Foeniculum vulgare Mill.inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced microglia activation and ameliorates neuroinflammation-mediated behavioral deficits in mice

Objective:To investigate the effect of Foeniculum vulgare extract against lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced microglial activation in vitro as well as cognitive behavioral deficits in mice.Methods:LPS-activated BV-2 cell viability was measured using MTT assay and reactive oxygen species(ROS)was studied using DCF-DA assay.The antioxidative enzymes and pro-inflammatory mediators were analyzed using respective ELISA kits and Western blotting.For in vivo testing,LPS(1 mg/kg,i.p.)was given daily for five days in male Swiss albino mice to produce chronic neuroinflammation.Cognitive and behavioral tests were performed using open-field,passive avoidance,and rotarod experiments in LPS-induced mice.Results:Foeniculum vulgare extract(25,50 and 100μg/mL)significantly attenuated the LPS-activated increase in nitric oxide(NO),ROS,cyclooxygenase-2,inducible NO synthase,IL-6,and TNF-alpha(P<0.05).Moreover,LPS-induced oxidative stress and reduced antioxidative enzyme levels were significantly improved by Foeniculum vulgare extract(P<0.05).The extract also regulated the NF-κB/MAPK signaling in BV-2 cells.In an in vivo study,Foeniculum vulgare extract(50,100,and 200 mg/kg)markedly mitigated the LPS-induced cognitive and locomotor impairments in mice.The fingerprinting analysis showed distinctive peaks with rutin,kaempferol-3-O-glucoside,and anethole as identifiable compounds.Conclusions:Foeniculum vulgare extract can ameliorate LPS-stimulated neuroinflammatory responses in BV-2 microglial cells and improve cognitive and locomotor performance in LPS-administered mice.

Comparative analysis of antioxidant activities of essential oils and extracts of fennel(Foeniculum vulgare Mill.)seeds from Egypt and China

The present study was conducted to assay the antioxidant activities of essential oils and ethanol extracts of fennel(Foeniculum vulgare Mill.)seeds from Egypt and China.The major components of the Egyptian fennel essential oil were estragole(51.04%),limonene(11.45%),l-fenchone(8.19%)and trans-anethole(3.62%)by GC–MS analysis.Whereas,the major constituents of Chinese fennel essential oil were transanethole(54.26%),estragole(20.25%),l-fenchone(7.36%)and limonene(2.41%).The fennel seed extracts from Egypt and China contained appreciable levels of total phenolic contents(42.24 and 30.94 mg PE/g,respectively).The extracts exhibited good DPPH radical scavenging capacity with IC50(6.34 and 7.17 mg/g),respectively.A high variation in free radical scavenging activities of essential oils was observed.The Chinese fennel essential oil showed high activity in DPPH radical scavenging with IC50(15.66 mg/g).The Egyptian fennel essential oil showed very low activity with IC50(141.82 mg/g).The results of the present investigation demonstrated significant variations in the antioxidant activities of fennel essential oils and extracts from Egypt and China.

茴香(Foeniculum Vulgare Mill)精油利用的研究进展

本文综述了茴香精油在抗菌、抗氧化、杀虫、医药、日化以及食品添加剂等方面的应用,简单介绍了茴香精油的开发现状和应用前景。

Protective effects of Foeniculum vulgare root bark extract against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic fibrosis in mice

