, Fe, Zr)_(7.4) Permanent Magnetic Alloy and the Effect of Zr

A dynamic observation on the Sm (Co, Cu, Fe, Zr)_(7.4) permanent magnetic alloy with a 1000 kV HVEM and a study on the effect of Zr by Mossbauer effect are carried out. The magnetic property of the above magnets by powder metallurgy is Br=1.12 T, _iH_c=1078 kA/m, (BH)_(max)=243.6 kJ/m^3. It is found that the centers of the cellular structure. which plays an important role for _iH_c, form at 460℃ and grow up during 5000℃ to 700℃. The intrinsic coercivity of the alloy rises up with the gradual perfection, the size and amount increment of cellular structure. The Mossbauer experiment showed the addition of Zr induced atoms to enter into 2:17 phase from 1:5 phase, which raised the content and magnetic difference of the two phases. Adding Zr speeded up Fe atom to move to Co_3 crystal position from Co_1 position, hence raised the single-axis anisotropy of the alloy. The two effects are both beneficial for the rise of _iH_c.

过渡金属元素掺杂对SmCo_(3)合金结构和磁性能影响的第一性原理计算

在稀土永磁材料中,Sm-Co基合金具有优异的高温磁性能,是目前最有发展前景的永磁材料.然而,这些合金在高温环境的实际应用中,由于其相对较低的饱和磁化强度和结构稳定性而受到限制.本研究采用Fe,Ni,Cu,Zr作为代表的过渡金属元素,通过第一性原理计算,研究掺杂元素对SmCo_(3)合金结构稳定性、磁性能和电子结构的影响.计算结果表明,元素Ni,Cu和Fe的掺杂有利于提升SmCo_(3)体系结构稳定性,而元素Zr的掺杂不利于体系结构稳定性.磁性能计算表明,掺杂非磁性元素在一定程度上会降低SmCo_(3)体系的总磁矩,而掺杂磁性元素可以增大SmCo_(3)体系的总磁矩,在SmCo_(3)体系中并不是掺杂所有的磁性元素都可以增大体系总磁矩,并通过电子结构的分析阐明了其微观机制.最后筛选出了过渡元素Fe有利于提升SmCo_(3)的磁性能和结构稳定性,并在其原胞中掺杂原子百分比为0—22.22%范围内,预测了其最佳掺杂原子百分比为18.52%.

高矫顽Fe-Cr-Co永磁合金

Fe- Cr- Co系永磁合金是性能优异的可加工永磁材料 ,它的永磁性能与铸造 Al Ni Co合金相当 ,且具有良好的塑性 ,可以进行锻、轧、拔 (丝 ,管材 )和切削等机械加工 ,又有很好的抗腐蚀性能和较高的温度稳定性。因而受到人们的重视 ,并在某些领域得到了重要的应用。本文就该合金的结构、相转变、Spinodal分解、磁场处理以及高矫顽机理作了简要叙述。通过改变成分和热处理工艺的实验 ,得到了高矫顽力的 Fe- Cr- Co合金 ,磁性为 Br:92 0 0～ 10 5 0 0 Gs,Hc:90 0～ 110 0 Oe,(BH) max:4 .0～ 4 .5

铜合金接触线夹杂物缺陷的新型涡流检测探索

针对传统涡流检测法在铜合金接触线检测中的不足,提出了一种应用于铜合金接触线生产过程的新型在线涡流检测法,由永磁体和磁场传感器分别代替传统涡流检测法的激励和接收线圈。经实验测试表明,新型涡流检测法原理可行,实验装置简单有效,在现有实验条件下可达到100μm量级的检测精度。

