Crystal structure,phase transitions,and thermodynamic properties of magnesium metavanadate(MgV_(2)O_(6))

As a promising anode material for magnesium ion rechargeable batteries,magnesium metavanadate(MgV_(2)O_(6))has attracted considerable research interest in recent years.A MgV_(2)O_(6)sample was synthesized via a facile solid-state reaction by multistep-firing stoichiometric mixtures of MgO and V2O5 powder under an air atmosphere.The solid-state phase transition fromα-MgV_(2)O_(6)toβ-MgV_(2)O_(6)occurred at 841 K and the enthalpy change was 4.37±0.04 kJ/mol.The endothermic effect at 1014 K and the enthalpy change was 26.54±0.26 kJ/mol,which is related to the incongruent melting ofβ-MgV_(2)O_(6).In situ XRD was performed to investigate phase transition of the as-prepared MgV_(2)O_(6)at high temperatures.The cell parameters obtained by Rietveld refinement indicated that it crystallizes in a monoclinic system with the C2/m space group,and the lattice parameters of a=9.280 A°,b=3.501 A°,c=6.731 A°,β=111.76°.The solid-state phase transition fromα-MgV_(2)O_(6)toβ-MgV_(2)O_(6)was further studied by thermal kinetics,indicating that this process is controlled first by a fibril-like mechanism and then by a spherulitic-type mechanism with an increasing heating rate.Additionally,the enthalpy change of MgV_(2)O_(6)at high temperatures was measured utilizing the drop calorimetry,heat capacity was calculated and given as:Cp=208.3+0.03583T-4809000T^(−2)(298-923 K)(J mol^(−1)K^(−1)),the high-temperature heat capacity can be used to calculate Gibbs free energy of MgV_(2)O_(6)at high temperatures.

Synthesis of YAG∶Ce^(3+) Phosphor by Polyacrylamide Gel Method and Promoting Action of α-Al_2O_3 Seed Crystal on Phase Formation

YAG： Ce^3 ＋ phosphor particles were prepared using polyacrylamide gel method. The structure evolution of powders during annealing process was followed by X-ray diffraction determination. It is found that some intermediate phases, including θ-Al2O3, YAM and YAP, are formed when calcining polyacrylamide gel, however, the pure YAG phase can be formed directly when calcining polyacrylamide gel with α-Al2O3 as seed crystal. These facts show that the existence of α- Al2O3 seed crystal can block the formation of θ-Al2O3, YAM and YAP, and accelerate its reaction with Y2O3 to form YAG phase directly at lower temperature. The emission peak of prepared YAG ： Ce^3 ＋ phosphor is wide with maximum at 550 nm and the exitation band has two peaks, the major one is around at 460 nm, which matches the blue emission of GaN LED and is suitable for the assemble of white LED. Some fluxes can enhance the photoluminescence intensity of phosphor particles, that can be attributed both to the improvement of crystallization processes of YAG and to the stabilization of trivalence cerium ion in YAG：Ce^3 ＋.

Effects of Additive AlCl_3 on Crystal Phase, Particle Size and Microstructural Parameters of Nanocrystalline TiO_2 Prepared by HF-PCVD

Nanocrystalline TiO2 was prepared by high frequency plasma chemical vapor deposition (HF-PCVD). The effects of additive AlCl3 on crystal phase, particle size and microstructurai parameters of TiO2 nanocrystallites were investigated by X-ray diffraction(XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The nanocrystallites obtained experimentally are mixture of anatase and rutile, the uniform diameters of particles are about 30 nm. The phase transformation from anatase to rutile was accelerated by AlCl3, and rutile content is increased from 26.7 wt pct to 53.6 wt pct with increasing of addition of AlCl3 from 0.0 wt pct to 5.0 wt pct. The particle size is reduced and the size distribution becomes very narrow. The crystal lattice constants have the trend to decrease, and celi volumes appear as shrinkable.

CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF γ-Li_xFe_2O_3 WITH ELECTROCHEMICAL INSERTION OF Li

Crystal structure of γ-Li_xFe_2O_3,inserted Li electrochemically,was studied by Moss- bauer spectroscopy together with X-ray diffraction,XPS and electrochemical method,On the insertion of Li at low current density,the crystal structure is keeping original spinel; while at higher current density or by thermal activation,owing to violent movement of Li^+ ions,part of crystal structure transforms into rock type similar to face-centered cubic structure of ferrous oxide.The transition channels during insertion of Li^+ ions and limitation of Li^+ ions inserted were discussed.

Fe_2O_3添加剂对宝日希勒褐煤热解特性的影响

为研究Fe_2O_3添加剂对宝日希勒煤(属典型低阶褐煤)热解特性的影响,借助热天平研究其热解失重规律的同时,联用快速裂解仪—气相色谱进行了宝日希勒煤快速热解实验,得到了快速热解气氛中4种主要气体成分(H_2、CO、CO_2和CH_4)的产量随Fe_2O_3添加量的变化规律。结果表明:1000℃终温下未添加Fe_2O_3时转换率仅低至39.5%,适量添加Fe_2O_3对其热解起促进作用,即加入3.5% Fe_2O_3后转换率最大可提高至47.9%(相对提高21.3%);动力学分析结果表明加入Fe_2O_3可以降低热解过程的表观活化能;添加Fe_2O_3后单位质量煤中H_2、CO、CO_2和CH_4的产量均上升,但幅度不一。

SnO_2/Fe_2O_3多层结构薄膜型气敏元件的研究

本文报导了采用等离子体增强化学气相淀积(PECVD)方法制备 SnO_2/Fe_2O_3多层薄膜气体敏感材料及敏感元件的性质。所研制的多层薄膜在保持对乙醇有较高的灵敏度及较好的响应恢复时间的同时,其稳定件较单层膜有明显地改善。乙醇和汽油的分离倍数达10左右,对其它气体分离倍数更高。研究表明所制备的 SnO_2/Fe_2O_3薄膜材料可用于开发新型气敏元件。

纳米固体超强酸SO_4^(2-)/Fe_2O_3催化合成环己酮1,2-丙二醇缩酮

以纳米固体超强酸SO_4^(2-)/Fe_2O_3为催化剂,催化环己酮和1,2-丙二醇的缩合反应,合成了环己酮1,2-丙二醇缩酮。研究焙烧温度、反应时间、酮醇物质的量比、带水剂用量和催化剂用量等对反应的影响。较适宜的反应条件为:环己酮200 mmol,酮醇物质的量比为1:1.1,催化剂用量为200 mg(占反应物总质量的2.9%),甲苯30 mL,温度(120～130)℃,反应2.5 h,环己酮1,2-丙二醇缩酮收率达97.4%,纯度>98%。

纳米固体超强酸SO_4^(2-)/Fe_2O_3催化合成尼泊金酸丁酯

以纳米固体超强酸SO_4^(2-)/Fe_2O_3,为催化剂,催化尼泊金酸与正丁醇的酯化反应,合成尼泊金酸丁酯。较适宜的反应条件为:尼泊金酸25 mmol,n(尼泊金酸):n(正丁醇)=1:4,催化剂加入量为反应物总质量的2%,甲苯5 mL,温度(122～124)℃,反应4 h,酯化率达92.4%。

Fe_2O_3微球的制备及其表征

本文采用阳离子交换树脂为模板,通过离子交换、高温焙烧等过程制备了Fe2O3微球。采用X射线衍射、红外光谱、扫描电镜、X射线能量散射谱仪等分析方法对产物进行了表征。结果表明:所制备的微球直径在300～500μm之间,微球表面由α-FeO颗粒有序排列组成。

Fe_2O_3与氧化石墨烯复合材料在锂电池中应用研究进展

从锂离子电池负极材料的发展、制备,以及电极材料的包覆方法方面叙述了Fe_2O_3与氧化石墨烯复合材料在锂离子电池材料中的研究进展,并展望了锂离子电池材料未来的发展方向。