AIM To investigate the protective effects of Foeniculum vulgare root bark(FVRB), a traditional Uyghur medicine, against carbon tetrachloride(CCl4)-induced hepatic fibrosis in mice. METHODS Mice were randomly divided into eight groups(n = 20 each). Except for the normal control group, mice in the rest groups were intraperitoneally injected(i.p.) with 0.1% CCl4-olive oil mixture at 10 m L/kg twice a week to induce liver fibrosis. After 4 wk, mice were treated concurrently with the 70% ethanol extract of FVRB(88, 176, 352 and 704 mg/kg, respectively) daily by oral gavage for 4 wk to evaluate its protective effects. Serum aspartate aminotransferase(AST), alanine aminotransferase(ALT), triglyceride(TG), hexadecenoic acid(HA), laminin(LN), glutathione(GSH), superoxide dismutase(SOD), and malondialdehyde(MDA) in liver tissues were measured. Hematoxylin-eosin(H and E) staining and Masson trichrome(MT) staining were performed to assess histopathological changes in the liver. The expression of transforming growth factor β1(TGF-β1), matrix metalloprotein 9(MMP-9) and metallopeptidase inhibitor 1(TIMP-1) was detected by immunohistochemical analysis. Additionally, TGF-β1 and alpha-smooth muscle actin(α-SMA) protein expression was measured by Western blot.RESULTS A significant reduction in serum levels of AST, ALT, TG, HA and LN was observed in the FVRB-treated groups, suggesting that FVRB displayed hepatoprotective effects. Also, the depletion of GSH, SOD, and MDA accumulation in liver tissues was suppressed by FVRB. The expression of TGF-β1, MMP-9 and TIMP-1 determined by immunohistochemistry was markedly reduced in a dose-dependent manner by FVRB treatment. Furthermore, protective effects of FVRB against CCl4-induced liver injury were confirmed by histopathological studies. Protein expression of TGF-β1 and α-SMA detected by Western blot was decreased by FVRB treatment.CONCLUSION Our results indicate that FVRB may be a promising agent against hepatic fibrosis and its possible mechanisms are inhibiting lipid peroxidation and reducing collagen formation in liver tissue of liver fibrosis mice.

GC-MS Analysis and in Vitro Antimicrobial Susceptibility of <i>Foeniculum vulgare</i>Seed Essential Oil

Essential oil from seeds of Foeniculum vulgare was extracted on Clevenger apparatus. Essential oil was analyzed on Gas-Chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) from which thirty six components were identified, among which 6 major and 30 minor components having different structural formulae and molecular weight representing total 99.98% of oil. Essential was investigated for its antibacterial and antifungal activity against seven infectious microbial pathogens. Paper disc diffusion and serial micro-dilution assays were performed for the determination of inhibition zone (DIZ) diameters and minimal inhibitory concentration, respectively. The Foeniculum vulgare essential oil showed the Diameter of Inhibition Zone (DIZ) ranging from 19.4 ± 0.07 - 26.4 ± 0.09 mm at a concentration level of 28 μg/disc in all the ten strains tested. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of essential oil against bacterial and fungal strains was obtained in the range of 7.0 - 56 μg/ml. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of Foeniculum vulgare essential oil is due to the presence of certain secondary plant metabolites such as terpenoids, steroids and flavonoids, esters and acids which are identified in the essential oil. The oil components can be further studied for their biological activity and overcome the problem of drug resistance in microbes.

Beneficial effects of Foeniculum vulgare on ethanol-induced acute gastric mucosal injury in rats

AIM: To examine the anti-ulcerogenic and antioxidant effects of aqueous extracts of Foeniculum vulgare (FVE) on ethanol-induced gastric lesions in rats. METHODS: FVE was administered by gavage at doses of 75, 150 and 300 mg/kg, and famotidine was used at the dose of 20 mg/kg. Following a 60 min period, all the rats were given 1 mL of ethanol (80%) by gavage. One hour after the administration of ethanol, all groups were sacrificed, and the gastric ulcer index was calculated; whole blood malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH), serum nitrate, nitrite, ascorbic acid, retinol and β-carotene levels were measured in all the groups. RESULTS: It was found that pretreatment with FVE significantly reduced ethanol-induced gastric damage. This effect of FVE was highest and statistically significant in 300 mg/kg group compared with the control (4.18 ± 2.81 vs 13.15 ± 4.08, P < 0.001). Also, pretreatment with FVE significantly reduced the MDA levels, while significantly increased GSH, nitrite, nitrate, ascorbic acid, retinol and β-carotene levels. CONCLUSION: FVE has clearly a protective effect against ethanol-induced gastric mucosal lesion, and this effect, at least in part, depends upon the reduction in lipid peroxidation and augmentation in the antioxidant activity.

Rescue effects of aqueous seed extracts of Foeniculum vulgare and Carum carvi against cadmium-induced hepatic, renal and gonadal damage in female albino rats

