PHASE TRANSFORMATION UNIT OF BAINITIC FERRITE AND ITS SURFACE RELIEF IN LOW AND MEDIUM CARBON ALLOY STEELS

The lath-or plate-shaped bainitic ferrite of low and medium carbon alloy steels consists of packets of ferrite sublaths which are composed of many finer and regular ferrite blocks.They are uniform shear growth units of bainitic phase transformation.No carbide is precipitated from them.The bainitic O-carbides are precipitated from γ-α interface or carbon-rich austenite.The mode of arrangement of the units in ferrite sublath packet is in uni-or bi-di- rection.Single surface relief is produced by the accumulation of uniform shear strains with all the ferrite units arranged unidirectionally in a sublath packet,while tent-shaped surface relief is formed by the integration of the uniform shear strains of two groups with ferrite units piling up in two directions and growing face to face;whereas if they grow back to back,the integra- tion will be responsible for invert-tent-shaped surface relief.The interface trace between two groups of ferrite units in a sublath packet is shown as“midrib”.

Interaction of Hydrogen and Retained Austenite in Bainite/Martensite Dual-Phase High Strength Steel

The hydrogen trapping phenomena in two bainite/martensite dual-phase high strength steels(U20Si and U20DSi)were investigated by electrochemical permeation technique.The hydrogen diffusivity was calculated from data of permeation delay time,and the diffusion coefficient in U20 Si is far less than that in U20 DSi.Moreover,the hydrogen diffusivity decreases as the volume percent of retained austenite increases.The experiment results show that there are different hydrogen trappings and different volume percents of retained austenite in U20 Si and U20 DSi.The retained austenite is precipitated as films.The trap binding energy for the retained austenite and hydrogen is calculated to be 40.4kJ·mol-1.

Stress-strain partitioning analysis of constituent phases in dual phase steel based on the modified law of mixture

A more accurate estimation of stress-strain relationships for martensite and ferrite was developed, and the modified law of mixture was used to investigate the stress-strain partitioning of constituent phases in dual phase （DP） steels with two different martensite volume fractions. The results show that there exist great differences in the stress-strain contribution of martensite and ferrite to DP steel. The stress-strain partitioning coefficient is not constant in the whole strain range, but decreases with increasing the true strain of DP steel. The softening effect caused by the dilution of carbon concentration in martensite with the increase of martensite volume fraction has great influence on the strain contribution of martensite. The strain ratio of ferrite to martensite almost linearly increases with increasing the true strain of DP steel when the martensite volume fraction is 22%, because martensite always keeps elastic. But the strain ratio of ferrite to martensite varies indistinctively with the further increase in true strain of DP steel above 0.034 when the martensite volume fraction is 50%, because plastic deformation happens in martensite. The stress ratio ofmartensite to ferrite decreases monotonously with increasing the true strain of DP steel whether the martensite volume fraction is 22% or 50%.

Effect of Holding Time on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Dual-Phase Steel during Intercritical Annealing

Continuous annealing simulation tests were conducted by using a continuous annealing thermomechanical simulator. Holding times of 5, 60, 180, and 480 seconds for an intercritical annealing temperature of 820℃ were adopted to investigate the evolution of the mierostructure and mechanical properties of ferrite-bainite dual-phase steel. The ferrite-bainite dual-phase steel was characterized by high strength and low yield ratio due to the presence of the constituents （polygonal ferrite, bainite, martensite and retained austenite） of the steel microstructure. Specimen 3 exhibits the highest value of A50 （7.67%） and a product of Rm × A50 （10453MPa%） after a 180s holding. This is likely attributed to the presence of a C-enriched retained anstenite in the microstructure. And the effect of martensite islands and carbide precipitate is thought to be able to contribute in strengthening the present steel. It is expected that equilibrium of anstenite fraction would be reached for reasonable intercritical holding period, regardless of the heating temperature. The results suggest that long increasing holding times may not be needed because the major phase of the microstructure does not change very significantly. It is favorable for industrial production of DP steels to shorten holding times. Key words： ferrite-bainite dual-phase steel; holding time; martensite islands; mechanical properties

Effects of ausforming strain on bainite transformation in nanostructured bainite steel