固体超强酸催化剂S_2O_8^(2-)/Fe_2O_3-Al_2O_3的制备及其酯化性能

以硝酸铁为铁源、硝酸铝为铝源,通过共沉淀法制备固体超强酸催化剂S_2O_8^(2-)/Fe_2O_3-Al_2O_3。通过催化剂样品的FT-IR谱图、不同焙烧温度催化剂样品的XRD谱图、不同陈化温度的N_2吸附-脱附曲线以及催化剂样品的SEM照片,研究了其晶体的形成过程。催化剂样品红外谱图表明,催化剂中的S=O有较强的共价双键特征,诱导催化剂形成超强酸性;在XRD谱图中既无Al_2O_3的晶相峰,也无Fe_2(SO_4)_3晶相峰,说明Al_2O_3与Fe_2O_3在催化剂样品的表面形成了Al_2O_3-Fe_2O_3共价键的复杂结构。采用BET方程和BJH模型计算催化剂样品的比表面积和孔径分布,经冰水陈化的催化剂样品平均孔径为9.1 nm,最可几孔径为7.5 nm,比表面积为78.9 m^2·g^(-1),孔容0.149 cm^3·g^(-1)。研究了催化剂的铁与铝物质的量比、(NH_4)_2S_2O_8浸渍浓度和不同焙烧温度对硬脂酸正丁酯酯化率的影响。在反应温度85℃、催化剂用量0.2 g(为反应物总质量的2%)和回流反应150 min的条件下,酯化率可达84.5%。

消解炉水热法制备超细α-Fe_2O_3粒子

Ultrafine α-Fe2O3 particles were prepared from l.0 mol/L Fe（OH）3 gel by dispelling oven hydrothermal method and characterized by measurement of SEM and XRD.The results showed that the reactions could be finished at 148℃ in 30～90 minutes,anions of iron（Ⅲ）salts and original pH values in suspension had remarkable effects on the morphology and size of α-Fe2O3 particles.Using FeCl3 as starting raw material,the pesudocubic particles with the mean size of 350 nm were obtained at pH 2.5 and the spherical particles with the mean size less than 170 nm were produced above pH 6.0.At the same time,using FeSO43 and Fe(NO3)3 as starting raw materials at pH 2.5,the resulting products were ellipsoidal particles with the mean size of 100 nm and spherical particles with the mean size of 120 nm,respectively.

High-Index Faceted Nanocrystals as Highly Efficient Bifunctional Electrocatalysts for High-Performance Lithium-Sulfur Batteries

Precisely regulating of the surface structure of crystalline materials to improve their catalytic activity for lithium polysulfides is urgently needed for high-performance lithium-sulfur(Li-S)batteries.Herein,high-index faceted iron oxide(Fe_(2)O_(3))nanocrystals anchored on reduced graphene oxide are developed as highly efficient bifunctional electrocatalysts,effectively improving the electrochemical performance of Li-S batteries.The theoretical and experimental results all indicate that high-index Fe_(2)O_(3)crystal facets with abundant unsaturated coordinated Fe sites not only have strong adsorption capacity to anchor polysulfides but also have high catalytic activity to facilitate the redox transformation of polysulfides and reduce the decomposition energy barrier of Li_(2)S.The Li-S batteries with these bifunctional electrocatalysts exhibit high initial capacity of 1521 mAh g^(-1)at 0.1 C and excellent cycling performance with a low capacity fading of 0.025%per cycle during 1600 cycles at 2 C.Even with a high sulfur loading of 9.41 mg cm^(-2),a remarkable areal capacity of 7.61 mAh cm^(-2)was maintained after 85 cycles.This work provides a new strategy to improve the catalytic activity of nanocrystals through the crystal facet engineering,deepening the comprehending of facet-dependent activity of catalysts in Li-S chemistry,affording a novel perspective for the design of advanced sulfur electrodes.

