Effects of Calcination Temperature on the Acidity and Catalytic Performances of HZSM-5 Zeolite Catalysts for the Catalytic Cracking of n-Butane

The acidic modulations of a series of HZSM-5 catalysts were successfully made by calcination at different treatment temperatures, i.e. 500, 600, 650, 700 and 800 ℃, respectively. The results indicated that the total acid amounts, their density and the amount of B-type acid of HZSM-5 catalysts rapidly decreased, while the amounts of L-type acid had almost no change and thus the ratio of L/B was obviously enhanced with the increase of calcination temperature （excluding 800 ℃）. The catalytic performances of modified HZSM-5 catalysts for the cracking of n-butane were also investigated. The main properties of these catalysts were characterized by means of XRD, N2 adsorption at low temperature, NH3-TPD, FTIR of pyridine adsorption and BET surface area measurements. The results showed that HZSM-5 zeolite pretreated at 800 ℃ had very low catalytic activity for n-butane cracking. In the calcination temperature range of 500-700 ℃, the total selectivity to olefins, propylene and butene were increased with the increase of calcination temperature, while, the selectivity for arene decreased with the calcination temperature. The HZSM-5 zeolite calcined at 700 ℃ produced light olefins with high yield, at the reaction temperature of 650 ℃ the yields of total olefins and ethylene were 52.8% and 29.4%, respectively. Besides, the more important role is that high calcination temperature treatment improved the duration stability of HZSM-5 zeolites. The effect of calcination temperature on the physico-chemical properties and catalytic performance of HZSM-5 for cracking of n-butane was explored. It was found that the calcination temperature had large effects on the surface area, crystallinity and acid properties of HZSM-5 catalyst, which further affected the catalytic performance for n-butane cracking.

SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF A NOVEL COMPOSITE ZSM-5 ZEOLITE/VERMICULITE CATALYST

The composite ZSM—5 zeolite/vermiculite catalyst,in which tiny ZSM—5 zeolite parti- cles embedded in the vermiculite substrate,has been synthesized by hydrothermal method with vermiculite as silicon source.The catalytic behavior of resulting catalyst for xylene isomerization,propylene aromatization and toluene disproportionation is better than that of HZSM—5 zeolite.

Direct amination of isobutylene over zeolite catalysts with various topologies and acidities

The atomically economic and green chemical reaction of direct amination of isobutylene to tertbutylamine, particularly under the relative mild reaction conditions available for future industrial use,was carried out over zeolite catalysts possessing different topological structures, from one dimensional to three dimensional pore system, and from small 8-member ring pore（MRP） to medium 10 MRP and further to large 12 MRP zeolites, to disclose the relationship between the zeolite properties/topologies and their amination performance systematically under the mild reaction conditions. It was discovered that the pore structure and the acidities of zeolite catalysts played crucial roles in the isobutylene amination process, and suitable pore diameter（larger than 0.5 nm or with large side pockets/cups in the outside surface） and a certain number of mid-strong acid sites are indispensable to catalyze the amination reaction,while too strong acid strength was not conducive to the process of isobutylene amination. Among them,zeolites with topologies of BEA, MFI, MEL, MWW and EUO exhibited good amination performance, with which the isobutylene conversion was higher than 12.61%（>46.42% of the equilibrium conversion） under the studied mild reaction conditions. Due to the good amination performance and the large adjustable Si/Al;ratio range, ZSM-5 was selected to further study the effect of acidity on the amination performance systematically under the mild reaction conditions, and the activity-acidity relationship in the amination process was disclosed: the amination activity（isobutylene conversion） had a linear correlation with the amount of mid-strong B acidity under the studied conditions over ZSM-5 catalyst, which can provide guidance for further developing high-efficient amination catalyst under mild reaction conditions available for future industrial use.

