The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)has resulted in more than 93 million cases and 2 million deaths in the world.SARS-CoV-2 respiratory tract infection and its main clinic...The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)has resulted in more than 93 million cases and 2 million deaths in the world.SARS-CoV-2 respiratory tract infection and its main clinical manifestations such as cough and shortness of breath are well known to the scientific community.However,a growing number of studies have reported SARS-CoV-2-related gastrointestinal involvement based on clinical manifestations,such as diarrhea,nausea,vomiting,and abdominal pain as well as on the pathophysiological mechanisms associated with coronavirus disease 2019.Furthermore,current evidence suggests SARS-CoV-2 transmission via the fecal-oral route and aerosol dissemination.Moreover,studies have shown a high risk of contamination through hospital surfaces and personal fomites.Indeed,viable SARS-CoV-2 specimens can be obtained from aerosols,which raises the possibility of transmission through aerosolized viral particles from feces.Therefore,the infection by SARS-CoV-2 via fecal-oral route or aerosolized particles should beconsidered.In addition,a possible viral spread to sources of drinking water,sewage,and rivers as well as the possible risk of viral transmission in shared toilets become a major public health concern,especially in the least developed countries.Since authors have emphasized the presence of viral RNA and even viable SARS-CoV-2 in human feces,studies on the possible fecal-oral coronavirus disease 2019 transmission become essential to understand better the dynamics of its transmission and,then,to reinforce preventive measures against this infection,leading to a more satisfactory control of the incidence of the infection.展开更多
Gastrointestinal(GI)symptoms have been described in a conspicuous percentage of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)patients.This clinical evidence is supported by the detection of viral RNA in stool,which also supports...Gastrointestinal(GI)symptoms have been described in a conspicuous percentage of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)patients.This clinical evidence is supported by the detection of viral RNA in stool,which also supports the hypothesis of a possible fecal-oral transmission route.The involvement of GI tract in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)infection is corroborated by the theoretical assumption that angiotensin converting enzyme 2,which is a SARS-CoV-2 target receptor,is present along the GI tract.Studies have pointed out that gut dysbiosis may occur in COVID-19 patients,with a possible correlation with disease severity and with complications such as multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children.However,the question to be addressed is whether dysbiosis is a consequence or a contributing cause of SARS-CoV-2 infection.In such a scenario,pharmacological therapies aimed at decreasing GI permeability may be beneficial for COVID-19 patients.Considering the possibility of a fecal-oral transmission route,water and environmental sanitation play a crucial role for COVID-19 containment,especially in developing countries.展开更多
The outbreak of COVID-19 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2(SARS-CoV-2)in 2019 threatens global public health.In the early stage,respiratory symptoms are the most common in patients with ne...The outbreak of COVID-19 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2(SARS-CoV-2)in 2019 threatens global public health.In the early stage,respiratory symptoms are the most common in patients with new coronal pneumonia,but with the spread of the disease around the world,gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea,nausea and vomiting have attracted more and more attention.And some patients take diarrhea as the first symptom,which is easy to cause missed diagnosis.This paper expounds the close relationship between COVID-19 and gastrointestinal tract,and reviews the research progress of COVID-19's effect on gastrointestinal tract.展开更多