Detection of Tetracycline Antibiotics in Water by Dispersive Micro-solid Phase Extraction using Fe_(3)O_(4)@[Cu_(3)(btc)_(2)]Magnetic Composite Combined with Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Residues of tetracycline antibiotics(TCs) in environments may be harmful to human.Due to their high polarities,it is extremely challenging to efficiently enrich TCs with low concentrations in natural waters for analysis.In this work,a magnetic metal-organic framework Fe_(3)O_(4)@[Cu_(3)(btc)_(2)]was synthesized and applied as a dispersive micro-solid phase extraction adsorbent for TCs enrichment.Effects of dispersive micro-solid phase extraction conditions including extraction time,solution p H,and elution solvent on the extraction efficiencies of TCs were investigated.Results show that TCs could be enriched efficiently by Fe_(3)O_(4)@[Cu_(3)(btc)_(2)],and electrostatic interaction between TCs and Fe_(3)O_(4)@[Cu_(3)(btc)_(2)]dominated this process.Combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,four TCs residues (oxytetracycline,tetracycline,chlortetracycline,and doxycycline) in natural waters were determined.The detection limits (LOD,S/N=3) of the four antibiotics were 0.01-0.02μg/L,and the limits of quantitation (LOQ,S/N=10)were 0.04-0.07μg/L.The recoveries obtained from river water and aquaculture water spiked with three TCs concentration levels ranged from 70.3%to 96.5%with relative standard deviations of 3.8%-12.8%.Results indicate that the magnetic metal-organic framework based dispersive micro-solid phase extraction is simple,rapid and high-loading for antibiotics enrichment from water,which further expand the practical application of metal-organic frameworks in sample pretreatment for environmental pollutant analysis.

Al-incorporation into Li7La3Zr2O12 solid electrolyte keeping stabilized cubic phase for all-solid-state Li batteries

We observe the influence of AI occupancies in Li sites on the formation process of the garnet solid elec- trolyte of Li_7La_3Zr_2O_12 （LLZO）. A direct incorporation of AI is first promoted in a Li-insufficient garnet solid electrolyte during the calcination process of 850 ℃ and then the cubic phase of LLZO is obtained after successive annealing step of 1000 ℃. Comparing to pristine LLZO, AI incorporated LLZO shows less formation of Li_2CO_3, keeping crystallographic and physicochemical properties. This AI incorporation im- proves both the ionic conductivity and interfacial resistance to poisoning procedure.

Tailoring interphase structure to enable high-rate, durable sodium-ion battery cathode

Na-based layered transition metal oxides with O_(3)-type structure have been considered to be promising cathodes for Na-ion batteries. However, the intrinsically limited Na-ion conductivity induced by the Otype Na-coordinate environment compromises their rate and cycle capability, hindering their practical application. Here, we report an interphase-structure tailoring strategy that improves the electrochemical properties of O_(3)-type layered cathodes achieved through surface coating and doping processes.Specifically, a Zr-doped interphase structure is designed in the model compound NaNi_(1/3)Mn_(1/3)Fe_(1/3)O_(2) using the ionic conductor Na_(3)Zr_(2)Si_(2)PO_(12) as the surface coating material and Zr-dopant provider. We discover that the modified NaNi_(1/3)Mn_(1/3)Fe_(1/3)O_(2)cathode shows a stable Na-storage structure as well as an enhanced rate/cycle capability. Combined with theoretical calculations, it is suggested that the superior electrochemical performances originate from the Zr-doped interphase structure, which has an enlarged Na layer spacing that forms favorable Na-ion diffusion channels. This work highlights a general material interface optimization method which opens a new perspective for fabricating high-performance electrodes for Na-ion batteries and beyond.

The Crystallization and Fracture Toughness of Transparent Glass-ceramics with Various Al_(2)O_(3) Additions for Mobile Devices

Li_(2)O-Al_(2)O_(3)-SiO_(2)(LAS)glass-ceramics were prepared by a melting method.Effects of different Al_(2)O_(3)content on the structure,crystallization,transmittance and fracture toughness of LAS glassceramics were investigated by means of XRD,FESEM and other methods as well.The results showed that the glass transition temperature and crystallization temperature of samples increased as the content of Al_(2)O_(3)increased from 4.1 wt%to 13.1 wt%,which restrained the precipitation of lithium disilicate crystals.The main crystalline phase of glass-ceramics transformed from lithium disilicate and petalite to silicon dioxide,which reduced the fracture toughness of glass-ceramics.When the Al_(2)O_(3)content was 7.1 wt%,the specimen had outstanding transmittance and fracture toughness.The transmittance was 90.32%.The fracture toughness was 1.13 MPa•m^(1/2).Compared with high-alumina glass,the fracture toughness of the glass-ceramic was greatly improved,and it could be used as a new type of protective material for mobile devices.