Catalyst activity comparison of alcohols over zeolites

Alcohol transformation to transportation fuel-range hydrocarbon over HZSM-5 （SIO2/A1203 = 30） catalyst was studied at 360 C and 300 psig. Product distributions and catalyst life were compared between methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol and 1-butanol as a feed. The catalyst life for 1-propanol and l-butanol was more than double compared with that for methanol and ethanol. For all the alcohols studied, the product distributions （classified to paraffin, olefin, naphthene, aromatic and naphthalene compounds） varied with time on stream （TOS）. At 24 h TOS, liquid product from 1-propanol and 1-butanol transformation primarily contains higher olefin compounds. The alcohol transformation process to higher hydrocarbon involves a complex set of reaction pathways such as dehydration, oligomerization, dehydrocyclization and hydrogenation. Compared with ethylene generated from methanol and ethanol, oligomerization of propylene and butylene has a lower activation energy and can readily take place on weaker acidic sites. On the other hand, dehydrocyclization of the oligomerized products of propylene and butylene to form the cyclic compounds requires the sites with stronger acid strength. Combination of the above mentioned reasons are the primary reasons for olefin rich product generated in the later stage of the time on stream and for the extended catalyst life time for 1-propanol and 1-butanol compared with methanol and ethanol conversion over HZSM-5.

清洁法制备全结晶ZSM-5分子筛催化剂及其催化性能

在无额外添加碱金属或碱土金属的体系中,以氨水为模板剂,成功制备全结晶ZSM-5分子筛催化剂。晶化结束后,采用闪蒸技术回收晶化残液中的氨水,回收率高达85%,并且实现了回收氨水的循环再利用,连续回用3次仍然可以得到高结晶的分子筛催化剂。表征结果表明,通过优化合成配方,在晶化温度为170℃,晶化时间为6 h的条件下,制备的全结晶ZSM-5分子筛催化剂具有晶体形貌规整、晶间孔丰富、活性中心状态好、机械强度高(108 N·cm^(-1))等优点。在稀乙烯和苯气相烷基化制乙苯反应中,全结晶ZSM-5分子筛催化剂表现出优异的活性、选择性、稳定性及再生性能,关键杂质二甲苯含量仅为(350~400)μL·L^(-1),完全可以满足工业应用需求。

Fe-HZSM-5分子筛催化剂的甲醇制汽油动力学研究

通过水热晶化法,合成含有骨架杂原子Fe的Fe-HZSM-5分子筛催化剂,采用XRD、BET和NH3-TPD对催化剂进行表征,在微型固定床反应器中测定催化剂的甲醇制汽油的反应性能和反应动力学数据,对Fe-HZSM-5分子筛催化剂的甲醇制汽油本征动力学进行研究。结果表明,ZSM-5分子筛骨架引入杂原子Fe,可以增加对产物汽油选择性有利的弱酸量。采用Chen and Reagan建立的甲醇制汽油三集总动力学模型,通过Runge-Kutta法和最小二乘法对实验数据的回归计算,获得反应速率常数为k1=0.921×1012exp(-108 600/RT)、k2=0.155×1012exp(-116 400/RT)和k3=1.008×107exp(-96 130/RT)。以目标残差函数OF参数值为检验模型的标准,模拟值和实验值的相关系数R2均超过0.99。因此,Chen and Reagan建立的甲醇制汽油三集总动力学模型可以准确描述Fe-HZSM-5分子筛催化剂的甲醇制汽油反应动力学行为。

空壳型ZSM-5分子筛用于苯-乙醇烷基化制乙苯的研究

选用空壳型ZSM-5分子筛为母体催化剂,利用固定床反应器考察了煤基乙醇与苯烷基化制备乙苯反应条件对催化性能的影响,并在优化条件下评价空壳型HZSM-5母体催化剂的反应稳定性;研究了水热处理与P或Zn单组分对母体ZSM-5联合改性所得催化剂的烷基化催化性能。结果表明,空壳型HZSM-5母体催化剂用于苯与乙醇烷基化反应,连续反应100 h性能基本没有变化,苯转化率保持在13.4%左右、乙基选择性为97.8%,而二甲苯相对质量分数保持在3400μg/g。经过单组分改性与水热处理联合改性的空壳型HZSM-5分子筛,可以进一步提高乙基选择性和降低二甲苯杂质质量分数,在苯/乙醇摩尔比为6、反应温度为340℃和空速为6 h-1的优化条件下,苯转化率大于10%,乙基选择性大于99%,二甲苯相对质量分数低于700μg/g,具有很好的应用开发潜力。

