Aeolian dust dynamics in the Fergana Valley, Central Asia, since -30 ka inferred from loess deposits

Knowledge of the interactions among atmospheric dynamics,dust emissions and climate system is essential to understand the physical mechanisms for the dust lifecycle,their role in loess formation as well as the predictions of future dust concentration.However,these issues still remain relatively poorly known in Central Asia(CA).The extensive loess deposits on the CA pediments provide a promising archive to explore atmospheric dust dynamics and climatic conditions in the past and their association with loess formation.This study investigates the granulometric and magnetic properties of a loess section(named Osh section)in the Fergana Valley,which provides a sensitive record of atmospheric dust dynamics since 30 ka based on radiometric(AMS ^(14)C)dating.The frequency-dependent magnetic susceptibility(χfd)and the mean grain size are used to reconstruct the broadscale effective moisture and summer atmospheric dynamics pattern in CA,respectively.The results show that the precession forcing exerts a huge influence on the wind-regime variabilities in CA,but with different physical processes under the impact of the Northern Hemisphere ice sheet(NHIS)before and after 15 ka.The origin of the sedimentation rate variations in the Osh loess is also linked to the NHIS-modulated changes of the atmospheric circulation patterns.Either the strengthened westerlies or the increased surface roughness from higher vegetation cover in loess-deposition areas have significantly accelerated the loess accumulation.As a result,these complicated influence factors of sedimentation rate change in the Osh loess section,especially during the Holocene epoch,may hamper accessibility of the authentic dust emission flux and atmospheric dust concentration in CA.

Strong paleoearthquakes along the Talas-Fergana Fault,Kyrgyzstan

The Talas-Fergana Fault, the largest strike-slip structure in Central Asia, forms an obliquely orien- ted boundary between the northeastern and southwestern parts of the Tianshan mountain belt. The fault under- went active right-lateral strike-slip during the Paleozoic, with right-lateral movements being rejuvenated in the Late Cenozoic. Tectonic movements along the intracontinental strike-slip faults contribute to absorb part of the regional crustal shortening linked to the India-Eurasia collision; knowledge of strike-slip motions along the Ta- las-Fergana Fault are necessary for a complete assessment of the active deformation of the Tianshan orogen. To improve our understanding of the intracontinental deformation of the Tianshan mountain belt and the occurrence of strong earthquakes along the whole length of the Talas-Fergana Fault, we identify features of relief arising during strong paleoearthquakes along the Talas-Fergana Fault, fault segmentation, the length of seismogenic ruptures, and the energy and age of ancient catastrophes. We show that during neotectonic time the fault devel- oped as a dextral strike-slip fault, with possible dextral displacements spreading to secondary fault planes north of the main fault trace. We determine rates of Holocene and Late Pleistocene dextral movements, and our radi- ocarbon dating indicates tens of strong earthquakes occurring along the fault zone during and interval of 15800 years. The reoccurrence of strong earthquakes along the Talas-Fergana Fault zone during the second half of the Holocene is about 300 years. The next strong earthquake along the fault will most probably occur along its southeastern chain during the next several decades. Seismotectonic deformation parameters indicate that M〉7 earthquakes with oscillation intensity I〉IX have occurred.

New sedimentological and palynological data from the Yarkand-Fergana Basin(Kyrgyz Tian Shan): Insights on its Mesozoic paleogeographic and tectonic evolution

The Talas Fergana/Karatau Fault,is a major tectonic boundary separating the Kazakh-Turan domain to the west from the Tian Shan domain to the east.During the Jurassic,movements along the fault led to the opening of several basins.Still,the Mesozoic kinematics of the fault and the geodynamic mechanism that led to the opening of these basins are largely unconstrained.Located at its southwestern termination,the Yarkand-Fergana Basin is certainly the best exposed and however still poorly understood.In this study,we provide new sedimentological description of the Jurassic series from the northern part of the Yarkand-Fergana Basin as well as new palynological data.Following a Middle-Late Triassic period dominated by regional erosion,the onset of sedimentation in the Yarkand-Fergana Basin occurred during the Sinemurian(?)-Pliensbachian.The basin opened as a half graben controlled by the Talas Fergana/Karatau Fault and separated from the Fergana Basin by basement highs.Extension persisted during the late Pliensbachian-Middle Jurassic,leading to a general widening of the YarkandFergana Basin.Finally,Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous renewed tectonic activity in the area led to the inversion of the north Yarkand-Fergana Basin.The Early to Middle Jurassic timing of development of the Yarkand-Fergana Basin suggests that the coeval movements along the Talas Fergana/Karatau Fault are not associated to the collision of the Qiangtang block along the southern margin of Eurasia.We favor the hypothesis of an opening controlled by transtension related to far field effects of back-arc extension along the Neo-Tethys subduction zone to the west.

