Electric Vehicle Charging Load Optimization Strategy Based on Dynamic Time-of-Use Tariff

Electric vehicle(EV)is an ideal solution to resolve the carbon emission issue and the fossil fuels scarcity problem in the future.However,a large number of EVs will be concentrated on charging during the valley hours leading to new load peaks under the guidance of static time-of-use tariff.Therefore,this paper proposes a dynamic time-of-use tariff mechanism,which redefines the peak and valley time periods according to the predicted loads using the fuzzy C-mean(FCM)clustering algorithm,and then dynamically adjusts the peak and valley tariffs according to the actual load of each time period.Based on the proposed tariff mechanism,an EV charging optimization model with the lowest cost to the users and the lowest variance of the grid-side load as the objective function is established.Then,a weight selection principle with an equal loss rate of the two objectives is proposed to transform the multi-objective optimization problem into a single-objective optimization problem.Finally,the EV charging load optimization model under three tariff strategies is set up and solved with the mathematical solver GROUBI.The results show that the EV charging load optimization strategy based on the dynamic time-of-use tariff can better balance the benefits between charging stations and users under different numbers and proportions of EVs connected to the grid,and can effectively reduce the grid load variance and improve the grid load curve.

Scheduling optimization problem considering time-of-use tariffs and piece-rate machine maintenance in EAF steelmaking

An operating schedule of the parallel electric arc furnaces(EAFs)considering both productivity and energy related criteria is investigated.A mathematical model is established to minimize the total completion time and the total electricity cost.This problem is proved to be an NP-hard problem,and an effective solution algorithm,longest processing time-genetic(LPT-gene)algorithm,is proposed.The impacts of varied processing energy consumption and electricity price on the optimal schedules are analyzed.The integrated influence of the different weight values and the variation between the peak price and the trough price on the optimal solution is studied.Computational experiments illustrate that considering the energy consumption costs in production has little influence on makespan;the computational performance of the proposed longest processing time-genetic algorithm is better than the genetic algorithm(GA)in the issue to be studied;considerable reductions in the energy consumption costs can be achieved by avoiding producing during high-energy price periods and reducing the machining energy consumption difference.The results can be a guidance for managers to improve productivity and to save energy costs under the time-of-use tariffs.

Study on Low Carbon Trade Development in China Pearl River Delta Region Initiated by Low Carbon Tariffs

In order to clarify the linkage between carbon tariffs and trade development, the Pearl River Delta region of China, the area with intensive processing trade, was selected to analyze the effects of carbon tariff collections on the production cost, export commodity structure, trade modes and trade terms of the export industries in the Pearl River Delta region, and measures of developing low carbon trade were proposed.

The Effect of Variable Electricity Tariffs in the Household on Usage of Household Appliances

Demand side management (DSM) has been discussed and investigated widely as a strategy to also influence residential energy consumption. Flexible energy tariffs are often proposed as a possible tool of DSM. However, real-life experience with this tool is rare. It was therefore the objective of this study to investigate under more realistic conditions how consumers are able and willing to adjust their residential energy consumption under the conditions of flexible energy tariffs with and without the support of intelligent smart appliances. Sixty-seven households in Germany within an experimental design with fictive tariff model (August 11 to July 12) driven by RWE Effizienz GmbH, as the energy utility, and Miele & Cie.KG, as the appliance manufacturer, were equipped with intelligent smart meters and 41 of them also with smart appliances (washing-machine and tumble-dryer). As a first part of the experiment, the energy tariff changed per hour and day by day, depending on the forecast of the availability of renewable energy in Germany between 10 €-Cent and 40 €-Cent per kWh. Consumers could respond to this change by adjusting the operation of their energyconsuming appliances either by themselves or—with the smart appliances—by a programmed start at low tariffs. The behaviour of the 41 consumers with smart appliances and their motivation are intensively investigated and analysed during this running two year project including several questionnaires. The consumers had to fill out daily a diary about the usage of their washing-machine, tumble-dryer, dishwasher and ironing devices. These data were matched with the actual tariff. This did allow identifying if and to which extend the consumers adjust their household activities depending on availability of solar and wind energy. These data were also used to calculate the cost savings by using the flexible tariff. In comparison to the costs of the fixed tariff of 25 €-Cent per kWh savings of 25% were realised on average. The results of a first phase already show that flexible tariffs are able to influence the operation of household appliances towards a flexible demand.