ZSM-5/MAPO Composite Catalyst for Converting Methanol to Olefins in a Two-Stage Unit with a Dimethyl Ether Pre-Reactor

A ZSM-5/MAPO composite catalyst was prepared by adding ZSM-5 zeolite powder to a conventional molecular sieve synthesis system, followed by modification with NH_4H_2PO_4. The samples were characterized by XRD, SEM, IR, NH_3-TPD, and BET analyses. The catalytic property of the samples toward the methanol-to-olefin(MTO) reaction was evaluated in a connected in series two-stage unit equipped with a continuous flow(once-through) fixed-bed tubular reactor similar to an industrial reactor. The first reactor mainly converted methanol into dimethyl ether and water, followed by being subject to continuous reaction in the second reactor, in which DME was converted to hydrocarbons. The composites exhibited the typical framework topology of MFI, AEI and AFI, which represented the ZSM-5 zeolite, the molecular sieves AlPO-18 or SAPO-18, AlPO-5 or SAPO-5, respectively. The composites showed several advantages for optimizing the zeolite acidity, enhancing the mass transfer, and restraining the side reactions. Catalytic reaction results showed that the composites exhibited higher selectivity to light olefins(84.0%) and lower selectivity to C_2―C_4 alkanes and C_5^+ hydrocarbons than pure ZSM-5. Moreover, the composite zeolite loaded with 3% of P demonstrated improved catalytic activity and stability for the conversion of methanol to propylene, because the coking rate was obviously suppressed.

Deactivation studies of bifunctional Fe-HZSM5 catalyst in Fischer-Tropsch process

A physical mixture of alkali-promoted iron catalyst with binder based on Fischer-Tropsch synthesis and an acidic co-catalyst （HZSM5） for syngas conversion to hydrocarbons was studied in a fixed bed micro reactor. Deactivation data were obtained during the synthesis over a 1400 h period. The deactivation studies on iron catalyst showed that this trend followed the phase transformation Fe2.2C （ ε′） → Fe5C2 （χ） → Fe3C （θ）, and the final predominant phase of the catalyst was Fe3C （θ）. Deactivation of zeolite component in bifunctional catalyst may be caused by coking over the zeolitic component, dealumination of zeolite crystals, and migration of alkali promoters from iron catalyst under synthesis conditions. The deactivation rate of iron catalyst was also obtained.

Effect of copper precursors on the catalytic performance of Cu-ZSM-5 catalysts in N2O decomposition

Five Cu-ZSM-5 catalysts were obtained by treating Na-ZSM-5(Si/Al ratio = 15) with aqueous solutions of different Cu precursors(CuCl_2, Cu(NO_3)_2, CuSO_4, Cu(CH_3COO)_2, and ammoniacal copper(II) complex ion). After being pretreated in flowing He at 500 ℃ to form active Cu+, these catalysts exhibited quite different activities in catalytic decomposition of N_2O. CZM-AC(II)(prepared by ammoniacal copper(Ⅱ) complex ion) with 9.4 wt% Cu content was the most active among these Cu-ZSM-5 catalysts, achieving almost complete N_2O conversion at 400 ℃.CZM-CA(prepared using Cu(CH_3COO)_2 as the Cu precursor) with 2.8 wt% Cu content was the second most active catalyst among these Cu-ZSM-5 catalysts, achieving almost complete N_2O conversion at 425 ℃. CZM-CC, CZMCN, and CZM-CS prepared by using Cu Cl_2, Cu(NO_3)_2, or CuSO_4 as the Cu precursor with similar Cu contents(≈ 1.7 wt%) were the least active among these Cu-ZSM-5 catalysts, achieving ca. 90% N_2O conversion at 500 ℃.XRD, ICP, SEM, TEM, EDX-mapping, and CO-IR experiments were conducted to characterize relevant samples.The superior activity of CZM-AC(Ⅱ) can be attributed to the high contents of total Cu+and dimeric Cu+among these samples. The influence of co-fed O_2 or H_2O on the catalytic performance of typical samples was also studied.