Background: The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has greatly challenged public health worldwide. A growing number of studies have reported gastrointestinal (GI)...Background: The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has greatly challenged public health worldwide. A growing number of studies have reported gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms. The study aimed to estimate the various digestive symptoms frequently reported in Covid-19 patients among the adult population of Bangladesh. Methods: In this descriptive, cross-sectional study, we enrolled confirmed patients with COVID-19 who were admitted to the COVID unit of Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical college hospital, Dhaka from July 2020 to December 2020. All patients were COVID confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and were analyzed for clinical characteristics, laboratory findings and imaging study. Results: The study population consisted of 121 COVID-19-positive patients, among them, 57.85% were male and 42.15% female. The majority (43%) of the study population were in the age group of 31 - 40 years. The male to female ratio was 1.4:1. Nearly 94.2% of the sample population were married, among them 92.9% were male and 96.1% were female. Out of 121 Covid-19 patients, 30.65% had a contact history, 17.4% had a history of traveling or residing in an area reporting COVID-19 and 11.6% of family members were affected by Covid-19. Most of the patients had a fever (95%), cough (88.4%) and dyspnoea (43.8%), pneumonia (37.4%) and severe pneumonia (36.4%). In this study, 40% patients reported a digestive symptom including diarrhea 47.9%, vomiting 55.5%, loss of appetite 16.5%, abdominal pain 29.8%, abdominal bloating 24.8%, reflux 0%, jaundice 3.3%. Regarding co-morbidities, the majority had bronchial asthma (50%) followed by hypertension 46%, diabetes 38%, obesity 23%, and CKD 14% and heart disease 3%. Among 121 COVID-19 patients, 98% had recovered from the disease and 2% of patients expired. Conclusion: Gastrointestinal symptoms are common among patients with COVID-19 and this group of patients had a long time of hospital stay from onset to admission, and higher liver enzyme levels. During the management of COVID-19 patients, clinicians need to be alert regarding suspicion of the GI features among COVID-19, so that they can diagnose early and treat effectively and immediately.展开更多
Hepatitis A virus(HAV)is one of the most common infectious etiologies of acute hepatitis worldwide.The virus is known to be transmitted fecal-orally,resulting in symptoms ranging from asymptomatic infection to fulmina...Hepatitis A virus(HAV)is one of the most common infectious etiologies of acute hepatitis worldwide.The virus is known to be transmitted fecal-orally,resulting in symptoms ranging from asymptomatic infection to fulminant hepatitis.HAV can also be transmitted through oral-anal sex.Residents from regions of low endemicity for HAV infection often remain susceptible in their adulthood.Therefore,clustered HAV infections or outbreaks of acute hepatitis A among men who have sex with men and injecting drug users have been reported in countries of low endemicity for HAV infection.The duration of HAV viremia and stool shedding of HAV may be longer in human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)-positive individuals compared to HIV-negative individuals with acute hepatitis A.Current guidelines recommend HAV vaccination for individuals with increased risks of exposure to HAV(such as from injecting drug use,oral-anal sex,travel to or residence in endemic areas,frequent clotting factor or blood transfusions)or with increased risks of fulminant disease(such as those with chronic hepatitis).The seroconversion rates following the recommended standard adult dosing schedule(2doses of HAVRIX 1440 U or VAQTA 50 U administered6-12 mo apart)are lower among HIV-positive individuals compared to HIV-negative individuals.While the response rates may be augmented by adding a booster dose at week 4 sandwiched between the first dose and the 6-mo dose,the need of booster vaccination remain less clear among HIV-positive individuals who have lost anti-HAV antibodies.展开更多
To understand the influence of seasonal periodicity and environmental heterogeneity on the transmission dynamics of an infectious disease, we consider asymptotic periodicity in the fecally-orally epidemic model in a h...To understand the influence of seasonal periodicity and environmental heterogeneity on the transmission dynamics of an infectious disease, we consider asymptotic periodicity in the fecally-orally epidemic model in a heterogeneous environment. By using the next generation operator and the related eigenvalue problems, the basic reproduction number is introduced and shows that it plays an important role in the existence and non-existence of a positive T-periodic solution. The sufficient conditions for the existence and non-existence of a positive T-periodic solution are provided by applying upper and lower solutions method. Our results showed that the fecally-orally epidemic model in a heterogeneous environment admits at least one positive T-periodic solution if the basic reproduction number is greater than one, while no T-periodic solution exists if the basic reproduction number is less than or equal to one. By means of monotone iterative schemes, we construct the true positive solutions. The asymptotic behavior of periodic solutions is presented. To illustrate our theoretical results, some numerical simulations are given. The paper ends with some conclusions and future considerations.展开更多
