The status of tobacco use and knowledge,and attitudes relating to smoking among female students in a Bengbu medical school

Objective： To learn the status of tobacco use, and the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors among female students in Bengbu Medical College. Methods： In a cross-sectional survey, questionnaires were completed by 634 female students in the medical college in 2007, including the prevalence of current smoking, their knowledge of the effects of tobacco use on health, and attitudes towards the smoking behaviors of young women. Results： Only 6.9% of female medical students were former smokers, and 4.9% of them were current smokers. There was no significant difference in the current smoking rate among the students from each department surveyed. Female students from urban areas were more likely to be current or attempted smokers than those from rural areas. The proportion of the students who were aware of the health risks of smoking was less than 45%. The students from the Department of Nursing had more knowledge regarding the harmful health effects of smoking than those from the other departments. There was no significant difference in attitudes towards the smoking behaviors of young women among the students from each department. Compared with female students from rural areas, the female students from urban areas were significantly more likely to think that a young woman who smoked was cool, mature and charming. Conclusion： The smoking prevalence of the female students in Bengbu Medical College is high. They are not aware of the smoking related risks and have erroneous beliefs and perceptions about female smoking behaviors.

Health promotion and education proposal among Chinese female college students:eliminating cervical cancer is no longer a dream

Cervical cancer is a serious threat to women’s health.Persistent high-risk human papillomavirus(HPV)infection is a necessary factor for cervical cancer development and has become a serious public health threat to women.At present,young women have become a high-risk group for potential HPV infection.HPV vaccination is an effective method to prevent HPV infection and related diseases and is a primary preventive measure for HPV infection-related diseases.This study explores the influencing factors of female college students’willingness to receive HPV vaccination,their ability to understand college students’HPV awareness,their motivation for HPV vaccination,their behavioral skills related to HPV vaccination,their willingness to receive HPV vaccination and their vaccination rate.The aim of this study was to increase the HPV vaccination rate of Chinese female college students through health education programs and thus reduce the incidence of cervical cancer.

A Study on the Impact of Cheerleading on the Psychological Health of Female College Students

This study investigates the effects of technical cheerleading and dance cheerleading on the psychological health of female college students by utilizing the Symptom Checklist-90(SCL-90),the Comprehensive Diagnostic Scale for Interpersonal Relationships,and the Social Adaptability Diagnostic Scale.The findings indicate the following:(1)Technical cheerleading has a highly significant impact on sensitivity in interpersonal relationships,paranoia,and psychoticism,and a significant effect on anxiety and hostility;dance cheerleading has a highly significant effect on paranoia;(2)Both technical and dance cheerleading have minimal impact on the overall score distribution of interpersonal relationships among female college students,but the dimensions of their effects differ;(3)The impact of technical cheerleading on the social adaptability of female college students is more pronounced than that of dance cheerleading.

Health Related Physical Fitness Measures: Reference Values and Predictive Equations for Saudi Female College Students

Health related-physical fitness (HRPF) is critical for maintaining and enhancing health and quality of life. Purposes: To estimate the reference values and predictive equations for frequently used clinical field HRPF measures in a sample of Saudi female college students aged 18 - 24 years. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, body fat percentage (BF %) was estimated. Curl-up test (CUT) and sit and reach test (SRT) were applied in 216 students. The Queen’s College Step Test (QCST) was used to predict maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max). Physical activity (PA) level was also measured using International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Results: The mean of BF %, SRT, CUT, and predicted VO2 max were 23.98% ± 6.13%, 17.10 ± 7.50 cm, 28.17 ± 7.72 number/min, and 39.58 ± 4.01 ml/kg/min respectively. There was no significant effect of age on all HRPF measures except for BF % (F (6,215) = 3.25, p (6,215) = 4.01, p strated that BMI was the predictor for BF % and SRT and explained 65% and 4% of total variance respectively. IPAQ score, age, and height were the predictors of CUT counting 17% of total variance. While, BMI and IPAQ score were the predictors for VO2 max and explained 13% of the total variance. Conclusion: Reference values can be used clinically in the evaluation of HRPF, in the rehabilitation process as well as in designing a program to improve the HRPF for female college students with consideration of age, height, BMI, and PA level for a particular population.