Objective: To investigate the protective effects of aqueous seed extracts of fennel"Foeniculum vulgare"(FVE) and caraway "Carum carvi"(CCE) on liver, kidney and reproductive organs in female rats against cadmium chloride(CC) intoxication.Methods: A total of 36 adult female rats were divided into six groups, six in each group.Control group(fed normal diet), CC-treated group(50 mg CC/kg diet), CCE-treated group(150 mg CCE/kg diet), CCE + CC group, FVE(150 mg/kg diet) and FVE + CC. One month later, all rats were sacrificed and all samples were collected at proestrus phase.Results: The toxic effects of CC were confirmed biochemically by significant increase of serum concentration of liver enzymes(P < 0.05), and creatinine(P < 0.001). Moreover,CC increased significantly the serum level of malondialdehyde(MDA) and decreased the total antioxidant capacity(TAC)(P < 0.001). In addition, serum concentrations of estrogen, progesterone, follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH) and luteinizing hormone(LH)were significantly decreased(P < 0.01). Histopathologically, CC-treated group revealed marked pathological changes in renal, hepatic, ovarian and uterine tissues. All toxic findings observed in liver and kidney with CC treatment were found to be ameliorated markedly after co-treatments with FVE or CCE. Furthermore, co-treatment of FVE with CC improved significantly all studied reproductive parameters(P < 0.01).Conclusions: Both FVE and CCE could be used as efficient treatments for liver and kidney against CC intoxication. Moreover, FVE could be utilized as a potent treatment to protect and improve female fertility from cadmium intoxication.

Toxico-Pathological Studies of <i>Foeniculum vulgare</i>Plant in Mice

Background and objective: Foeniculum vulgare-Mill (Umlliferae), is widely used in the Arabian Peninsula for treating various human and animal diseases. There is need to insure the safety of this plant as a remedy that could be used for a long time. This study aimed to determine the LD50 of the aerial parts of Foeniculum vulgare in mice, as well as to investigate its toxic pathological effects. Methodology: A total of eighty (80) albino mice of both sexes, weighing 25 - 30 g, were used in the present study. Ten (10) mice were used for the determination of LD50 of Foeniculum vulgare in mice. Fifty (50) mice were used in the acute toxicity, and twenty (20) mice were used to study the subacute toxicity of the aerial parts of Foeniculum vulgare juice. Results: the present results revealed that the LD50 of Foeniculum vulgare juice in mice was 9.772 mg/kg/body weight (BW). On the other hand, mice received 0.9 mg/kg/BW of Foeniculum vulgare juice intraperitoneally showed slightly closed eyes intermittent convulsions itching of the nose and increased respiratory rate and abdominal movements. Histopathological examination of the liver showed hepatocytic degeneration and necrosis, congestion with perivascular mononuclear cell infiltrations and peribiliary mononuclear cell aggregations. Whereas the spleen of mice showed depletion of lymphocytes and mononuclear as well as multinuclear cells. The duodenum showed sub-epithelial congested blood vessels, numerous areas of lymphocytic infiltrations and vascular and hydropic degeneration of epithelial cells lining the duodenal Brunner’s glands. Moreover, the kidney showed degenerated tubular epithelial cells, congestion with excess of mononuclear cells, necrotic and desquamated epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted tubules. The lung of mice showed congestion, emphysema with variable degrees of mononuclear cell infiltrations and peribronchial congested blood capillaries and mononuclear cell infiltration. Conclusion: It could be concluded that Foeniculum vulgare juice is toxic to mice when administered in a dose of 9.772 mg/kg/BW. However, the recommended dose for treatment could be less than 0.98 ml/kg BW. (1/10 of the LD50) of Foeniculum vulgare juice.

基于谱效关系的茴香根皮抗肝纤维化有效成分筛选及其机制探讨

为探讨茴香根皮治疗肝纤维化的化学成分,揭示其药效物质基础和作用机制。本研究应用UPLC-Orbitrap-MS/MS技术定性鉴别茴香根皮95%乙醇提取物、石油醚部位、乙酸乙酯部位、正丁醇部位和水部位的化学成分,根据质谱裂解规律和对照品验证及文献检索推测鉴定了各组分的58个共有化合物;采用MTT法检测各组分对HSC-T6细胞增殖的影响,谱效关系筛选抗肝纤维化潜在活性化合物,结果显示茴香根皮抗肝纤维化贡献较大的成分是二氢辣椒碱、去氢骆驼蓬碱、异莨菪亭;体外实验验证单体化合物抗肝纤维化活性及机制,结果表明二氢辣椒碱、去氢骆驼蓬碱和异莨菪亭对活化的HSC-T6具有较好的抑制作用(P<0.01、P<0.001),均可以抑制α-SMA的表达(P<0.01、P<0.001);二氢辣椒碱和去氢骆驼蓬碱具有较强的促凋亡作用,可以下调Bax/Bcl-2和Caspase3的相对表达量(P<0.05、P<0.01)。表明茴香根皮抗肝纤维化的药效物质可能为二氢辣椒碱、去氢骆驼蓬碱和异莨菪亭、东莨菪内酯、7-羟基香豆素等,其机制可能是通过抑制肝星状细胞活化、调节Bax/Bcl-2的表达发挥作用,体现了茴香根皮多成分多靶点抗肝纤维化的作用特点。