Analysis of cotton water productivity in Fergana Valley of Central Asia

Cotton water productivity was studied in Fergana Valley of Central Asia during the years of 2009, 2010 and 2011. Data was collected from 18 demonstration fields (13 in Uzbekistan, 5 in Tajikistan). The demonstration field farmers implemented several improved agronomic and irrigation water management practices. The average values of crop yield, estimated crop consumptive use (ETa) and total water applied (TWA) for the demonstration sites were, respectively, 3700 kg/ha, 6360 m3/ha, and 8120 m3/ha. The range of values for TWA and ETa were, respectively, 5000 m3/ha to 12,000 m3/ha and 4500 m3/ha to 8000 m3/ha. A quadratic relationship was found between TWA and ETa. The average yield of the adjacent fields was 3300 kg/ha, whereas the average yield of cotton in Fergana Valley as a whole was 2900 kg/ha, indicating 28% and 14% increase in crop yield, respectively, from, demonstration fields and adjacent fields. There was no significant difference in crop yields between the wet years (2009 and 2010) and the dry year (2011), which is explained by the quadratic relationship between TWA and ETa. The water productivity values ranged from 0.35 kg/m3 to 0.89 kg/m3, indicating a significant potential for improving water productivity through agronomic and irrigation management interventions. The ratio of average ETa divided by average TWA gave an average application efficiency of 78% (some fields under-irrigated and some fields over-irrigated), the remaining 22% of water applied leaving the field. Since more than 60% of the water used for irrigation in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan is pumped from, even if all this 22% of water returns to the stream, substantial energy savings would accrue from improving the average application efficiency at field level. The range of values for TWA indicates the inequity in water distribution/accessibility. Addressing this inequity would also increase water productivity at field and project level.

1950—2019年费尔干纳盆地降水时空变化及其影响机制

基于1950—2019年费尔干纳盆地降水格点数据,利用线性回归法和经验正交函数(EOF)分析等方法,探究费尔干纳盆地降水时空分布特征、空间分布模态及大尺度环流影响因素。结果表明:(1)1950—2019年,降水总体呈下降趋势,为-2.20 mm/10 a,未通过显著性检验,对单月降水进行检验未发现明显趋势。(2)降水主要有2个模态,解释了全区降水变化的70.52%,第一模态解释了全区降水变化的59.90%,空间向量场呈现全区一致性,表征研究区整体的降水变化情况受到ENSO和西风带的影响;第二模态解释了全区降水变化的10.62%,空间向量场表现出从西北到东南的空间反相模态,表征研究区降水空间异质性受到欧亚大陆北部输送水汽的影响。(3)厄尔尼诺/南方涛动(ENSO)事件通过调整水汽输送路径和季风环流模式影响了费尔干纳盆地的降水变化,来自欧亚大陆北部的气流是造成费尔干纳盆地降水空间格局差异的主要原因。

中亚费尔干纳盆地考古综述

费尔干纳盆地位于中亚东北部、锡尔河上游,是古代东西方文化交流的十字路口。费尔干纳盆地的考古研究始于19世纪末,至今已积累了丰富的考古材料及研究成果,初步建立起这一区域的考古学文化序列。尤其近年来新发现、新研究凸显出费尔干纳盆地在古代欧亚大陆东西方人群移动、物质文化交流中的重要地位,受到国际学界的关注。本文旨在梳理费尔干纳盆地考古发现与研究的历史、现有的考古学文化序列及若干重要问题,指出费尔干纳盆地考古研究存在的突出问题,并提出研究展望,以期为学界研究相关问题奠定基础。

