Electronic Structures and Alloying Behaviors of Ferrite Phases in High Co-Ni Secondary Hardened Martensitic Steels

The electronic structure of ferrite (tempered martensite phase) in high Co-Ni secondary hardened martensitic steel has been investigated. The local density of states (LOOS) of alloying elements in the steel displays the relationship between solid solubility and the shape of the LDOS. The bond order integral (BOI) between atoms in the steel shows that the directional bonding of the p orbital of Si or C leads to the brittleness of the steel. At last, ΣBOI between atoms demonstrate that C, Co, Mn, Cr, Mo, Si strengthen the alloyed steel through solid-solution effects.

Interaction of Hydrogen and Retained Austenite in Bainite/Martensite Dual-Phase High Strength Steel

The hydrogen trapping phenomena in two bainite/martensite dual-phase high strength steels(U20Si and U20DSi)were investigated by electrochemical permeation technique.The hydrogen diffusivity was calculated from data of permeation delay time,and the diffusion coefficient in U20 Si is far less than that in U20 DSi.Moreover,the hydrogen diffusivity decreases as the volume percent of retained austenite increases.The experiment results show that there are different hydrogen trappings and different volume percents of retained austenite in U20 Si and U20 DSi.The retained austenite is precipitated as films.The trap binding energy for the retained austenite and hydrogen is calculated to be 40.4kJ·mol-1.

Dissolution Behavior of Delta Ferrites in Martensitic Heat-resistant Steel for Ultra Supercritical Units Blades

The dissolution behavior of delta ferrites in martensitic heat-resistant steel was studied.And the reason why the dissolution rate of delta ferrites decreased with dissolution time was discussed.The experimental results show that the chemical compositions of delta ferrites negligibly change with dissolution time.The decrease of dissolution rate of delta ferrites with dissolution time should be attributed to the change of shape and distribution of delta ferrites.The shape of delta ferrites tends to transfer from polygon to sphere with dissolution time,causing the decrease of specific surface area of delta ferrites.The distribution position of delta ferrites tends to transfer from boundaries of austenite grains to interior of austenite grains with dissolution time,decreasing the diffusion coefficient of alloy atoms.Both them decrease the dissolution rate of delta ferrites.

Stress-strain partitioning analysis of constituent phases in dual phase steel based on the modified law of mixture

A more accurate estimation of stress-strain relationships for martensite and ferrite was developed, and the modified law of mixture was used to investigate the stress-strain partitioning of constituent phases in dual phase （DP） steels with two different martensite volume fractions. The results show that there exist great differences in the stress-strain contribution of martensite and ferrite to DP steel. The stress-strain partitioning coefficient is not constant in the whole strain range, but decreases with increasing the true strain of DP steel. The softening effect caused by the dilution of carbon concentration in martensite with the increase of martensite volume fraction has great influence on the strain contribution of martensite. The strain ratio of ferrite to martensite almost linearly increases with increasing the true strain of DP steel when the martensite volume fraction is 22%, because martensite always keeps elastic. But the strain ratio of ferrite to martensite varies indistinctively with the further increase in true strain of DP steel above 0.034 when the martensite volume fraction is 50%, because plastic deformation happens in martensite. The stress ratio ofmartensite to ferrite decreases monotonously with increasing the true strain of DP steel whether the martensite volume fraction is 22% or 50%.

Microstructure-Properties Correlation of Dual Phase Steels Produced by Controlled Rolling Process

The purpose of this research is to quantify the effects of compositional and processing parameters on the microstruc-ture and properties of dual phase steel produced directly by hot rolling and rapid cooling. Steels with the base composition of 0.1%C, 1.4%Si, and 1.0%Mn with additions of 0.5%Cr to influence hardenability, 0.04%Nb to retard recrystallization in the latter stages of rolling, or 0.02%Ti to inhibit grain growth during and after reheating were investigated. Investigation was made to predict microstructure evolution and to correlate microstructure with processing parameters. The effects of the important microstructure parameters such as ferrite grain size, martensite volume fraction (VM) and morphology (polygonal or fibrous) on the tensile and impact properties are discussed. Multiple linear regression analysis of the ultimate tensile strength has shown that, increasing VM and martensite microhardness and grain refinement of ferrite are the major contributions to increase the strength of the steel. It was found that the dual-phase steel produced by controlled rolling process, with a microstructure which consisted of fine grained ferrite (4 um) and 35%~40% fibrous martensite, presented optimum tensile and impact properties because of enhanced resistance to crack propagation.