Introduction: The transmission pathways of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remain not completely clear. In this case study the test for the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in pha...Introduction: The transmission pathways of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remain not completely clear. In this case study the test for the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in pharyngeal swab and anal swab were compared.Case presentation: A 3-month-old girl was admitted to our hospital with COVID-19. Her parents had both been diagnosed with COVID-19. The results of pharyngeal swab and anal swab of the little girl were recorded and compared during the course of the disease. The oropharyngeal specimen showed negative result for SARS-CoV-2 on the 14th day after onset of the illness. However, the anal swab was still positive for SARS-CoV-2 on the 28th day after the onset of the illness.Conclusion: The possibility of fecal-oral transmission of COVID-19 should be assessed. Personal hygiene during home quarantine merits considerable attention.展开更多
Background:Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus(SFTSV)is a tick-borne bunyavirus that could cause a severe hemorrhagic fever termed SFTS with a high fatality rate of up to 30%.Importantly,SFTSV is frequen...Background:Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus(SFTSV)is a tick-borne bunyavirus that could cause a severe hemorrhagic fever termed SFTS with a high fatality rate of up to 30%.Importantly,SFTSV is frequently transmitted from person-to-person and patients’blood or excreta are considered as the risk factors for transmission of SFTSV.However,the mechanism of person-to-person transmission of SFTSV is still elusive.Methods:In this study,wild-type(WT)C57BL/6 J mice and a lethal SFTSV mouse model IFNAR−/−A129 mice were utilized to evaluate whether SFTSV could be transmitted via oral or ocular routes.C57BL/6 J mice were inoculated with cell-cultured SFTSV via oral and ocular inoculation.IFNAR−/−A129 mice were inoculated with cell-cultured SFTSV or SFTSV infected mouse acute sera via oral and ocular inoculation.Results:We found that SFTSV antibody positive rates in C57BL/6 J mice were 70%(7/10)and 30%(3/10)in the oral inoculation group and ocular inoculation group,respectively on day 21 post SFTSV inoculation.The mortality rates of IFNAR−/−mice with oral and ocular inoculation of cell-cultured SFTSV were 100%and 83.33%(5/6),respectively on day 6 post inoculation.The mortality rates of IFNAR−/−mice with oral and ocular inoculation of SFTSV infected mouse acute serum were 100%and 66.67%(4/6),respectively on day 9 post inoculation.Conclusions:Together,our results show that SFTSV can be transmitted effectively through oral and ocular mem-brane,suggesting exposure to SFTS positive excreta may be a high-risk factor of nosocomial transmission of SFTSV in hospitals and/or families.Family members and healthcare workers should be protected properly during taking care of SFTS patients to prevent SFTSV nosocomial infection.展开更多
文摘The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)has resulted in more than 93 million cases and 2 million deaths in the world.SARS-CoV-2 respiratory tract infection and its main clinical manifestations such as cough and shortness of breath are well known to the scientific community.However,a growing number of studies have reported SARS-CoV-2-related gastrointestinal involvement based on clinical manifestations,such as diarrhea,nausea,vomiting,and abdominal pain as well as on the pathophysiological mechanisms associated with coronavirus disease 2019.Furthermore,current evidence suggests SARS-CoV-2 transmission via the fecal-oral route and aerosol dissemination.Moreover,studies have shown a high risk of contamination through hospital surfaces and personal fomites.Indeed,viable SARS-CoV-2 specimens can be obtained from aerosols,which raises the possibility of transmission through aerosolized viral particles from feces.Therefore,the infection by SARS-CoV-2 via fecal-oral route or aerosolized particles should beconsidered.In addition,a possible viral spread to sources of drinking water,sewage,and rivers as well as the possible risk of viral transmission in shared toilets become a major public health concern,especially in the least developed countries.Since authors have emphasized the presence of viral RNA and even viable SARS-CoV-2 in human feces,studies on the possible fecal-oral coronavirus disease 2019 transmission become essential to understand better the dynamics of its transmission and,then,to reinforce preventive measures against this infection,leading to a more satisfactory control of the incidence of the infection.