Several iron ore exporting countries raised tariffs

It is learned from oversea reports that, Indonesia launched a 20% tariff on 14 mineral products including iron ore since May 6th. It is reported, in addition to Indonesia, other countries will lift tariffs or limit the export of mineral resources.

Advancing the Multilateral Regional Cooperation in Economy and Trade with the Scheme Reform of Zero Tariffs

China＇s tariff arrangement in the transition period after ＂entry to WTO＂ influences the process of the multilateral trade system in the world. Establishing the free trade area and customs union according to WTO/GATS 1994 article 24, or according to authorizing the clause （Enabling Clause ） to sign the regional trade agreement between developing countries or signed the protocol of economic integration taking promoting and serving the liberalization of trade as purpose according to WTO/GATS article 5, include the regional trade agreement in the multilateral trade system frame to standardize, supervise and coordinate to China, reduce trade protectionism and improve the multilateral trade system＇s influence in the world greatly. Drawing lessons from CEPA and China the system of the manoeuvre ahead of time of overall ＂entry to WTO＂ of ASEAN Free Trade Area and arrange, accelerate multilateral regional cooperation in economy and trade, zero tariff scheme reform favors route choice.

EFFECTS OF EXCHANGE RATE AND TARIFFS ON AN OPEN ECONOMY OF SCARCITY OF CAPITAL

In this paper, the impact of tariffs and exchange rate on consumption and investment in an open economy of scarcity of capital is analysed.The dynamics and market price of capital,and the solution of foreign asset holding of the firm are discussed.Particular attention is also devoted to the social welfare aspects.

Cross-Subsidy in Electricity Tariffs in China

With the incessant development of power market reform,the existing cross-subsidy in electricity tariffs has become a critical problem in China's power industry development.On the basis of the theories of cross-subsidy and electricity universal service,the authors take foreign countries' experience as reference to design several solutions to cross-subsidies in electricity tariffs in different phases of China's power industry development.Furthermore,the application and implementation of these solutions are analyzed in this paper.

非理性偏好下动力电池再制造供应链最优决策与协调研究

考虑动力电池剩余容量不确定特征,构建由电池供应商和汽车制造商组成的再制造供应链,分别探讨决策双方完全理性、单向非理性偏好和双向非理性偏好等5种决策情形下的均衡解。研究发现:动力电池再制造容量起始点对回收量具有正向作用。在双向非理性偏好情形下,供应商的利他(公平)偏好程度增加导致制造商和系统总利润提高(降低),而自身利润总是降低;制造商的非理性偏好对供应链成员及系统利润的影响与供应商的非理性偏好程度有关。在单向非理性情形下,供应链成员的利他(公平)偏好程度增加导致自身利润下降(上升)而对方利润上升(下降)。两部定价契约和收益共享契约能够实现双向非理性偏好情形下再制造供应链的协调。

基于区块链技术的光伏产消者集群定价博弈

随着具有源荷二重属性的产消者占比日益提高,如何建立适合产消者的有效交易机制,激励其能源消纳是目前亟待解决的问题。针对该问题,提出区块链技术下的产消者与运营商的集群交易模型,将区块链技术量化到产消者的用电行为上。考虑到产消者集群内各主体独立,电价制定和电量调度存在先后次序,采取Stackelberg博弈理论寻求最优交互策略,并通过区块链更新求解过程中的交互信息。仿真结果表明:通过制定内部电价,能够提升集群内的光伏自消纳水平,同时在区块链技术下聚合优化集群内资源,可以有效提高产消者的用电效益与运营商的收益。进一步,结合光伏上网电价退坡政策,再次验证了所提模型的有效性。

RCEP框架下关税减让对中国机电产品出口的影响研究——基于GTAP模拟分析

机电产品是中国与RCEP成员国贸易往来中的重要出口产品,运用显示性比较优势指数、贸易竞争优势指数和贸易互补性指数,探讨2012—2022年中国与其他RCEP成员国机电产品的贸易竞争性和互补性。在此基础上,运用GTAP软件分析关税减让对中国机电产品出口的影响。研究发现:RCEP框架下关税减让有利于中国机电产品出口规模的扩大,且长期带来的效果比短期更显著;关税减让产生的贸易创造效应和贸易转移效应十分明显,具体表现为从RCEP域外国家转移至域内;关税减让对中国不同种类机电产品出口的影响有所不同,提出了加强汽车领域交流与合作,加快机电产业结构优化升级,制定差异化出口战略等对策建议。