The effects of ausforming strain on bainite transformation in high-carbon low-alloy nanobainite steel were investigated using a Gleeble 3500 thermomechanical simulator machine. The bainite transformation speed at 300°C was found to be accelerated by ausforming at 300, 600, and 700°C under applied strains ranging from 10% to 50% followed by isothermal transformation at 300°C. The ausformed bainite volume fraction varied with the ausforming strain because of the mechanical stabilization of the deformed austenite. Ausforming at low temperatures not only enhanced the bainite ferrite volume fraction but also refined the microstructure substantially. Although the amount of bainite ferrite might have been reduced with increasing strain, the microstructures were refined by ausforming. © 2017, University of Science and Technology Beijing and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

Effect of post rolling stress on phase transformation behavior of microalloyed dual phase steel

The slow phase transformation of microalloyed dual phase steel makes the nonuniform stress and temperature fields during the post rolling cooling process have a significant impact on the phase transformation process.Given the relatively slow phase transformation of DP780 steel within the microalloyed dual phase steel series,the influence of stress on the phase transformation behavior of DP780 steel was investigated.To quantify the nonuniform thermal and stress conditions in the steel coil,a thermo-mechanical coupled finite element model of the hot-rolled strip cooling process was established.Based on the simulation data,DP780 steel was chosen as the research material,and Gleeble 3500 thermal simulation equipment was used for experimental validation.The thermal expansion curves were analyzed through regression to establish the dynamic model of DP780 steel phase transformation under stress.Subsequently,metallographic analysis was conducted to determine phase transformation type and grain size of DP780 steel.The results confirmed that the stress promotes the occurrence of semi-diffusion-type bainite transformation.Furthermore,an appropriate level of stress facilitates the growth of bainitic grains,while the increased stress inhibits the growth of ferritic grains.

Effect of Microstructure on Corrosion Fatigue Behavior of 1500 MPa Level Carbide-Free Bainite/Martensite Dual-Phase High Strength Steel

Influence of microstructure of the experimental steels on the corrosion fatigue behavior in 3.5% of NaCl aqueous solution was studied.Experimental results show that compared with the full martensite（FM）steel,the carbide-free bainite/martensite（CFB/M）steel has higher corrosion fatigue strength and corrosion fatigue crack threshold（ΔKthcf）,and lower corrosion crack propagation rate [（da/dN）cf].

Microstructure failure in ferrite-martensite dual phase steel under in-situ tensile test

To investigate microstructure failure in ferrite-martensite dual phase steel,in-situ observations were performed on multiple plate DP800 specimens during uniaxial tensile tests. Microstructure evolution of the observed region was investigated in details. The experimental data showed that micro-cracks in various regions differed in the initiation time,and micro-failures mainly occurred from the locations with typical characteristics of stress concentration（ i. e. ferrite interiors,the interfaces of ferrite-martensite grains and the martensite-martensite interfaces）. Growth of micro-crack generally experienced the following stages： cracking from martensite boundaries,tiny particles in ferrite interiors,or martensite interiors,propagating in ferrite,bypassing martensite boundaries,or passing through martensite-martensite interfaces,finally ending on martensite boundaries. Martensite was one important source of micro-failure and changed the propagation of micro-cracks significantly. Microstructure deformation was inhomogeneous in the stage of plastic deformation.

等温温度对Ti-Mo微合金高强双相钢相变及组织性能的影响

采用热模拟实验、光学显微镜、显微硬度仪和透射电镜等研究了等温温度对Ti-Mo微合金高强双相钢相变、组织及性能的影响。结果表明:当等温温度在750~725℃时,实验钢组织主要为马氏体+少量贝氏体或铁素体,随着等温温度降低(≤700℃),铁素体含量增多,排碳行为增加了过冷奥氏体的稳定性,抑制了中低温区贝氏体相变,在随后的冷却阶段,过冷奥氏体更倾向转变为马氏体。铁素体与马氏体的显微硬度均随等温温度降低而增加,但进一步降低温度,马氏体硬度基本保持稳定(361 HV0.1);650℃时铁素体显微硬度最高(242 HV0.1),这主要是由于铁素体内部产生了大量细小的相间析出,同时析出强化作用减小了铁素体与马氏体的硬度差异,降低了双相钢强度对马氏体体积分数的依赖性,等温温度较高时,相间析出形成被抑制。