Fairness in Admission:Voices from Rural Chinese Female Students in Selective Universities in Chinese Mainland

As the Chinese mainland has transitioned from elite to mass higher education,the race to attend university has escalated to become a race to attend selective universities.This study focuses on rural female university students and explores how they make sense of their higher education admission experiences.We rationalize that the inquiry into fairness is crystallized through examining rural female students’voices,which remain largely marginalized from the literature.Drawing from in-depth interviews with 22 rural female undergraduates from five selective universities in northern China,we focus on their perspectives towards three key issues in higher education admission:entrance exams,region-based quotas that put them at distinct disadvantages,and new reform initiatives.

Entrepreneurial Mind-Set Among Female University Students： A Study of University of Jos Students, Nigeria

In today＇s world, entrepreneurship is seen as the vital source for economic growth, and education in the creation and development of entrepreneurial attitudes. It is, therefore, natural to consider female students as the primary resource of future entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship as a career option is becoming increasingly desirable. Responding to this need, many colleges and universities around the world have significantly increased their offerings of entrepreneurship courses over the past 25 years. Entrepreneurship courses are not only offered by Business Institutes, but other faculties like Social Sciences, Natural Sciences, Engineering, and Information Technology are also offering these courses in their syllabus. The problem under focus was to examine entrepreneurial mindset among female university students, a study of University of Jos. The study also ascertained the rate at which variables like： perception of entrepreneurship, role model and university＇s role to promote entrepreneurship are translated into entrepreneurial mindset of female students of University of Jos. A sample size of about 400 was adopted from the three Faculties of Management Science, Natural Sciences, and Social Sciences which were selected at random. Furthermore, the data obtained were analyzed using simple percentage and presented in tables and charts, the hypothesis which states that there is no significant relationship between the teaching of entrepreneurship and university female students＇ entrepreneurial mindset which was tested using z-test analyses of population proportion earlier conducted. This implies a weak relationship between the teaching of entrepreneurship and university female students＇ entrepreneurial mindset. Based on the above inference, the research recommended that, as providers of entrepreneurship trainings, universities must create entrepreneurship supportive environment that could encourage entrepreneurial activity which would in turn help develop an enterprise culture among the female students.

Financial Aid for Female Graduate Students, Researchers and Foreign Residents in Mexico, Over 35 Years Old

CONACYT in Mexico has implemented in recent years three types of scholarships and different specific supports for women who wish to complete their professional training, based on the National Development Plan ＂Equal Opportunities＂. These are in first place, Support for mothers who are heads of household （Bachelor and technical formation of a third level） such as single, divorced, widowed or separated Mexican mothers. In second place, it is the program complementing an education, specialization, masters or PhD--through Scholarship grants for academic strengthening of indigenous women in CONACYT enrolled in graduate studies in Mexico or abroad and the third place the Young Talents Program. Those modalities have met their specific objectives （we will focus on the first type）; however, the realities pertaining to the academic, scientific, work and life cycle of women in the XXI century go beyond marital statuses, motherhood, or any particular social statuses or being indigenous and this study motives the analysis of this matter in the country.

Facilitators and Barriers to Cervical Cancer Screening among Female Undergraduate Students of Makerere University

There is a higher Human Papilloma Virus peak prevalence in younger women (18 - 25 years) of university age. The undergraduate university students are more at a risk of acquiring cervical cancer because they are at the stage of exploring which predisposes them to risky behavior like early sexual intercourse and multiple sexual partners among others. This creates a need for cervical cancer screening in the population. The facilitators and barriers to cervical cancer screening have been studied in the Ugandan general population but little is known among University students which this study is taking interest. Objective: This study is aimed at determining the facilitators, barriers and background factors associated to cervical cancer screening among female undergraduate students in Makerere University. Methods: Four hundred twenty-two (422) female undergraduate students of Makerere University who fit the eligibility criteria were recruited in this descriptive cross-sectional quantitative study. A self-administered semi structured questionnaire was administered to these participants chosen by convenient sampling. Data collected was analyzed using SPSS version 23 software and logistic regression models was used. Results: Less than a half of (21.1%) of the participants had ever screened for cervical cancer. At multivariate analysis, only year of study and married status were associated to cervical cancer screening with a P-values were of (0.015) and (0.001) with a (1.173 - 4.261) and (1.594 - 6.130) 95% CI respectively. The facilitators agreed upon by participants included: Access to free cervical cancer screening services, adequate knowledge about cervical cancer screening and advice from a friend, family or physician among others. The reported barriers to screening were fear of bad result, low risk perception and fear of embarrassment among others. Conclusions and Recommendations: Among the female undergraduate students of Makerere University, only 21.1% had screened for cervical cancer. Therefore, there is a critical need for university based cancer education campaign on cervical cancer and the benefits of screening. Screening services should be integrated into the existing university medical services.