计及气象因素与分时电价影响的综合能源系统负荷调控策略研究

用能高峰时段,综合能源系统多元负荷受气象因素影响,使其用能需求量短时持续上升,导致供需矛盾加剧;同时,综合能源系统多能耦合转换与蓄放单元的电驱动特点(如冰蓄冷空调、电制冷制冰)致使其用能成本受分时电价影响进一步增加。以供冷季用能高峰时段综合能源系统冷-电供需调控为研究对象,提出一种包含冷负荷需求自身调节与供冷功率主动控制的两阶段递进式调控策略,旨在实现多能供需平衡空间的拓展与用能成本的降低。基于模糊C均值聚类并考虑综合气象因素与分时电价的影响,选取调控时段;在第1阶段构建了温-湿舒适度最佳与冷能需求量最低的多目标负荷调节模型,在第2阶段提出了用能成本最低和运行能耗最小的多目标供冷输出功率主动控制策略;选取某校园综合能源系统实际运行数据进行算例仿真,采用ε-约束法以及多维偏好线性规划方法进行多目标求解,并基于用能舒适度变化的运行能耗、用能成本等指标,对比分析负荷需求在用能高峰时段调控优化前后的效果。结果表明,所提方法在满足用能舒适度的同时,能削减约13%的负荷需求,并降低约1.9%系统用能成本,有效缓解多能供需矛盾,增强系统运行的灵活性。

美国加征关税与我国产品出口变动

基于2017~2020年HS6位码产品贸易月度数据,采用双重差分法分轮次评估了美国对华加征关税对我国产品出口的影响。研究发现,加征关税虽然抑制了我国输美产品的出口贸易额,降低了我国输美产品的出口竞争力,但也间接丰富了我国产品出口流向及路径。异质性分析表明加征关税对我国消费品和采用加工贸易方式出口的产品影响更显著。进一步分析表明加征关税对我国输美出口产品质量和产品结构产生了负面影响。本文拓展了美国加征关税经济效应的研究,为我国应对国际经贸摩擦、推进更高水平对外开放提供了政策参考。

中国高新技术产品进口关税减让的经济效应

降低高新技术产品进口关税是中国践行扩大开放承诺的有力措施,对于以高新技术产业发展推动高水平科技自立自强具有重要意义。运用可计算局部均衡模型,从产业层面考察了中国高新技术产品进口关税减让的经济影响。研究发现:中国高新技术产品进口关税税率下调对进口的促进效应大于出口,其效应随降税幅度的提高而递增,且现有关税税率越高,降税的贸易效应越大;中国高新技术产品的内销额和消费者价格将减少,但生产者价格和产量变化不大;中国高新技术产业的消费者剩余大幅提高,生产者剩余变化幅度有限,但政府进口关税收入下降明显,所以高新技术产品的社会净福利将减少,其中广播、电视和通讯设备类产品的净福利损失最大,办公、会计和计算机器类产品与航空航天产品的净福利损失较小。研究结果可为中国高新技术产品关税政策调整提供依据,也能为中国主动扩大进口政策制定提供参考。

关税措施对农业能源使用和碳排放的影响——以中美贸易摩擦为例

关税措施会对农业能源使用及其碳排放带来怎样的影响,有待科学而系统的评估。构建农产品贸易、能源使用及其碳排放系统模型,并以2018年中美贸易摩擦事件为例,设置不同关税情景,模拟分析关税措施对我国农作物生产、能源使用及其碳排放多方面的影响。结果显示,加征美国大豆进口关税将会减少我国大豆进口总量,促使国内大豆种植面积和产量增加,小麦种植面积将被挤占,玉米种植面积略微增加。关税措施对国内农产品种植能源使用和碳排放总量没有显著影响,但是对不同农产品的影响具有异质性。加征关税使得大豆种植能源使用及碳排放明显增加,小麦种植能源使用及碳排放相应增加,而玉米种植能源使用及碳排放轻微下降。因而,要关注关税变化对农业生产、能源使用及其碳排放带来的系统性影响,协调农产品贸易与碳排放管理政策,基于作物用能特征和贸易条件分类制定适应性节能减排策略,缓解关税措施带来的系统性影响。

欧美碳关税对我国的挑战及对策探究——基于“碳边境调节机制”与“清洁竞争法案”的比较

简要阐述了欧盟“碳边境调节机制”与美国“清洁竞争法案”的发展历程及现状,并对两者进行了比较。欧美碳关税的实施将对我国的贸易体系产生一定的冲击。在“双碳”目标的指引下,我国政府和企业应该积极应对:主动开展国际交流合作、坚决抵制单边贸易保护,发展低碳技术、大力降低碳含量,增加碳排放成本、提升碳减排效率,加强碳足迹管理、构建产品碳排放核算体系,锚定“双碳”目标,坚定不移走绿色低碳的高质量发展道路。