离子液体电沉积铝及其合金在NdFeB永磁体表面的应用

[目的]近年来,在材料表面电沉积轻质、耐腐蚀和低成本的铝及铝合金备受关注。离子液体以其高导电性、宽电化学窗口和低毒性,被视为环保电解液的首选。采用离子液体电沉积铝及铝合金能有效提升材料的耐蚀性和力学性能,这为低耐蚀性NdFeB永磁体材料的应用提供了新思路。[方法]综述了以AlCl3为主盐的离子液体在铝及铝合金电沉积工艺、机理及应用的最新进展,重点介绍了该技术在NdFeB永磁体中的研究和应用现状,指出了目前存在的问题。[结果]离子液体电沉积铝及铝合金在NdFeB永磁体表面的应用以Al及Al-Mn合金为主。[结论]尽管将离子液体电沉积铝及铝合金作为NdFeB永磁体表面防护已受到业界的广泛关注,并取得了一定的进展,但成本高、镀液黏度大、沉积难等问题仍亟待解决。

Phase diagrams of permanent magnet alloys: Binary rare earth alloy systems

Thermodynamic optimization of the binary rare earth alloy(Cee La, Cee Pr, Cee Nd and Lae Nd) systems was performed in this work through the CALPHAD method based on the critical evaluation of all available phase diagram and thermodynamic data reported in the literature. During the thermodynamic modeling, the solution phases including liquid, bcc, fcc and dhcp, were treated as the substitutional solution model. Thermodynamic parameters of the stable phases in the Cee La, Cee Pr, Cee Nd and Lae Nd binary systems are obtained finally and would be used directly to develop the thermodynamic database of the multi-component Nde Fee B-based alloys, which is indispensable for designing alloy compositions and processes of Nde Fee B permanent magnets with highly abundant rare earth metals.

RECRYSTALLIZATION IN A SPINODAL Cu Ni Fe ALLOY

The interaction of spinodal decomposition and recrystallization process, and the characteristic of recrystallization in Cu-Ni-Fe alloy aged at different temperatures after solution-treatment and cold rolling have been studied by structural analysis and Vickers hardness test. It has shown that the recrystallization of spinodal Cu -Ni-Fe alloy might be divided into 2 types: spinodal decomposition, recovery and recrystallization of two-phase microstructure take place in the deformed alloy aged below the spinodal temperature; while recrystallization of single-phase microstructure and growth of fully-recrystallized grains take place in the deformed alloy aged above the spinodal temperature. The deformed alloy aged below the spinodal temperature recrystallizes in cellular morphology.

Role of primary Zr-rich particles on microstructure and magnetic properties of 2:17-type Sm-Co-Fe-Cu-Zr permanent magnets

Trace Zr addition is essential for achieving desired cellular nanostructure and large coercivity in the pinning-controlled 2:17-type Sm-Co-Fe-Cu-Zr magnets that have served as the strongest high temperature permanent magnets for over 40 years.However,accompanying this is the formation of Zr-rich particles that may deteriorate the hard magnetic properties.Besides the formerly-reported 1:3R Zr-rich platelets,in this work,1–2μm sized Zr6(Co,Fe)23(6:23)particles(Fm 3 m)and 100–200 nm sized 1:3R Zr-rich particles were also found based on combined structural identifications and element mapping analysis.Around such particles,the desired 1:5H cell wall precipitates that provide the strongest pinning force of magnetic domain wall motions are rare,forming the precipitate-free-zones(PFZs).The 1:5H-PFZs and the soft magnetism of both 6:23 and 1:3R Zr-rich particles act as local weak pinning points,which are unfavorable to retain the large magnetization in strong opposite fields and lead to poor squareness.As observed in a Sm25Co45.9Fe19.5Cu5.6Zr4.0(wt.%)magnet,the co-existence of such Zr-rich particles and the associated 1:5H-PFZs leads to a pretty low squareness factor of only 52.89%given the large coercivity of 29.04 kOe.Our findings suggest that careful controlling the Zr content and avoiding its aggregation to form harmful 6:23 and 1:3R Zr-rich particles are essential for achieving high squareness as well as large energy product in the Sm-Co-Fe-Cu-Zr permanent magnets.