小茴香挥发油 β -环糊精包合物的制备、 表征及稳定性研究

目的:制备小茴香挥发油β-环糊精包合物并对其进行结构表征及稳定性研究。方法:以小茴香挥发油包合率、包合产率、包合物中反式茴香脑的含量建立综合评分指标,探究小茴香挥发油与β-环糊精比例、包合温度、包合时间对其的影响,设计正交试验优化制备工艺。通过扫描电镜(SEM)法、薄层色谱(TLC)法、傅立叶红外光谱(IR)法、差示扫描量热(DSC)法进行表征。最后采用光照、高温、高湿试验考察包合物稳定性。结果:由饱和水溶液法得到最佳条件为挥发油与β-环糊精比例1∶8(mL/g),包合温度40℃,包合时间60 min,该条件下小茴香挥发油包合物的包合率为96.90%,包合产率为93.61%,反式茴香脑含量为6.81%,综合评分为99.68;所得包合物为白色粉末,质地疏松,包合效果较好。经扫描电镜法、薄层色谱法、傅立叶红外光谱法、差示扫描量热法表征发现,包合物已经形成。其在光照(4000 lx)5 d内稳定性良好,高温(60℃)下包合物中挥发性成分容易流失,在相对湿度大于75%时会潮解结块,在光照时间较长,高温高湿的条件下,包合率和反式茴香脑含量明显降低。结论:最佳包合工艺的包合率、包合产率较高,工艺稳定。贮藏在常温干燥密封的环境下,小茴香挥发油β-环糊精包合物较小茴香挥发油稳定性良好。

气相色谱-离子迁移谱法分析5种外观易混淆香辛料挥发性成分差异

目的比较5种外观易混淆香辛料挥发性成分差异。方法采用气相色谱-离子迁移谱法(gas chromatography-ion mobility spectroscopy,GC-IMS)分析孜然、小茴香、莳萝籽、百里香和千里香5种外观易混淆香辛料的挥发性成分,并通过指纹图谱和主成分分析法(principal component analysis,PCA)进行差异比较。结果5种香辛料样品中共鉴定出80种挥发性成分,且不同样品间挥发性成分种类及相对含量差异明显。枯茗醛、β-蒎烯等为孜然中特征挥发性成分,赋予其辛辣草药香、孜然香特征香气;香芹酮、柠檬烯等为莳萝籽中特征挥发性成分,赋予其辛香甘甜、温和而不刺激的特征香气;β-石竹烯、香茅醇等为千里香中特征挥发性成分,能够增强其特征香气的通透性;草蒿脑、罗勒烯、1,8-桉叶素、γ-松油烯、α-蒎烯、水芹烯、月桂烯等烯类,二丁基硫醚及乙酸芳香酯等酯类为小茴香中特征挥发性成分,共同赋予其强烈而偏甜润的特征香气;百里香酚、2-茨醇、正丁醇、芳樟醇、糠醛和2-乙酰基呋喃等为百里香中特征香气,共同赋予其清甜的药草香气。结论根据挥发性成分差异,可将5种外观易混淆香辛料进行有效区分。该研究为GC-IMS技术应用于香辛料的快速鉴别提供了理论参考。

Medicinal Properties of Foeniculum Vulgare Mill,in Traditional Iranian Medicine and Modern Phytotherapy

Foeniculum vu/gare Mill. （F. vu/gare）, commonly known as Fennel, is a popular medicinal plant with various pharmacological activities mentioned in traditional Iranian medicine （TIM） and modern phytotherapy such as antioxidant, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, bronchodilatory, estrogenic, diuretic, lithontripic, galactogogue, emmenagogue, antithrombotic, hypotensive, gastroprotective, hepatoprotective, memory enhancing, and antimutagenic activities. No serious adverse events were recorded after ingestion of F. vu/gare except some cases of allergic reactions. The estrogenic activity of F. vu/gare brings some side effects such as decrease in protein concentration and acid and alkaline phosphatase in male genital organs, increase in weight of mammary glands and reproductive organs in women and premature thelarohe in girls. However, no evidence of teratogenicity was recorded, it is better not to use F. vulgare during pregnancy due to its estrogenic activity. Because of inhibition of cytochrome P450 3A4 （CYP3A4）, the pharmacokinetic parameters of drugs mainly metabolized by this isozyme may be affected by F. vu/gare. In addition, a significant interaction between cyprofloxacin and F. vu/gare was demonstrated. The aim of current paper is to review pharmacological properties, toxicity and adverse events, and drug interactions of F.vu/gare and brings conclusive results about the use of this plant in men, women and during pregnancy.