欧盟对中国电动汽车实施反补贴调查的影响及对策

中国逐步掌握了全球汽车产业电气化和智能化转型话语权,对以美日欧为主的传统汽车产业格局产生了冲击,难免会遭遇各种形式的贸易保护主义。欧盟作为我国主要电动汽车企业出口目的地,已于2023年9月13日宣布对中国电动汽车展开反补贴调查。虽然此举无法从根本上阻止我国电动汽车产业全球化进程,但可能在短期内会破坏市场预期,干扰我国电动汽车企业的经营决策和业务布局并提高未来进入欧盟市场门槛和成本,需要警惕并在窗口期内做好应对准备。

RCEP关税削减的动态影响分析

量化评估RCEP关税削减对域内成员国和域外主要经济体的动态影响,对深化经贸合作和巩固建设全面战略伙伴关系具有重要意义。构建动态GTAP模型,模拟分析RCEP关税削减对域内成员国和域外主要经济体宏观经济的影响。研究发现,RCEP实施对中国、日本、韩国和澳大利亚经济增长具有正效应,特别是对韩国经济增长的拉动作用最强,对新西兰以及越南等东盟国家经济增长产生了负效应;RCEP实施后,中国、日本、韩国和澳大利亚投资水平有所提升,东盟国家的投资水平出现不同程度的下降。除中国、日本和韩国外,其他国家和地区的政府消费出现不同程度的减少,同时,中国、日本、韩国和澳大利亚等国的私人消费也有所增加。此外,从各国贸易变化情况来看,中国、日本、韩国、澳大利亚等国出现贸易逆差,但贸易逆差逐渐减小,东盟国家基本出现贸易顺差;中国、日本、韩国和澳大利亚等工业基础较好、经济发展水平较高的国家获得的红利较多,社会福利有所提高,新西兰社会福利经历“增加—减少—增加”的过程,东盟国家出口商品以农产品、矿产品等初级产品为主,获得的经济效益有限,甚至对经济增长产生负效应,导致社会福利水平降低。因此,应不断提升国家间商贸流通便利化水平,打造经贸合作新优势;重构区域内部产业链价值链,实现资源和商品的高效流动;推进产业转型升级,加强产业链供应链融合。

碳公平视角下碳关税的内在缺陷、深层冲突与国际协同治理

欧盟提出的碳边境调节机制(CBAM),俗称“碳关税”,是当前国际治理的热点问题,受到国际社会的高度关注。目前,欧盟已完成碳关税立法并进入具体实施阶段,英、美等国家也提出类似法案。七国集团(G7)联手主导建立了国际气候俱乐部,为合作推行碳关税作准备。2020年以来国内涌现大量碳关税研究,多关注碳关税的直接经济影响,对碳关税的政治影响认识不足,缺乏在公平视角下对于碳关税的逻辑和内在缺陷的剖析,对于化解碳关税的国际协同治理研究还相对薄弱。作者在碳公平视角下开展碳关税问题的研究,主要结论如下:①国际气候治理进程中碳关税议题的发展历程可分为理论预见、酝酿准备、试点受阻和立法实施4个阶段,从理念到政策、再到实施,呈现不断法律化、制度化和国际化的特征。②欧美推行碳关税的逻辑起点在于碳泄漏,澄清碳泄漏认识误区有助于揭示碳关税存在的内在缺陷。从政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)历次评估报告的主要结论看,国际学术界的基本共识是:没有证据表明存在显著的碳泄漏,碳关税不是减少碳泄漏的良方。③欧美推行碳关税的影响不限于经济影响,更重要的是对现有国际气候治理体系带来理念、原则、方法、目标等多重冲击。碳关税问题的深层原因在于国际气候治理与国际经贸治理体系的碎片化,以及各方对公平理念的认知冲突。④化解碳关税问题必须在碳公平视角下加强国际协同治理,可能途径包括:面对世界发展新形势、新挑战,加强各国公平理念的对话交流;以《联合国气候变化框架公约》(UNFCCC)为主平台,加强国际气候治理与国际经贸治理之间的沟通协调;在UNFCCC下启动碳关税议题的实质性谈判;通过国际合作开展全球价值链排放数据库和相关标准体系建设等。