两相区热处理对DP780双相钢组织与力学性能的影响

采用OM、拉伸试验机研究了不同温度、时间的两相区热处理对DP780双相钢组织及力学性能的影响。结果表明:冷轧态DP780双相钢经过870℃×60 min奥氏体化,再进行780℃不同时间的两相区保温热处理后,试验钢组织为马氏体和铁素体双相组织,随着保温时间的增加,试验钢中马氏体含量逐渐减少。经过780℃×5 min两相区热处理的试验钢,其伸长率达到最大值18%,抗拉强度接近1100 MPa,试验钢的强塑性能匹配最佳。

新颖的贝氏体/铁素体双相低碳微合金钢

利用特殊微合金设计及终轧控冷工艺得到超细贝氏体/铁素体双相低碳微合金钢.该钢的组织由原奥氏体晶界上及晶粒内部的约5μm的准多边形铁索体及超细化的贝氏体板条束组成.铁素体的体积分数约20％.该双相低碳微合金钢的强度比同成分的全贝氏体钢略低,但其延伸率却大幅度提高.采取适当的回火处理,该双相钢屈服强度可达到700MPa,而延伸率大于25％,是一种具有高强度、高塑性的新型低碳微合金双相钢.

铁素体／贝氏体双相钢的变形和断裂特性

对一种低碳硅锰钢进行TMCP实验，获得了不同铁素体形态的铁素体／贝氏体双相钢（FB钢）．研究了FB钢在单轴拉伸下的变形行为及断裂特性，结果表明：在均匀塑性变形阶段，FB钢的瞬时加工硬化指数n＊值与真应变ε的关系曲线可分为n＊值较高、n＊值随ε缓慢下降以及n＊值随ε迅速下降三个阶段．与等轴铁素体／贝氏体双相钢相比，准多边形铁素体／贝氏体双相钢的强度和低应变区的n＊值均比较高．FB钢拉伸试样颈缩区的孔洞或微裂纹产生在F—B相界面附近和铁素体内，有助于减弱裂纹尖端附近的局部应力集中，改善钢材的抗裂纹扩展性能．

高扩孔型铁素体/贝氏体双相钢组织性能研究

对540MPa级铁素体/贝氏体双相钢的组织性能进行分析研究。结果表明,试验钢的显微组织为85%左右的铁素体加上15%左右的贝氏体;铁素体晶粒尺寸细小,基体中有较高的位错密度和大量细小弥散的析出物;贝氏体在铁素体基体上分布均匀,以板条状为主,板条间分布有较多碳化物颗粒。通过合适的成分设计和控轧控冷手段获得的铁素体/贝氏体双相钢组织形态,可较好地保证材料所需的强度-拉伸凸缘性能匹配。

高强度热轧双相钢分段相变行为及性能

研究了C-Mn-P-Cr成分设计热轧双相钢分段冷却过程的相变行为,分析了分段冷却工艺参数和卷取温度对铁素体和马氏体相变组织及性能的影响。结果表明,在分段冷却控制相变过程中,两段水冷间隔空冷开始温度和空冷时间影响铁素体转变体积分数、形态和晶粒尺寸,从而也影响残留亚稳奥氏体的体积分数和分布。卷取温度影响亚稳奥氏体的转变,进而也影响马氏体的自回火过程和铁素体的过时效过程。两段水冷间隔空冷温度宜控制在650~660℃,以促进多边形铁素体均匀充分转变。空冷开始温度降为630~640℃,则会出现针状铁素体。当650~660℃空冷时间从5 s延长到8 s,铁素体体积分数从65%增加到87%,且马氏体明显细化。卷取温度250~300℃时,铁素体马氏体两相界面处有约300 nm的较大碳化物颗粒,且马氏体内部有一定程度的回火,析出了少量的细小碳化物,会使得屈服强度偏高约80 MPa。采用150~200℃卷取可获得较为理想的双相组织和力学性能。