Corrosion behavior of tempered dual-phase steel embedded in concrete

Dual-phase （DP） steels with different martensite contents were obtained by appropriate heat treatment of an SAE1010 structural carbon steel, which was cheap and widely used in the construction industry. The corrosion behavior of DP steels in concrete was investigated under various tempering conditions. Intercritical annealing heat treatment was applied to the reinforcing steel to obtain DP steels with different contents of martensite. These DP steels were tempered at 200, 300, and 400℃ for 45 min and then cooled to room temperature. Corrosion experiments were conducted in two stages. In the first stage, the corrosion potential of DP steels embedded in concrete was measured every day for a period of 30 d based on the ASTM C 876 standard. In the second stage, the anodic and cathodic polarization values of these steels were obtained and subsequently the corrosion currents were determined with the aid of cathodic polarization curves. It was observed that the amount of second phase had a definite effect on the corrosion behavior of the DP steel embedded in concrete. As a result of this study, it is found that the corrosion rate of the DP steel increases with an increase in the amount of martensite.

Effect of Holding Time on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Dual-Phase Steel during Intercritical Annealing

Continuous annealing simulation tests were conducted by using a continuous annealing thermomechanical simulator. Holding times of 5, 60, 180, and 480 seconds for an intercritical annealing temperature of 820℃ were adopted to investigate the evolution of the mierostructure and mechanical properties of ferrite-bainite dual-phase steel. The ferrite-bainite dual-phase steel was characterized by high strength and low yield ratio due to the presence of the constituents （polygonal ferrite, bainite, martensite and retained austenite） of the steel microstructure. Specimen 3 exhibits the highest value of A50 （7.67%） and a product of Rm × A50 （10453MPa%） after a 180s holding. This is likely attributed to the presence of a C-enriched retained anstenite in the microstructure. And the effect of martensite islands and carbide precipitate is thought to be able to contribute in strengthening the present steel. It is expected that equilibrium of anstenite fraction would be reached for reasonable intercritical holding period, regardless of the heating temperature. The results suggest that long increasing holding times may not be needed because the major phase of the microstructure does not change very significantly. It is favorable for industrial production of DP steels to shorten holding times. Key words： ferrite-bainite dual-phase steel; holding time; martensite islands; mechanical properties

Influence of Martensite Volume Fraction on Mechanical Properties of High-Mn Steel

Elastic-plastic deformation behavior of austenitic, martensitic, and austenitic-martensitic high-Mn steels is investigated by using crystal plasticity theory. The development of expandable pipes made of two-phase steel for oil and gas well applications is needed for improved and efficient recovery of hydrocarbons from difficult reservoirs. The current research is aimed at improving the down-hole post-expansion material properties of expandable pipes. A mathematical model is first developed based on finite-deformation crystal plasticity theory assuming that slip is the prime mode of plastic deformation. The developed model is then numerically implemented by using the finite element software ABAQUS, through a user defined subroutine. Finite element simulations are performed for austenitic, martensitic, and austenitic-martensitic steels having different proportions of martensite in an austenite matrix. Three primary modes of loading are considered: uniaxial tension, compression and simple shear. The variation in yield strength, hardening pattern and dissipated energy is observed and analyzed.

Microstructure failure in ferrite-martensite dual phase steel under in-situ tensile test

To investigate microstructure failure in ferrite-martensite dual phase steel,in-situ observations were performed on multiple plate DP800 specimens during uniaxial tensile tests. Microstructure evolution of the observed region was investigated in details. The experimental data showed that micro-cracks in various regions differed in the initiation time,and micro-failures mainly occurred from the locations with typical characteristics of stress concentration（ i. e. ferrite interiors,the interfaces of ferrite-martensite grains and the martensite-martensite interfaces）. Growth of micro-crack generally experienced the following stages： cracking from martensite boundaries,tiny particles in ferrite interiors,or martensite interiors,propagating in ferrite,bypassing martensite boundaries,or passing through martensite-martensite interfaces,finally ending on martensite boundaries. Martensite was one important source of micro-failure and changed the propagation of micro-cracks significantly. Microstructure deformation was inhomogeneous in the stage of plastic deformation.