Intervention Study on Hypnotherapy of Primary Dysmenorrhea in Female College Students

Objective:To understand the relevant situation of primary dysmenorrhea among the subjects and target the relief of pain and associated symptoms through hypnotherapy only.Methods:The study recruited a total of 23 female college students who underwent primary dysmenorrhea as objects and conducted a self-report study.The clinical effect of hypnotic suggestion on primary dysmenorrhea was analyzed using the Visual Analogue Scale and the Menstrual Distress Questionnaire as observation indexes.Results:This finding demonstrated a significant reduction in the primary pain score after treatment(t=6.59,P<0.01).Moreover,no significant difference was noted between the first time and the second and third times after treatment.A significant difference was observed in the total scores of MDQ before and after treatment,which indicated the positive effect of hypnotherapy(F=28.52,P<0.001).After treatment,the scores of pain(F=7.85,P<0.001),concentration(F=5.12,P<0.001),behavioural change(F=8.12,P<0.001),autonomic reactions(F=14.54,P<0.001),water retention(F=5.7,P<0.001)and negative effect(F=16.08,P<0.001)were significantly lower than that of before treatment.Through a comparison of the correlation between the reduction rate of pain score and suggestibility at different stages of treatment,the study noted no significant correlation(P>0.05).Conclusion:The experimental results demonstrate that hypnotherapy is effective in treating primary dysmenorrhea.hypnotherapy intervention can improve negative emotions and level of attention and promote behavior change.

A Survey on the Sexual and Contraceptive Behaviors in Chinese Female College Students

To get information in the sexual and contraceptive behaviors in Chinese female college students, a randomized cluster sampling was conducted in colleges and universities in Wuhan Area, China, in terms of types of colleges, subjects （literature, sciences, medicines, art etc）, and grades etc. A total number of 2450 questionnaires were distributed, with 2365 questionnaires returned being valid. The return rate of valid questionnaires was 96.6 %. The questionnaire investigation was conducted on a multiple-choice and anonymous basis. Data were input into computer and SPSS12.0 software package was employed for statistical analysis. Among the female students, 1196 had the experiences of hugging and kissing （50.57 %） and 423 （17.89 %） had sexual experiences （sexual intercourse）. The first sexual intercourse took place at the age of 19.23±1.74 y. There were significant differences in the sexual experiences among the majors of different subjects, with the rate of sexual experiences in art majors （43.17 %） and high-grade students （34.31%） being the highest. The causes of the first sexual intercourse included sexual impulse, curiosity, intention to strengthen the relationship or to show loyalty to boyfriend and sometimes violence. While the motives of the sexual intercourse within the past one year before the investigation were to satisfy the sexual needs and to strengthen the relation with their boyfriends. With both first intercourse and sexual experiences within last one year, the partners of the sexual intercourse were mainly their boyfriends （95.7 % and 97.3 % respectively）, but the partners also included acquaintances, ＂one night stand＂ partners and customers of sex trade. Some of them had multiple sexual partners, with the highest number of the sexual partners being 11. In the first sexual intercourse of the subjects, 44.0 % of them did not take any contraceptive measures; only 16.4 % of them used condoms. In the sexual intercourse within the last one year, only 44.6 % took contraceptive measures every time they had sexual intercourse. Among those who took contraceptive measures, 64.4 % used condoms. Among those who had sexual intercourse, 101 persons got pregnant, with a rate of pregnancy being 4.3 %, accounting for 23.9 % of all who had sexual intercourse. Among those who got pregnant, 78 persons got pregnant once; the others became pregnant more than two times, the highest being 5 times. There were 122 persons who had inflammation of reproductive system, mostly vaginitis. Other conditions included venereal warts and herpes genitalis. It is concluded that the rate of sexual behaviors is high in female college students and there exist promiscuity, unexpected pregnancy and transmission of STD in the students.

Analysis and Guiding Strategy of Female College Students' Behaviors in the Webcast

With the rise of live webcasts,the phenomenon of female college students'live webcasts is worthy of attention.According to the present situation,female college students'behaviors of the live webcast are different because of the difference in subject attributes,and they have higher cognition degrees due to the effect of advertisement implantation.Thanks to the convenient means of live broadcast,the diversity of the motive of live broadcast,and the multi-dimensional content,they have higher participation.There are many hidden dangers because of weak supervision and management.The main problems are as follows:the content has a vulgar tendency,public opinion has out-of-control risk,competition has hidden violence,supervision has a“Vacuum zone”.To strengthen the education and guidance of female college students'live webcast behaviors,we should adhere to the valuable guidance and set up the correct network values.Meanwhile,we also need to strengthen the guidance of public opinions,purify the field of live broadcast public opinion,and improve media literacy to establish an excellent concept of network security,strengthen network supervision,and build a perfect system of live broadcast rules.