铁素体/贝氏体双相钢的延伸凸缘性能研究

采用多功能板料成形机,研究了铁素体/贝氏体双相钢的延伸凸缘性能与铁素体晶粒尺寸、贝氏体体积分数、制样工艺、扩孔工艺之间的关系,并与铁素体/马氏体双相钢的试验结果进行对比分析。结果表明,钢的组织形态和制样工艺对延伸凸缘性能影响显著,减少钢中各相强度差和改善孔缘状态可有效提高延伸凸缘性能。

新型1500MPa级高强钢的氢脆敏感性研究

根据钢材组织设计的思想 ,通过优化成分和工艺设计、研制出一种新的 15 0 0MPa级高强钢。采用阴极电解充氢的方法对其氢脆敏感性进行了研究 ,并与同一强度级别的 4 2CrMo高强钢进行了对比。结果表明 ,所设计的 15 0 0MPa级高强钢的氢脆敏感性低于传统的 4 2CrMo高强钢。SEM断口观察显示 ,两者的断口形貌也不同 ,15 0 0MPa级高强钢为准解理断裂 ,而 4 2CrMo高强钢为沿晶断裂。断口金相表明 ,前者的裂纹主要沿着贝氏体 /马氏体 (B/M)边界扩展 ,断裂模式为板条界分离 ,后者的裂纹沿着晶界扩展。对 15 0 0MPa级高强钢进行了TEM观察 ,发现其组织为贝氏体 /马氏体复相组织 ,残留奥氏体以薄膜状存在于贝氏体内部及贝氏体条片。

分段冷却工艺对微合金铁素体-贝氏体双相钢组织和性能的影响

利用Gleeble-1500型热模拟试验机测定了微合金铁素体-贝氏体双相钢变形后的连续冷却转变曲线;根据试验钢相变规律,研究了单道次变形后分(两)段水冷工艺的保温时间和保温温度对试验钢显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:随着保温温度的升高(630～700℃),试验钢铁素体尺寸略微增大,强度和伸长率先增大后减小,在保温温度为680℃时性能最佳;680℃时随着保温时间的延长(5～10 s),铁素体晶粒尺寸逐渐增大,均为等轴状,其强度和伸长率呈下降趋势,在保温时间为5 s时综合性能最佳。

CSP线生产C-Mn系热轧双相钢的工业试验

介绍了在CSP生产线上利用普通C-Mn钢生产热轧双相钢的工业试验情况,试验研究了该钢的化学成分、试验工艺、成品力学性能和微观组织。试验得出,该钢的力学性能已达到汽车大梁用钢BG510L的水平;与此同时,提出了生产过程中控制铁素体析出量和促进马氏体形成的具体措施。

分段冷却模式下热轧双相钢的组织演变及力学性能

通过热模拟实验研究了分段冷却模式下变形温度、保温温度及保温时间对Nb-Ti微合金热轧双相钢组织演变及性能的影响.结果表明:降低变形温度可促进铁素体的转变,使马氏体形态由大块状过渡到岛状;保温温度从740℃逐渐降至580℃时,铁素体转变量先增加后减少,保温温度为660℃时铁素体转变量达到峰值;随保温时间延长铁素体转变量增加,且铁素体转变量与时间的关系曲线呈"S"型.采用超快冷+空冷+层流冷的冷却模式并通过调整终轧温度及空冷时间获得了630～710MPa的热轧双相钢,屈强比≤0.61,相应的组织为铁素体+马氏体或铁素体+马氏体+少量的贝氏体.

控制冷却对C-Mn双相钢组织与力学性能的影响

采用MMS-300热/力模拟试验机研究了"水冷+保温+淬火"冷却模式下工艺参数对C-Mn双相钢铁素体体积分数的影响,并进行了实验钢的热轧实验。结果表明,随着变形后冷却速度的提高,铁素体体积分数逐渐减少;随着保温温度的降低,铁素体体积分数先增大后减少,当保温温度为700℃时,铁素体体积分数最高;随着保温时间的延长,铁素体体积分数逐渐增加;采用低C低Mn的成分设计,结合高温轧制+超快冷技术在实验室生产出DP540级热轧双相钢。