中亚费尔干纳盆地构造演化和油气远景浅析

中亚地区油气资源丰富并且出口潜力巨大,加强与中亚国家的能源合作可以增加我国能源安全的系数。本文以中亚费尔干纳盆地为主要研究对象,通过野外构造变形的解析,发现盆缘发育典型的无序型逆冲断层。以此为基础,结合盆地的沉积环境更替,讨论了费尔干纳盆地中生代以来的构造演化。费尔干纳盆地的基底形成于晚古生代,与石炭纪末期南天山洋的关闭有关。三叠纪至侏罗纪,费尔干纳盆地进入了陆内坳陷阶段,沉积了一套河湖相碎屑岩。侏罗纪末期至白垩纪的早期,受中特提斯洋关闭的影响,费尔干纳盆地进入挤压阶段。白垩纪至古近纪,天山造山带以南地区受新特提斯洋扩张的影响,发生了区域性海侵事件,生物繁盛,沉积了优质的烃源岩。古近纪与新近纪之交,随着阿拉伯地块与欧亚大陆的碰撞,新特提斯洋最终关闭,盆地再次进入挤压阶段。新近纪至第四纪时期,盆地内沉积了巨厚的陆相碎屑,不整合地覆盖于古近系之上。受印度与欧亚大陆持续汇聚作用影响,费尔干纳盆地在第四纪进入了前陆盆地演化阶段。通过南天山板块缝合带南、北两侧含油气盆地生储盖组合及构造演化的对比,发现费尔干纳盆地上古生界具有较好的油气资源潜力。我们的研究扩展了费尔干纳盆地的油气前景。

中亚地区中、南天山造山带构造演化及成矿背景分析

横贯中亚地区的中、南天山造山带,在元古宙末罗迪尼亚超大陆裂解时,先后以中天山南缘断裂为主线分裂出被洋区围限的众多大小不一的地块群。斜贯全区的塔拉斯—费尔干纳断裂,在古生代演化过程中具有转换断层性质,明显控制了南天山东西两侧的构造演化及成矿过程的差异性发展。中天山微板块北缘发育寒武纪—奥陶纪古洋盆,其南缘西段由寒武纪到中泥盆世经历两次扩张,形成多岛洋的构造格局,其中志留纪洋区被动陆缘上的碳硅质砂页岩建造成为金矿床的最佳赋存层位;东段洋区从震旦纪开始扩张,直到晚泥盆世闭合,晚石炭世南天山东西两侧在造山构造极性上发生西段由南向北、而东段由北向南呈相反方向逆掩推覆的造山过程,同时伴有碰撞型花岗岩浆活动,形成了钨、锡、铌-钽、钼、铜、铅锌等多金属矿床。晚二叠世—三叠纪塔拉斯—费尔干纳断裂以右旋走滑运动为特征,伴随有后碰撞型花岗岩浆活动,从而为汞锑成矿带的生成奠定了基础。侏罗纪塔拉斯—费尔干纳断裂进入走滑拉分期。新生代印度板块向北推挤,致使南天山发生挤压缩短而强烈抬升隆起。

中亚地区费尔干纳盆地油气地质特征

对中亚地区费尔干纳盆地的地层、沉积和石油地质特征等进行了综合研究.该盆地的烃源岩为下第三系、上白垩统和中下侏罗统的海相与湖相泥岩、页岩和泥灰岩,有四套含油气层系,主要油气储集层为下第三系的滨浅海相和三角洲相砂岩和碳酸盐岩,多套泥岩、膏岩和泥灰岩为区域性和局部盖层,油气主要运移期和聚集期发生在早上新世,油气圈闭和油气田(藏)主要有构造型、构造-地层复合型和地层型等3种,目前油气主要分布在南部边缘构造带的两个含油气区.全盆地最大的油气田--明布拉克油气田的发现,使盆地油气潜力评价价值更高,可为整个中亚地区的油气勘探开发提供借鉴和指导作用.

费尔干纳盆地南缘巴特肯区块油气资源潜力评价

综合利用地质、地震、测井、实验分析等资料,研究费尔干纳盆地巴特肯地区的构造格局、构造演化、地层特征、油气藏类型、油气分布情况,评价其油气资源潜力。结果表明,该区在新近系前发育两条稳定的断裂,进入新近系后断裂活动强烈,发育一系列伴生断层,最终形成现今南北两隆起背斜、中间一平台的构造格局;研究区主要发育4套油气组合,侏罗系一套,白垩系三套,油气藏类型包括带油环或不带油环的凝析气藏和油藏。研究后认为,研究区石油剩余可采储量有限,而天然气具有一定的勘探潜力。

吉尔吉斯斯坦费尔干纳谷地苜蓿种植与土壤肥力研究

【目的】分析吉尔吉斯斯坦共和国（以下简称吉国）费尔干纳谷地种植苜蓿对土壤肥力的影响。【方法】收集文献资料及实地调研分析。【结果】费尔干纳谷地具有种植紫花苜蓿得天独厚的条件,每年可刈割4~5茬,鲜草产量在75 t/hm2以上,苜蓿刈割后还田生物量（干重）约84×103~201×103kg/hm2,总氮含量达300~400 kg/hm2,耕层土壤孔隙度增加到54.1%,通气孔隙增加到15.4%,且土壤粒径〉0.25 mm的水稳性团聚体的含量随苜蓿生长年限的增加而递增。【结论】种植苜蓿改善了费尔干纳谷地的土壤理化特性,是提高土壤肥力的有效途径,为费尔干纳谷地发展苜蓿产业化提供有力的理论依据。