文摘Gastrointestinal(GI)symptoms have been described in a conspicuous percentage of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)patients.This clinical evidence is supported by the detection of viral RNA in stool,which also supports the hypothesis of a possible fecal-oral transmission route.The involvement of GI tract in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)infection is corroborated by the theoretical assumption that angiotensin converting enzyme 2,which is a SARS-CoV-2 target receptor,is present along the GI tract.Studies have pointed out that gut dysbiosis may occur in COVID-19 patients,with a possible correlation with disease severity and with complications such as multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children.However,the question to be addressed is whether dysbiosis is a consequence or a contributing cause of SARS-CoV-2 infection.In such a scenario,pharmacological therapies aimed at decreasing GI permeability may be beneficial for COVID-19 patients.Considering the possibility of a fecal-oral transmission route,water and environmental sanitation play a crucial role for COVID-19 containment,especially in developing countries.
基金General Project of Huoshenshan Hospital Scientific Research Fund(No.HSS-217)Intra-hospital COVID-19 Fund Project of Hospital No.940(No.20yjky020)。
文摘The outbreak of COVID-19 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2(SARS-CoV-2)in 2019 threatens global public health.In the early stage,respiratory symptoms are the most common in patients with new coronal pneumonia,but with the spread of the disease around the world,gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea,nausea and vomiting have attracted more and more attention.And some patients take diarrhea as the first symptom,which is easy to cause missed diagnosis.This paper expounds the close relationship between COVID-19 and gastrointestinal tract,and reviews the research progress of COVID-19's effect on gastrointestinal tract.
文摘Background: The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has greatly challenged public health worldwide. A growing number of studies have reported gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms. The study aimed to estimate the various digestive symptoms frequently reported in Covid-19 patients among the adult population of Bangladesh. Methods: In this descriptive, cross-sectional study, we enrolled confirmed patients with COVID-19 who were admitted to the COVID unit of Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical college hospital, Dhaka from July 2020 to December 2020. All patients were COVID confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and were analyzed for clinical characteristics, laboratory findings and imaging study. Results: The study population consisted of 121 COVID-19-positive patients, among them, 57.85% were male and 42.15% female. The majority (43%) of the study population were in the age group of 31 - 40 years. The male to female ratio was 1.4:1. Nearly 94.2% of the sample population were married, among them 92.9% were male and 96.1% were female. Out of 121 Covid-19 patients, 30.65% had a contact history, 17.4% had a history of traveling or residing in an area reporting COVID-19 and 11.6% of family members were affected by Covid-19. Most of the patients had a fever (95%), cough (88.4%) and dyspnoea (43.8%), pneumonia (37.4%) and severe pneumonia (36.4%). In this study, 40% patients reported a digestive symptom including diarrhea 47.9%, vomiting 55.5%, loss of appetite 16.5%, abdominal pain 29.8%, abdominal bloating 24.8%, reflux 0%, jaundice 3.3%. Regarding co-morbidities, the majority had bronchial asthma (50%) followed by hypertension 46%, diabetes 38%, obesity 23%, and CKD 14% and heart disease 3%. Among 121 COVID-19 patients, 98% had recovered from the disease and 2% of patients expired. Conclusion: Gastrointestinal symptoms are common among patients with COVID-19 and this group of patients had a long time of hospital stay from onset to admission, and higher liver enzyme levels. During the management of COVID-19 patients, clinicians need to be alert regarding suspicion of the GI features among COVID-19, so that they can diagnose early and treat effectively and immediately.
文摘Hepatitis A virus(HAV)is one of the most common infectious etiologies of acute hepatitis worldwide.The virus is known to be transmitted fecal-orally,resulting in symptoms ranging from asymptomatic infection to fulminant hepatitis.HAV can also be transmitted through oral-anal sex.Residents from regions of low endemicity for HAV infection often remain susceptible in their adulthood.Therefore,clustered HAV infections or outbreaks of acute hepatitis A among men who have sex with men and injecting drug users have been reported in countries of low endemicity for HAV infection.The duration of HAV viremia and stool shedding of HAV may be longer in human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)-positive individuals compared to HIV-negative individuals with acute hepatitis A.Current guidelines recommend HAV vaccination for individuals with increased risks of exposure to HAV(such as from injecting drug use,oral-anal sex,travel to or residence in endemic areas,frequent clotting factor or blood transfusions)or with increased risks of fulminant disease(such as those with chronic hepatitis).The seroconversion rates following the recommended standard adult dosing schedule(2doses of HAVRIX 1440 U or VAQTA 50 U administered6-12 mo apart)are lower among HIV-positive individuals compared to HIV-negative individuals.While the response rates may be augmented by adding a booster dose at week 4 sandwiched between the first dose and the 6-mo dose,the need of booster vaccination remain less clear among HIV-positive individuals who have lost anti-HAV antibodies.
