Aflatoxin B1, zearalenone and deoxynivalenol in feed ingredients and complete feed from different Province in China

Background： The current study was carried out to provide a reference for monitory of aflatoxin B_1（AFB_1）,zearalenone（ZEN） and deoxynivalenol（DON） contamination in feed ingredients and complete feeds were collected from different Province in China from 2013 to 2015.Methods： A total of 443 feed ingredients, including 220 corn, 24 wheat, 24 domestic distillers dried grains with soluble（DDGS）, 55 bran, 20 wheat shorts and red dog, 37 imported DDGS, 34 corn germ meal and 29 soybean meal as well as 127 complete feeds including 25 pig complete feed（powder）, 90 pig complete feed（pellet）, six duck complete feed and six cattle complete feed were randomly collected from different Province in China,respectively, by high-performance chromatography in combined with UV or fluorescence analysis.Results： The incidence rates of AFB_1, ZEN and DON contamination of feed ingredients and complete feeds were80.8, 92.3 and 93.9 %, respectively. The percentage of positive samples for DON ranged from 66.7 to 100 %.Domestic DDGS and imported DDGS presented the most serious contamination AFB_1, ZEN and DON contamination levels of feeds ranged from 61.5 to 100 %, indicated that serious contamination over the studied 3-year period.Conclusion： The current data provide clear evidence that AFB_1, ZEN and DON contamination of feed ingredients and complete feeds in different Province in China is serious and differs over past 3-year. The use of corn, domestic DDGS, imported DDGS and corn germ meal, which may be contaminated with these three mycotoxins, as animal feed may triggered a health risk for animal. Feeds are most contaminated with DON followed by ZEN and AFB_1.Mycotoxins contamination in feed ingredients and complete feeds should be monitored routinely in China.

Occurrence of Clostridium perfringens contamination in poultry feed ingredients:Isolation, identification and its antibiotic sensitivity pattern

This work has been undertaken to study the occurrence of Clostridium perfringens contamination in the poultry feed ingredients and find out its in-vitro antibiotic sensitivity pattern to various antimicrobial drugs. Two hundred and ninety-eight poultry feed ingredient samples received at Poultry Disease Diagnosis and Surveillance Laboratory, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu in South India were screened for the presence of C. perfringens. The organisms were isolated in Perfringens agar under anaerobic condition and subjected to standard biochemical tests for confirmation. In vitro antibiogram assay has been carried out to determine the sensitivity pattern of the isolates to various antimicrobial drugs. One hundred and one isolates of C. perfringens were obtained from a total of 298 poultry feed ingredient samples. Overall positivity of 33.89% could be made from the poultry feed ingredients. Highest level of C. perfringens contamination was detected in fish meal followed by bone meal, meat and bone meal and dry fish.Antibiogram assay indicated that the organisms are highly sensitive to gentamicin(100%), chlortetracycline(96.67%), gatifloxacin(93.33%), ciprofloxacin(86.67%), ofloxacin(86.67%) and lincomycin(86.67%). All the isolates were resistant to penicillin-G. Feed ingredients rich in animal proteins are the major source of C. perfringens contamination.

Aflatoxin Contamination and Rancidity in Locally Processed Commercial Fish Feeds and Ingredients along the Value Chain in Wakiso and Kampala Districts, Uganda

Aflatoxin contamination and rancidity in locally processed commercial fish feeds and ingredients along value chains is a Public and Animal health hazard. The study established the level of aflatoxin contamination, peroxide value (PV), Anisidine value (AnV), and their associated factors at storage areas among farmers, processors, traders, factories, and landing sites in the Wakiso and Kampala districts. The value chain actors were purposively selected in a cross-sectional study based on access to the feed store and the use of locally processed commercial fish feeds on farms. Data collected were statistically analyzed in SPSS version 20. All the samples (45) were positive for aflatoxin contamination and PV with 51% (23/45) of samples being contaminated with “above acceptable” aflatoxin levels and 66.6% (30/45) of samples with “above acceptable” PV. The overall percentage of “above acceptable” AnV was 11/29 (37.9%). Samples from factories were within acceptable contamination levels. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed no significant difference between aflatoxin contamination, peroxide, and Anisidine value with storage factors for locally processed commercial fish feeds and ingredients. The study recommended the purchase of fish feeds from factories and a larger study on storage factors responsible for aflatoxin contamination and rancidity in fish feeds in Uganda.

Distribution of Heavy Metals in Common Energy Feedstuffs and Protein Feedstuffs in Sichuan Province