微合金化低碳马氏体钢的显微组织及力学性能

制备了钛、铌和钼等元素掺杂的微合金化低碳马氏体钢,并对其进行热轧+880℃淬火+不同温度(170,190,210,230,250℃)回火处理,研究了不同热处理态试验钢的显微组织、拉伸性能和冲击性能,以190℃回火态钢为例分析了强韧化机制。结果表明:热轧态试验钢由铁素体和贝氏体组成,淬火态试验钢由铁素体和马氏体组成,不同温度回火态试验钢均由回火马氏体和少量铁素体组成,回火态试验钢的铁素体面积分数在15%~20%,低于热轧态和淬火态;淬火态试验钢的抗拉强度和布氏硬度最高;随着回火温度升高,回火态试验钢的抗拉强度和布氏硬度下降,断后伸长率、屈服强度和冲击吸收功均先增大后减小;190℃回火态试验钢的断后伸长率和冲击吸收功最高,拉伸断口和冲击断口处纤维区中韧窝占比最高,抗拉强度、布氏硬度和屈服强度适中,综合力学性能最好;190℃回火态试验钢中析出的纳米级小尺寸(Ti,Nb,Mo,Cr)C相起到沉淀强化作用,纳米级大尺寸(Ti,Nb,Mo,Cr)C相起细晶强化作用,大角度晶界占比较高,提高了裂纹扩展功,因此试验钢强度和韧性提高。

Role of Martensite Structural Characteristics on Corrosion Features in Ni-Advanced Dual-Phase Low-Alloy Steels

The relationship between the corrosion resistance and martensite structure of Ni-advanced dual-phase weathering steel was studied using transmission electron microscopy,scanning electron microscopy,electrochemical analysis,and atomic force microscopy.The investigations indicate that the final microstructure of the dual-phase weathering steel was composed of a large amount of low-carbon lath martensite distributed in the ferrite matrix.The potential of the martensite phase is higher than that of ferrite,which acts as a microcathode.As the martensite volume fraction in the Ni-advanced dual-phase weathering steel increased,the corrosion rate increased owing to the greater galvanic couple formed between the ferrite and martensite from the increasing ratio of the cathode area to the anode area.In addition,this work provides a method to obtain advanced weathering steel with improved mechanical properties and corrosion resistance.

Effect of Microstructure on Corrosion Fatigue Behavior of 1500 MPa Level Carbide-Free Bainite/Martensite Dual-Phase High Strength Steel

Influence of microstructure of the experimental steels on the corrosion fatigue behavior in 3.5% of NaCl aqueous solution was studied.Experimental results show that compared with the full martensite（FM）steel,the carbide-free bainite/martensite（CFB/M）steel has higher corrosion fatigue strength and corrosion fatigue crack threshold（ΔKthcf）,and lower corrosion crack propagation rate [（da/dN）cf].

等温温度对Ti-Mo微合金高强双相钢相变及组织性能的影响

采用热模拟实验、光学显微镜、显微硬度仪和透射电镜等研究了等温温度对Ti-Mo微合金高强双相钢相变、组织及性能的影响。结果表明:当等温温度在750~725℃时,实验钢组织主要为马氏体+少量贝氏体或铁素体,随着等温温度降低(≤700℃),铁素体含量增多,排碳行为增加了过冷奥氏体的稳定性,抑制了中低温区贝氏体相变,在随后的冷却阶段,过冷奥氏体更倾向转变为马氏体。铁素体与马氏体的显微硬度均随等温温度降低而增加,但进一步降低温度,马氏体硬度基本保持稳定(361 HV0.1);650℃时铁素体显微硬度最高(242 HV0.1),这主要是由于铁素体内部产生了大量细小的相间析出,同时析出强化作用减小了铁素体与马氏体的硬度差异,降低了双相钢强度对马氏体体积分数的依赖性,等温温度较高时,相间析出形成被抑制。

Bake-Hardening Response of High Martensite Dual-Phase Steel with Different Morphologies and Volume Fractions

Bake-hardening behaviour of carbon steel with different martensite morphologies and volume fraction was investigated. The specimens with fibrous and bulky martensite were prestrained in tension by 4%. After this, they were unloaded and bake hardened at 180 ℃ for 10-160 min. It was found that dual-phase steel samples which were bake hardened at 180 ℃ for 20 rain showed an increase in the yield stress （YS） and ultimate tensile stress （UTS） but a decrease in ductility. Further increase in the bake-hardening time of 80 or 160 min has reduced the YS and UTS, but increased the ductility. △σ （increase in stress due to bake hardening）, YS and UTS values are higher for the microstructure containing fibrous martensite compared to the microstructure-containing bulky martensite. It was also observed that at a given baking temperature Aa, YS and UTS increased by volume of martensite.