文摘To understand the influence of seasonal periodicity and environmental heterogeneity on the transmission dynamics of an infectious disease, we consider asymptotic periodicity in the fecally-orally epidemic model in a heterogeneous environment. By using the next generation operator and the related eigenvalue problems, the basic reproduction number is introduced and shows that it plays an important role in the existence and non-existence of a positive T-periodic solution. The sufficient conditions for the existence and non-existence of a positive T-periodic solution are provided by applying upper and lower solutions method. Our results showed that the fecally-orally epidemic model in a heterogeneous environment admits at least one positive T-periodic solution if the basic reproduction number is greater than one, while no T-periodic solution exists if the basic reproduction number is less than or equal to one. By means of monotone iterative schemes, we construct the true positive solutions. The asymptotic behavior of periodic solutions is presented. To illustrate our theoretical results, some numerical simulations are given. The paper ends with some conclusions and future considerations.
文摘Introduction: The transmission pathways of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remain not completely clear. In this case study the test for the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in pharyngeal swab and anal swab were compared.Case presentation: A 3-month-old girl was admitted to our hospital with COVID-19. Her parents had both been diagnosed with COVID-19. The results of pharyngeal swab and anal swab of the little girl were recorded and compared during the course of the disease. The oropharyngeal specimen showed negative result for SARS-CoV-2 on the 14th day after onset of the illness. However, the anal swab was still positive for SARS-CoV-2 on the 28th day after the onset of the illness.Conclusion: The possibility of fecal-oral transmission of COVID-19 should be assessed. Personal hygiene during home quarantine merits considerable attention.
基金This study was supported by the National Natural Sci-ence Funds of China(81971939 and 31570167)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2042021kf0046).
文摘Background:Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus(SFTSV)is a tick-borne bunyavirus that could cause a severe hemorrhagic fever termed SFTS with a high fatality rate of up to 30%.Importantly,SFTSV is frequently transmitted from person-to-person and patients’blood or excreta are considered as the risk factors for transmission of SFTSV.However,the mechanism of person-to-person transmission of SFTSV is still elusive.Methods:In this study,wild-type(WT)C57BL/6 J mice and a lethal SFTSV mouse model IFNAR−/−A129 mice were utilized to evaluate whether SFTSV could be transmitted via oral or ocular routes.C57BL/6 J mice were inoculated with cell-cultured SFTSV via oral and ocular inoculation.IFNAR−/−A129 mice were inoculated with cell-cultured SFTSV or SFTSV infected mouse acute sera via oral and ocular inoculation.Results:We found that SFTSV antibody positive rates in C57BL/6 J mice were 70%(7/10)and 30%(3/10)in the oral inoculation group and ocular inoculation group,respectively on day 21 post SFTSV inoculation.The mortality rates of IFNAR−/−mice with oral and ocular inoculation of cell-cultured SFTSV were 100%and 83.33%(5/6),respectively on day 6 post inoculation.The mortality rates of IFNAR−/−mice with oral and ocular inoculation of SFTSV infected mouse acute serum were 100%and 66.67%(4/6),respectively on day 9 post inoculation.Conclusions:Together,our results show that SFTSV can be transmitted effectively through oral and ocular mem-brane,suggesting exposure to SFTS positive excreta may be a high-risk factor of nosocomial transmission of SFTSV in hospitals and/or families.Family members and healthcare workers should be protected properly during taking care of SFTS patients to prevent SFTSV nosocomial infection.