Efficacy of the herbal formula of Foeniculum vulgare and Rosa damascena on elderly patients with functional constipation:A double-blind randomized controlled trial

Background:Constipation is a common chronic bowel disorder with an incidence of more than 50%in the elderly population.Complementary and alternative medicine is a cost-effective and satisfactory treatment for constipation used widely by the elderly.Objective:This study evaluates the efficacy of an herbal formula made from Foeniculum vulgare Mill.and Rosa damascena for the treatment of constipation in an elderly population and consequent changes to their quality of life.Design,setting,participants and intervention:This double-blind randomized active controlled clinical trial,with parallel group allocation ratio of 1:1,was conducted in a referral clinic in Afzalipour Hospital,affiliated to Kerman University of Medical Sciences in Kerman,Southeastern Iran.Individuals over 60 years of age,diagnosed with functional constipation(based on the RomeⅣcriteria),were included in this study.Participants received a sachet of 10 g F.vulgare and R.damascena(herbal formula group)or polyethylene glycol 4000(PEG 4000 group)with a glass of warm water two times a day for 4 weeks and were followed up for 4 additional weeks.Main outcome measures:Constipation severity,stool consistency,and the quality of life were used as the primary outcomes.Drug side effects were used as a secondary outcome.The outcomes were assessed using the Constipation Assessment Scale,the Bristol Stool Form Scale,and the Patient Assessment of Constipation Quality of Life questionnaire.Results:A total of 25 participants in each group completed the four-week treatment cycle and the eightweek follow-up.At the end of the four-week treatment cycle,all clinical outcomes had significant improvements in both groups(P<0.05).The analysis of constipation severity(P<0.001),stool consistency(P<0.001),and the quality of life(P<0.001)showed significant improvements with fewer side effects(mild diarrhea)and a longer duration of symptom relief in the herbal formula group compared to the PEG 4000 group.Conclusion:Although both interventions significantly improved the treatment outcomes,constipation severity,stool consistency and the quality of life were improved more effectively by the herbal formula than by PEG 4000;however,the mechanism of action is not yet understood.Trial registration:This trial was registered in the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials(IRCTID:IRCT20200108046056N1).

采用同时蒸馏萃取-气相色谱/质谱分析小茴香的挥发性成分

通过比较精油收率及精油气相色谱分析含有的组分数量,确定同时蒸馏萃取方法提取小茴香挥发性成分较佳条件为乙醚萃取剂,小茴香∶乙醚∶水为10g∶40mL∶100mL,提取时间3h。气质联机分析所提取的挥发油,鉴定出反式茴香脑(7456%)、爱草脑(240%)、葑酮(105%)、茴香醛(351%)、1,8桉树脑(015%)、樟脑(005%)、萜烯类(297%)、香豆素(003%)、十八碳烯酸(018%)等43种化合物,总相对百分含量为8903%。

小茴香超临界CO_2萃取产物的成分研究

目的：对小茴香超临界ＣＯ２萃取产物的化学成分进行研究。方法：采用超临界ＣＯ２萃取技术从小茴香中萃取出小茴香油，再利用ＧＣ，ＧＣＭＳ和脂肪酸衍生化处理等手段，对小茴香的ＳＦＥＣＯ２产物进行了成分分析。结果：鉴定了小茴香超临界ＣＯ２萃取产物中的１４种组分，占出峰总面积的９８．２４％；鉴定了小茴香超临界ＣＯ２萃取产物中的８种脂肪酸组分。结论：小茴香超临界ＣＯ２萃取产物的主要成分是茴香脑、十八碳一烯酸、十八碳二烯酸和棕榈酸等。