Effect of Rare Earths on n-Hexane Aromatization over HZSM-5 Catalyst

The cracking and aromatization of n hexane over H ZSM 5 modified by various rare earths were investigated by means of continuous flow micro reactor. The surface properties of modified H ZSM 5 catalysts were obtained from IR, XRD and XPS. The results show that the rare earths enhance the aromatizing properties of the catalysts which are prepared by mechanical mixture method. The results of n hexane cracking and aromatization are correlated with the acidity. The Brnsted acidic sites are the active sites of n hexane aromatization, while Lewis acid site plays an important role in n hexane cracking.

纳米聚集体ZSM-5分子筛的改性及其用于甲苯-乙醇烷基化高效合成对甲乙苯的研究

针对煤基乙醇与甲苯烷基化制对甲乙苯反应,选用纳米聚集体HZSM-5分子筛作母体催化剂,利用浸渍法并分别采用Si、P、Mg单组分与多组分复合对纳米聚集体分子筛进行改性,在固定床反应器上考察了其催化反应性能。结果表明,与普通HZSM-5分子筛相比,纳米聚集体HZSM-5分子筛催化甲苯-乙醇烷基化反应性能更佳;纳米聚集体HZSM-5分子筛经Si、P、Mg单组分改性后反应产物对位选择性得到提高,经复合改性后对甲乙苯选择性进一步提升,其中Si、Mg复合改性催化剂4Si-2Mg/HZSM-5具有最佳的催化效果,其乙醇转化率为100%,甲苯转化率可达11%以上,对甲乙苯选择性高达99%以上;经100 h长运转后,甲苯转化率逐渐下降至6.8%,而对甲乙苯选择性仍接近100%。

不同晶型In_(2)O_(3)/片状HZSM-5串联催化剂催化CO_(2)加氢制芳烃

采用水热/溶剂热法制备了不同晶型(立方相、六方相和混晶相)In_(2)O_(3),并将其与片状HZSM-5分子筛机械混合得到CO_(2)加氢制芳烃的串联催化剂,在固定床反应器上测试了其催化活性,重点讨论了串联催化剂活性组分的空间分布对其催化性能的影响。通过XRD、SEM、N2等温吸附-脱附和Py-IR等手段对催化剂的形貌、结构和表面酸性等性质进行了表征。结果表明,当In_(2)O_(3)金属氧化物与片状HZSM-5分子筛的活性位点过于接近时,迁移到分子筛中的In物种毒化了其表面酸性,导致反应中间产物甲醇无法高效转化为芳烃,致使CO_(2)转化率与芳烃选择性降低。

ZSM-5分子筛扩散受限问题研究进展

ZSM-5分子筛作为工业上应用较广泛的催化剂之一,一直是研究的热点。但传统的ZSM-5分子筛存在晶粒大、扩散困难和活性位点可及性差的问题,限制了在大分子催化方面的应用。对近年来通过调节凝胶化学因素和合成条件因素来改善分子筛扩散困难问题的方法和机理进行综述,并指出利用长链季铵盐作为结构导向剂能够合成具有自柱撑形貌的ZSM-5分子筛,具有良好的晶间介孔连通性,但其制备过程繁琐,成本昂贵。尿素和晶种等添加剂的引入以及二段晶化法的成功应用使得合成的成本降低,改善了晶间介孔,使得ZSM-5分子筛具有更好的扩散性能。