[ Objectives] The paper was designed to investigate the heavy metal distribution in energy feedstuffs and protein feedstuffs commonly used in Sichuan Province, in order to provide scientific basis for safe production of feedstuffs and animal products. [ Methods] The contents of manganese （ Mn）, copper （ Cu）, zinc （Zn）, vanadium （V）, chromium （Cr）, cobalt （Co）, nickel （Ni）, selenium （Se）, molybdenum （Mo）, cadmium （Cd）, arsenic （As）, mercury （Hg） and lead （Pb） in 68 samples of energy feedstuffs [ corn, wheat, distillers dried grains with solubles （DDGS）, corn bran with syrup, wheat bran and rice bran ] and 61 samples of protein feedstuffs （corn gluten meal, corn germ meal, soybean meal, rapeseed meal and cottonseed meal） collected from Sichuan province were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry （ICP-MS）. [ Results] （ 1 ） The over standard rates of Cu, Cr and Pb in corn were 5.00%, 20.00% and 5.00%, respectively; and thc means of over standard samples were 11.00, 1.41 and 1.06 mg/kg, respectively. The over standard rates of Cu, Zn, Cr, Sc and Pb in wheat were 50.00%, 30.00%, 50.00%, 20.00% and 30.00%, respectively ; and the means of over standard samples were 12.96, 54.67,4.92, 0.53 and 0. 72 mg/kg, respectively. （2） The over standard rates of Cu, Zn, Cr, Se, Cd and Pb in wheat bran were 100.00%, 54.55%, 81.82%, 9.09%, 45.45% and 72.73%, respectively; and the means of over standard samples was 16.01,62.00, 13.96, 0.82, 0.42 and 1.99 mg/kg, respectively. The over standard rates of Cu, Zn, Cr, As, Se, Cd and Pb in rice bran were 83.33% , 16.67% , 83.33% , 83.33%, 16.67% , 66.67% and 100.00% , respectively; and the means of over standard samples were 11.48,64.00, 5.37, 1.05,0.32, 0.23 and 19.57 mg/kg, respectively. （3） The over standard rates of Cu, Zn, Cr, As, Se and Pb in corn germ meal were 25.00%, 37.50%, 75.00%, 12.50% , 25.00% and 50.00%, respectively; and the means of over standard samples were 13.50, 64.00, 6.10, 1.82, 0.46 and 1.66 mg/kg, respectively. The over standard rates of Cu, Cr and Se in corn gluten meal were 11.11%, 55.56% and 55.56%, respective- ly; and the means of over standard samples were 11.40, 1. 56 and 0.94 mg/kg, respectively. The over standard rates of Zn, Cr and Pb in corn bran with syrup were 44.44%, 77.78% and 55.56%, respectively; and the means of over standard samples were 57.50, 6.13 and 1.65 mg/kg, respectively. The over standard rates of Cu, Zn, Cr, Se, Cd and Pb in DDGS were 33.33%, 58.33%, 66.67%, 8.33%, 8.33% and 66.67%, respectively; and the means of over standard sample were 11.75, 62.57, 5.57, O. 30, 0.62 and 4.47 mg/kg, respectively. （4） The over standard rates of Cr and Se in soybean meal was 15.00% and 25.00%, respectively; and the means of over standard sample were 3.90 and 1.63 mg/kg, respectively. The over standard rates of Cr, Se and Pb in cottonseed meal were 40.00%, 30.00% and 15.00%, respectively; and the means of over standard samples were 3.43, 1.18 arid 3.14 mg/kg, respectivcly. The over standard rates of Cr, As, Se, Cd and Pb in rapeseed meal were 81.82%, 18.18%, 45.45% , 9.09% and 72.73%, respectively ; and the means of over standard samples were 7.48, 2.22, 0.36, 0.24 and 4.91 mg/kg, respectively. [ Conclusions] The heavy metal pollution is more serious in grain by-products and cottonseed meal; the contents of Cr and Pb in feed ingredient are seriously excessive, which is potentially dangerous, and should be paid great attention.

Review on Using of Macro Algae (seaweeds) in Fish Nutrition

Currently,the search is on for alternative sources of feed ingredients,the main reasons being the increasing cost and uncertainty about the continuous supply of common feed ingredients especially fishmeal and soybean meal.The importance of macro algae or seaweeds as a potential substitute protein source for fish nutrition cultured has been documented in recent years.Macro algae are receiving consideration for their essential amino acid content and high protein value,trace metals and vitamins in fish nutrition.In addition,macro algae or seaweeds could be a potential low cost source of protein for fishes.Furthermore,the economic comparison of feed cost revealed that the increase in the level of dried and fresh seaweeds in alternative feeding treatments,and commercial diets used for fish growth have decreased which led to a significant decrease in the cost of feed.From the results of previous studies,using of macro algae(seaweeds)in fish diets may improves growth performance,feed efficiency,physiological activity,carcass quality,disease resistance and reduced stress response.This review describes effects of using of macro algae(seaweeds)in diets on growth performance of fish.

Use of Sunflower Cake in the Diet of ISA Brown Pullets

Recently, feed ingredient prices and availability concerns have resulted in the examination of diet formulations using alternative, locally available, high protein feed ingredients. An experiment was carried out to evaluate sunflower cake （SC） dietary effect on the performance of ISA brown pullets. The duration of the experiment was 20 weeks. A total of 48 one-day-old pullets were randomly allocated in three groups （C, SC6.25 and SC12.5） with four replications. The pullets of the control group （C） were given proper full rations without sunflower cake for the 1 st, 2nd and 3rd rearing ages, whereas in the treatment groups 5C6.25 sunflower cake was added at 6.25% of rations and in group SC12.5 at 12.5% of rations. The pullets were housed in floor pens with litter and were offered feed and water ad libitum. According to the results of statistical analysis, the addition of 6.25% sunflower cake in the diet significantly （P 〈 0.05） affected body weight gain and feed conversion ratio. The results of this study showed that sunflower cake can be added to the ration of ISA brown pullets of 0-20 weeks of age up to 12.5% without any adverse effect on their performance.