固相微萃取/气相色谱-质谱法分析小茴香挥发性成分

考察了萃取样品温度、萃取纤维吸附时间及解吸时间对于固相微萃取的影响,确定了固相微萃取小茴香挥发性成分较佳的实验条件为:萃取样品温度60℃,萃取纤维吸附时间40min,脱附温度250℃,脱附时间5min。用计算机谱库检索结合气相色谱保留指数二维定性方法,从小茴香的固相微萃取/气相色谱-质谱联用分析谱图中,鉴定出反式-茴香脑、顺式-茴香脑、爱草脑、葑酮、p-茴香醛、1,8-桉树脑、樟脑等35种小茴香挥发性成分,总质量分数98·70%。

小茴香籽精油成分及其抗菌活性研究

对小茴香籽精油的化学成分及其抗菌活性进行了研究。采用GC-MS技术结合Kovats保留指数(KI)对比法较好地鉴定了该精油的化学成分。小茴香籽精油的主体成分为反式茴香脑(70.78%)、爱草脑(7.78%)、小茴香酮(5.87%)、柠檬烯(5.85%)和δ-3-蒈烯(2.01%)。对受试的7种食源性致病菌和2种腐败性真菌,小茴香籽精油表现出优良的广谱性抗菌活性,其中黑曲霉和副溶血性嗜盐菌对该精油最为敏感,最小抑菌量(M IC)分别小于0.004%和0.015%(体积分数)。

我国不同来源茴香精油含量与成分分析

目的 研究我国不同来源茴香精油的含量与成分。方法 使用同时蒸馏萃取法提取茴香种子精油，进行GC／MS分析。结果 我国7个不同来源茴香精油的含量在1．65～3．79ml／100g干重之间；主要成分反式茴香脑的相对含量在76．05％．82．22％之间。结论 我国不同来源茴香在精油含量及主要成分的相对含量上均存在一定的差异。

小茴香甲醇提取物的抗氧化性质研究

采用不同的有机溶剂从小茴香（ＦｏｅｎｉｃｕｌｕｍｖｕｌｇａｒｅＭｉｌｅｒ）种子中提取抗氧化物质。以甲醇提取物（ＭＥＦＳ）具有较高的产率及较强的抗氧化活性。ＭＥＦＳ的抗氧化活性与ＢＨＡ相当。但与ＢＨＡ相比，ＭＥＦＳ具有较强的耐热性，在１８５℃处理２ｈ，ＭＥＦＳ仍有８７％的残留抗氧化活性，在４℃保存一年抗氧化活性无明显下降。ＭＥＦＳ与抗坏血酸，柠檬酸及半胱氨酸无协同效应。１．０％（Ｗ／Ｗ）的ＭＥＦＳ防止猪油酸败的效果与０．２％的ＢＨＡ相同。采用制备ＴＬＣ从小茴香的甲醇提取物中纯化出１２种组分，其中Ｒｆ值为０．４１及０．４９的两种组分表现出很强的抗氧化活性，优于ＢＨＡ。

中药小茴香对肝硬化腹水大鼠利尿作用机制实验研究

目的探讨中药小茴香对肝硬化腹水大鼠的利尿作用及其作用机制。方法将健康的SD雄性大鼠随机分为正常对照组(A组,8只)和肝硬化腹水造模组,造模组随机分为生理盐水组(B组)、双氢克尿塞组(C组)、中药小茴香组(D组),每组11只。用药4周后,收集24h的总尿量。取血进行肝功丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)和醛固酮(ALD)放免检测。取肝、肾组织固定,进行HE染色和一氧化氮合酶(NOS)免疫组织化学切片。结果(1)造模后,大鼠腹腔内可见大量腹水,肝脏表面凸凹不平,有大小不等的结节。组织学检测可见大量假小叶形成,门管区炎细胞浸润。(2)双氢克尿塞(C组)和中药小茴香(D组)对肝硬化腹水大鼠总排尿量有明显的促进作用,与B组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。(3)肝功能检测表明,B、C、D组大鼠血清ALT水平均高于A组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);D组ALT水平低于B组和C组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。(4)B、C、D组ALD水平均高于A组(P均<0.05);D组ALD水平降低,与B组和C组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。(5)肝组织HE染色显示,D组假小叶明显减少,汇管区炎症明显减轻。(6)NOS免疫组化显示,B组和C组有阳性结果,D组为阴性。结论(1)中药小茴香对肝硬化腹水大鼠有明显的利尿消腹水、改善肝纤维化的程度及肝功能的作用;(2)中药小茴香具有降低肝硬化腹水大鼠ALD、NOS水平的作用。