Preparation and structure characteristics of nano-Bi_2O_3 powders with mixed crystal structure

The nano-Bi2O3 powders were prepared by a chemical precipitation method with Bi（NO3）3, HNO3 and NaOH as reactants. The structural characteristics and morphology of nano-Bi2O3 powders were investigated by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy, respectively. The results show that under the optimum condition that 300g/L Bi（NO3）3 reacts at 90℃ for 2h, the Bi2O3 powders with 60nm on the average and 99.5% in purity are obtained. The prepared nano-Bi2O3 powders contain a mixed crystal structure of monoclinic and triclinic instead of traditional structure of monoclinic α-Bi2O3. And the mixed crystal structure is stable in air. The reason for the appearance of the mixed crystal structure may be that the ionic radius ratio of Bi 3+ to O 2- changes easily during the formation of nano-Bi2O3 particles by a chemical precipitation method.

Metastable-phaseβ-Fe_(2)O_(3) photoanodes for solar water splitting with durability exceeding 100 h

Planar films of pure and Ti^(4+)-dopedβ-Fe_(2)O_(3)were prepared by a spray pyrolysis method.X-ray diffraction patterns and Raman spectra of the metastableβ-Fe_(2)O_(3)film showed that its thermal stability was significantly improved because of covalent bonds in the interfaces between the film and substrate,while only weak Van der Waals bonds existed at the interfaces within the particle-assembledβ-Fe_(2)O_(3)film prepared by electrophoretic deposition.The as-prepared planar films were thus able to withstand higher annealing temperature and stronger laser irradiation power in comparison with theβ-Fe_(2)O_(3)particle-assembly.Ti^(4+)doping was used to increase the concentration of carriers in the metastableβ-Fe_(2)O_(3)film.Compared with pureβ-Fe_(2)O_(3)photoanodes,the highest saturated photocurrent for water splitting over the Ti^(4+)-dopedβ-Fe_(2)O_(3)photoanode was increased by a factor of approximately three.Theβ-Fe_(2)O_(3)photoanode exhibited photochemical stability for water splitting for a duration exceeding 100 h,which indicates its important potential application in solar energy conversion.

Phase equilibrium studies of titanomagnetite and ilmenite smelting slags

The phase equilibrium information of slag plays an important role in pyrometallurgical processes to obtain optimum fluxing conditions and operating temperatures.The smelting reduction of titanomagnetite and ilmenite ores in an iron blast furnace(BF)can form Ti(C,N)particles,causing the increased viscosities of slag and hot metal.HIsmelt has been developed in recent years for ironmaking and does not need coke and sinter.The formation of Ti(C,N)in the HIsmelt process is avoided because the oxygen partial pressure in the process is higher than that in the BF.The smelting of TiO_(2)-containing ores in the HIsmelt process results in Al_(2)O_(3)-MgO-SiO_(2)-CaO-TiO_(2)slag.Phase equilibrium in this slag system has been investigated using equilibration,quenching,and electron probe microanalysis techniques.The experimental results were presented in two pseudo-binary sections,which represent the process of HIsmelt for the treatment of 100%titanomagnetite ore and mixed titanomagnetite+ilmenite ore(mass ratio of 2:1),respectively.The primary phases observed in the composition range investigated include pseudo-brookite M_(3)O_(5)(MgO·2TiO_(2)-Al_(2)O_(3)·TiO_(2)),spinel(MgO·Al_(2)O_(3)),perovskite CaTiO_(3),and rutile TiO_(2).The results show that the liquidus temperatures decrease in the TiO_(2)and M_(3)O_(5) primary phase fields and increase in the spinel and CaTiO_(3)primary phase fields with the increase in CaO concentration.The calculation of solid-phase fractions from the experimental data has been demonstrated.The effect of basicity on the liquidus temperatures of the slag has been discussed.The smelting of titanomagnetite plus ilmenite ores has significant advantages to obtain low-sulfur hot metal and high-TiO_(2)slag.Experimentally determined liquidus temperatures were compared with the FactSage predictions to evaluate the existing thermodynamic databases.