中亚费尔干纳盆地灌溉气候效应的数值模拟研究

中亚地处干旱气候区,农业生产高度依赖灌溉,然而灌溉对当地气候影响的认识还较为薄弱。为此,针对多雨(2009年)、少雨(2008年)及正常(2007年)年景下中亚典型农业区—费尔干纳盆地暖季(5-9月)的气候,利用嵌入灌溉过程参数化方案并更新土壤参数的WRF模式,分别进行了考虑灌溉过程(称为IRRG试验)与不考虑灌溉过程(称为NATU试验)的模拟试验,并通过对比IRRG与NATU试验之差揭示了灌溉对区域气候的影响。研究发现:(1)灌溉致使暖季地面潜热增加(79.2 W/m^(2))、感热减少(-61.3 W/m^(2)),日均气温降低1.7℃,空气比湿升高2 g/kg(约为NATU的36%),因5-6月为雨季,7-8月为旱季,故7-8月的灌溉量大,冷湿效应略强于5-6月;(2)冷湿效应主要出现在灌溉区域,降温达2℃,增湿达2.4 g/kg,灌区外甚微,同时从地面到高层大气,冷湿效应越来越弱,在约500 hPa(距地面约4000 m)以上冷湿效应消失;(3)在盆地中央平原地区,因灌溉而致空气湿度上升产生的潜在增雨效应与地面冷却产生的对流抑制作用相互抵消,灌溉与无灌溉情景下当地降水无显著差异;灌溉可导致盆地南、北两侧山区降水增加(约0.6 mm/d);(4)不同年景之间灌溉量差异主要出现在5-6月,少雨年比多雨年灌溉量多20 mm/月,日均气温降幅偏大0.3℃,空气比湿增幅偏大0.5 g/kg,但山区降水增幅偏小0.6 mm/d。

Distribution of the Species Genus <i>Scutellaria</i>L. (Lamiaceae) Flora of the Ferghana Valley

The article examines the representatives of the genus of Scutellaria L. distributed in the Ferghana Valley. On the basis of samples collected during field research and stored in the National Herbarium (TASH) Fund of the Institute of Botany Academy Sciences Republic of Uzbekistan, the growth of 23 species in the region was noted. Representatives of the genus Scutellaria L. are important due to the abundance of endemic species and their widespread use in modern pharmaceuticals. At the same time, opinions and comments on the study of natural resources of some species common in the valley are presented.

费尔甘纳盆地长封固段大温差固井技术研究与应用

吉达3井、吉达4井是中石油海外项目在乌兹别克斯坦内的费尔甘纳盆地上所钻的2口探井,这2口探井φ244.5mm技术套管固井面临长封固段、大温差等技术问题,针对这些固井难点,通过室内研究与现场试验,解决了φ244.5mm套管固井施工风险大、固井质量难以保证的问题,并且形成了费尔甘纳盆地长封固段、大温差技术套管固井的配套技术,为该地区的油气勘探提供工程技术保障。

南西天山晚新生代沉积序列磁组构特征及其构造意义

喀什凹陷西部位于塔里木盆地、帕米尔构造带和南西天山构造带的交接处,在新生代以来接受了大量来自于南天山和帕米尔的沉积物,并记录了新生代以来南西天山构造抬升的信息。本文选择了位于南西天山山前的铁热克萨孜晚新生代剖面开展磁组构研究。铁热克萨孜剖面晚新生代沉积序列自下而上为一套整体上粒度逐渐变粗的陆相沉积,由河流湖泊相逐渐变为扇三角洲相,并最终变为冲积扇相和洪积扇相。岩石磁学结果的分析表明剖面晚新生代沉积序列中的主要磁性矿物为赤铁矿,仅在帕卡布拉克组下部为以磁铁矿为主。磁组构结果表明该剖面的磁组构为早期的同沉积弱变形磁组构,指示了当时构造应力的方向和变化。在22.1Ma以来南西天山山前晚新生代磁组构所反映的构造应力整体上为N-S向挤压,这与帕米尔和南天山的南北向持续汇聚作用相一致。在安居安组和西域组时期,应力方向由N-S向挤压变为NNE-SSW向挤压,这一变化可能是由塔拉斯-费尔干纳断裂的活动所导致的。塔拉斯-费尔干纳断裂(Talas-Fergana Fault,TFF)的右行走滑活动可能吸收了南西天山晚新生代的部分应变量,使得南西天山山前的构造应变量相对TFF以东的南天山山前地区要更小,使得TFF以东的晚新生代山前冲断带活动相对TFF以西地区更为发育和活跃。