C_(4)烯烃转化制丙烯工艺及催化剂研究

目的开发C_(4)烯烃催化裂解制丙烯工艺和催化剂制备工艺技术,完成小试和工业侧线试验。方法采用固定床评价装置考查了催化剂配方、改性及工业条件对催化剂活性、选择性、稳定性能的影响。结果以ZSM-5分子筛为活性组分的催化剂在C_(4)烯烃转化制丙烯反应中具有较好的活性、选择性、稳定性和再生性,磷的引入未改变催化剂的晶型结构,但降低了催化剂酸性位点数量,并调节了催化剂的n(B酸)/n(L酸),随着磷负载量增加到5%(w),分子筛中磷与铝的相互作用逐渐增强,磷可以和骨架铝和非骨架铝相互作用。结论C_(4)烯烃的转化率达到80%以上,丙烯的选择性达到35%~45%,催化剂的单程寿命达到一个月以上,且经再生后,再生恢复率达95%。

堇青石蜂窝陶瓷载体上ZSM-5及Anacime沸石的原位合成

采用水热合成法，在堇青石蜂窝陶瓷载体上原位合成了ＺＳＭ５ 沸石和Ａｎａｃｉｍｅ 沸石，并用ＸＲＤ和ＳＥＭ 等技术进行了表征． 结果表明，当改变合成条件时，在堇青石表面可分别生长出厚度为３０ ～４０ μｍ 的ＺＳＭ５ 沸石和厚度为３０ ～１８０ μｍ 的Ａｎａｃｉｍｅ 沸石． 随着凝胶中ＳｉＯ２／Ａｌ２Ｏ３ 比的增大和含水量的减少，在堇青石蜂窝陶瓷上生长的分子筛的量也增加．

ZSM-5催化剂在乙醇脱水反应中的失活与再生

在固定床反应器中进行了ZSM-5分子筛催化乙醇脱水生成乙烯反应的积碳失活实验,采用X射线衍射、热重、傅里叶变换红外光谱、低温氮吸附和核磁共振等方法对催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,在乙醇脱水反应中,催化剂表面的积碳导致分子筛微孔堵塞是造成催化剂失活的主要原因,积碳物种主要是带有双键的聚合态化合物(或芳香族化合物)。再生后的催化剂仍具有良好的活性和稳定性,在1000h的反应过程中,乙醇转化率始终在99.5%以上,乙烯收率也保持在98%以上。同时再生过程未改变分子筛中铝的状态。

整体式Cu-ZSM-5催化剂上NH_3选择性催化还原NO活性

采用浸渍法制备了一系列不同Cu含量的Cu-ZSM-5催化剂,并用于NH3选择性催化还原(SCR)NO反应.结果表明,当Cu含量为8%时,Cu-ZSM-5催化剂的活性最高;当空速为30000h-1,在198～440oC反应时NO转化率均高于80%,最高可达97%,且空速的影响较小.经快速水热老化后,该催化剂活性明显优于商用V基催化剂.H2O和SO2对Cu-ZSM-5催化剂的SCR活性有所影响,但可明显恢复.X射线衍射和NH3程序升温脱附结果表明,当Cu-ZSM-5中Cu含量为8%时,进入ZSM-5中阳离子位的Cu较多,催化剂的活性较高,且其表面具有较多的酸中心和酸量,从而有利于SCR反应.

不同方法制备的Mo/HZSM-5催化剂上甲烷的芳构化反应

采用机械混合、机械混合后焙烧和机械混合后微波处理等方法制备Mo/HZSM 5催化剂 ,并对催化剂上甲烷芳构化反应性能进行了考察 .结果表明 ,与浸渍法相比 ,用机械混合法、固相反应法和微波法制备的催化剂 ,在保持甲烷转化率不变的前提下 ,能明显提高芳烃选择性并减少积炭的生成 ;不同方法制备的Mo/HZSM 5催化剂上Mo物种的落位不同 ,机械混合法、固相反应法和微波法使Mo物种较多地落位于分子筛外表面 .结合反应结果可以得出 ,落位于分子筛外表面的Mo物种对甲烷芳构化反应更为有利 ,而且明显减少积炭的生成 .