Teachers Are Key Factors of Universities Peking Female Higher Normal College 1917-1922

The successful experiences that cause Peking Female Higher Normal College （PKFHNC） to complete a relatively large scale of talents training task and become the birthplace of modern female intellectuals in early 20th century China in spite of disorder of social circumstance outside and regular educational system inside are as follows. First, with the endeavor of Chen Zhongfan, Dean of Chinese Department, PKFHNC gathered lots of leading scholars both from old school and new school during May Fourth Movement; second, these leading scholars＇ diversified academic thoughts, political ideas, and educational experiences encouraged students to think freely and critically; finally, their deep concerns about the future of China society, academic disciplines, and women＇s liberation and education caused all superficial changes and differences of PKFHNC to form an united spiritual power, which promoted this group of female students＇ development deeply.

Isolation and Identification of Fungi That Cause Hair Loss (Alopecia)

Due to the crowded number of female students in a very narrow place, the fact that the college is for females only, and the fact that some of the female students live in the internal sections of the student residence, as well as the crowded number there, and as a result of the presence of the head covering or what is known as the Islamic veil on the head, which covers the hair of the head, which provides a suitable hot humid atmosphere 100% of fungal growth in the scalp of female students. Therefore, it is necessary to know the widespread fungal species that contaminate the scalp. In other research, we learn about the antifungals that should be used to reduce fungal infections in college employees. The study was carried out to identify the presence and spread of fungi that cause hair loss. The study was conducted on some students of the College of Education for Girls/University of Shatra for the period from 1/11/2021 to 1/12/2021, where 100 hundred hair samples were collected from (the scalp) from different ages in different educational stages, as random samples were taken after asking the student whether she suffers from hair loss or not, and studying the presence and spread of fungi in terms of density and type, after transferring them to the microbiology laboratory-College of Education for Girls using sterile sample collection bags. The current results showed that the fungal species E. flocculosum is the most common among them, followed by the fungal species C. carrionii, then the rest of the genera are as follows: E. flocculosum, Basisdioplus, Aspergillus terreud Hormderndrum Rhodotorula, Bipolaris, Aspergillus, Phoma, Rhizopus, Blastomyces, Microsporum, Sporothrix, Exophiala jeanselmei, Neoscytalidium Aeremonium Cladophialophora carrionii, Paecilomyces, Exophiala dermatitidis, Geotrichum, Volvariella, Rhizomucor, Saksmaea vassiformis, Candida albicans, Chrysosporium, Dimiatum.

The Role of Gender Affecting Second Language Acquisition

In the development of English teaching,various factors are influencing the teaching effect,in this article,the concept:gender difference as an obvious factor affecting Second Language Acquisition.It is common applied in the current class teaching of all kinds of schools in China.

Gender Disparity in Second Language Learning： Reality or Illusion？

The paper draws a comparison between female and male students＇ language learning capabilities in the backdrop of age-old idea that males are better than females in language learning on the one hand, and some recent study findings indicating females＇ superiority over males on the other. To this end, 43 female and 80 male higher secondary students＇ 468 answer scripts of their regular English exams were collected. For the traditional question pattern, the collected data could measure only ＂remembering＂ and ＂understanding＂ of the examinees. Therefore, the students were compared only on the basis of these two lowest levels of Bloom＇s taxonomy. The participants were of same age, studying at the same level （Grade 11）, and were taught by the same teacher. The study finds that if other variables remain the same, there is no essential difference between male and female regarding learning English as a second language.

Identity Transformation and Autonomy Development of Female Student English Teachers From Rural China

Previous studies on Chinese English teachers’identity and autonomy have overlooked the group of female student-teachers(FSTs)from rural areas.Drawing on data from questionnaire responses,narrative frames and semi-structured interviews with research participants,this study first depicts the trajectories of identity construction and autonomy development of nine female student-teachers,and then identifies three main factors that affected their transformation from English learners to student English teachers,and the development of autonomy in such a process.The three factors are gendered ideology,affinity groups and family finance.This study concludes with some implications for policy makers and teacher educators on how to empower female student English teachers from rural China to transform from English learners to English teachers,and how to enhance their autonomy in such a transformation.