地质导向方法在吉国马—伊油田小井眼水平井中的应用

本文介绍了地质导向方法在吉尔吉斯斯坦一个油田的应用。该油田已有50余年的开发历史，目前油井具有产液率低，综合含水率高的特点，需通过小井眼水平钻井工艺提高油气采收率，在现有技术条件下并不具备MWD小井眼随钻导向能力，江汉录井实钻开展了低成本录井地质导向方法研究应用，将油层地质导向技术用于指导小井眼水平井钻井获得成功，对该油田的开发具有重要现实意义。

费尔干纳盆地形成演化及其对油气成藏的控制作用

通过对费尔干纳盆地钻井、取心和地球物理资料的综合分析,结合区域地质认识,研究了天山造山带的活动与费尔干纳盆地形成演化之间的关系,阐述了盆地形成演化对油气成藏的控制作用,并探讨了影响盆地形成演化的地球动力学背景。研究认为,费尔干纳盆地的形成演化与天山造山带和帕米尔地块的活动密切相关,盆地东北缘的塔拉斯—费尔干纳断裂对盆地的形成演化与沉积展布有重要的制约作用;盆地经历了晚二叠世—早三叠世山间拗陷阶段、晚三叠世构造抬升阶段、早侏罗世—中侏罗世盆地雏形形成阶段、晚侏罗世—早白垩世构造抬升阶段、晚白垩世—古近纪持续沉降阶段和新近纪—第四纪构造抬升阶段;费尔干纳盆地生油层、储集层和盖层形成于构造平静期,油气运移和成藏于构造活跃期。

费尔干纳盆地超深层油气成藏系统

费尔干纳盆地中央地堑带新生界中普遍发育超高压异常,其与构造挤压环境、快速沉降不均衡压实以及持续的生烃作用有关。这种超高压环境对深层油气的生成、聚集成藏产生了重要的影响。主要目的层新近系埋深超过5 000 m,仍以液态烃产出,深层高孔高渗类砂岩储层是河道砂岩在超高压环境下未经正常压实形成的,表现为取心收获率低、生产过程中易出砂的特征;而低孔高渗类储层与高压形成的水力破裂裂缝有关。古近系碳酸盐岩储层中高含硫化氢气体来源于TSR反应,TSR作用使含石膏碳酸盐岩储层物性得到了显著的改善,其油层组压力系数稍低于新近系油层组是重烃类气体损耗、储集空间增大两方面因素叠加的结果。中央地堑带主要目的层成藏系统划分为上部E-E3N系统和下部JK-E1-2系统;上部高产储层主要受河道砂岩和超高压控制,下部高产层主要受潟湖相的含石膏碳酸盐岩储层控制,2个含油气系统的压力、流体性质均有较大的差别,适宜于分层开采。

麦里苏油田首采区Ⅲ、Ⅳ号油组储集层展布控制因素研究

费尔干纳盆地麦里苏油田由于前苏联解体后大部分基础资料遗失,造成了对主力开发层系Ⅲ、Ⅳ号油层的储集层展布及控制因素认识不清。通过对首采区沉积构造认识、储集层特征及非均质性研究、油藏类型及展布的总结,取得了Ⅲ号储集层厚度沿构造由南向北逐渐变薄受构造控制及Ⅳ号储集层为岩性控制、局部发育特征的认识。在此基础上,对投产井提出了针对性的射孔意见。

新疆与中亚青铜时代晚期至早期铁器时代彩陶类遗存对比研究

新疆和中亚彩陶类遗存的关系问题,一直是国内外学术界讨论的焦点,本文首先通过分析新疆和中亚彩陶类遗存陶器的制作方法、陶器器形及纹饰来阐明两者属于不同的陶器传统,然后通过管流器这一特征器物讨论中亚彩陶类遗存向伊犁地区的扩散,最后考察费尔干纳盆地早期铁器时代的彩陶类遗存与新疆地区的联系。如此一来,将新疆与中亚地区青铜时代晚期至早期铁器时代彩陶类遗存独立发展、并紧密联系的历程呈现出来。