两相区热处理对DP780双相钢组织与力学性能的影响

采用OM、拉伸试验机研究了不同温度、时间的两相区热处理对DP780双相钢组织及力学性能的影响。结果表明:冷轧态DP780双相钢经过870℃×60 min奥氏体化,再进行780℃不同时间的两相区保温热处理后,试验钢组织为马氏体和铁素体双相组织,随着保温时间的增加,试验钢中马氏体含量逐渐减少。经过780℃×5 min两相区热处理的试验钢,其伸长率达到最大值18%,抗拉强度接近1100 MPa,试验钢的强塑性能匹配最佳。

Precipitate Phases in an 11% Cr Ferritic/Martensitic Steel with Tempering and Creep Conditions

Precipitates in an 11% Cr ferritic/martensitic steel containing Nd with tempering and creep conditions were investigated using transmission electron microscope with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The precipitates in the steel with a tempering condition were identified to be Cr-rich M23C6 carbide, Nb-rich/V-rich/Ta–Nb-rich MX carbides, Nbrich MX carbonitride, and Fe-rich M5C2 carbide. Nd-rich carbonitride, which is not known to have been reported previously in steels, was also detected in the steel after tempering. Most of the Nb-rich MX precipitates were dissolved, whereas the amount of Ta-rich MX precipitates was increased significantly in the steel after a creep test at 600 °C at an applied stress of180 MPa for 1,100 h. No Fe2 W Laves phase has been detected in the steel after tempering.（Fe, Cr）2W Laves phase with a relatively large size was observed in the steel after the creep test.

马氏体含量对合金化热镀锌双相钢电阻点焊接头组织与性能的影响

目的研究在双相钢电阻电焊过程中马氏体含量对点焊接头组织、性能的影响规律。方法使用电阻点焊机对DP780、DP980、DP11803种马氏体含量不同的锌铁合金化热镀锌双相钢进行焊接,利用欧姆表、光学显微镜、扫描电镜、拉伸机和显微硬度计等设备,对基板的电阻率、工艺窗口、接头力学性能、焊点断裂模式、金相组织进行表征。结果在AWSD8.9M-2012焊接标准体系下,DP780、DP980、DP1180焊接电流窗口依次减小,DP780、DP980、DP11803种材料在最大焊接电流下的焊核直径基本一致;熔核区硬度呈增大趋势,DP780点焊接头软化不明显,DP980和DP1180的热影响区出现明显的软化现象,这主要是由母材热影响区中的马氏体回火造成的。DP780、DP980、DP1180的最大剪切力分别为23062、27317、28183N。DP780为拔核断裂模式,DP980和DP1180为部分拔核断裂模式。结论双相钢中马氏体含量的增加会使焊接电流窗口降低,整体向焊接电流减小的方向偏移,但是会提高上限电流的焊点承载强度。

Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and Fracture Behaviour of Ship and Dual Phase Steels

Grade A （GA） and high strength steel DH36 ship steels possessing different chemical compositions were used, and strength properties of GA steel and DH36 steel were compared. Additionally, 4 types of dual phase （DP） steels with different martensite volume fractions （MVFs） were produced from GA steel by means of heat treatment and they were compared with other steels through conducting mierostructure, microhardness, tensile and impact tests. The fracture surfaces of specimens （DH36, GA and DP steels） exposed to tensile and Charpy impact tests were investigated by scanning electron microscope. Furthermore, it was found that the specimens quenched from 800 and 900℃ had better strength than DH36 steel. The tensile test results indicated that the tensile strength of DP steel water quenched from 900℃ was 3 times that of GA steel and twice that of DH36 steel.

Microstructure characteristics of 12Cr ferritic/martensitic steels with various yttrium

12Cr ferritic/martensitic steels with 0, 0.1 wt%, 0.2 wt% and 0.3 wt% theoretical yttrium(Y) additions were fabricated by vacuum inducting melting and casting method. Solubilities of Y in the 12Cr steels are0.027, 0.078 and 0.17 for 12Cr-0.1 Y, 12Cr-0.2 Y and 12Cr-0.3 Y, respectively. Phase transformations and microstructure characteristics under different heat-treatment schedules were investigated. The starting temperature of ferrite-to-austenite transformation A^(c1) are maintained about 850℃, but the finishing temperature of ferrite-to-austenite transformation A^(c3) are about 950, 970, 980 and 1000℃ for 12Cr-0 Y,12Cr-0.1 Y, 12Cr-0.2 Y and 12Cr-0.3 Y, respectively, which indicates that A^(c3) increases gradually with the addition of Y. Martensite accompanied with a few δ-ferrite is the dominant structure in all the steels. The amount of δ-ferrite shows a strong dependence with the Y content and austenitizing temperature. Area fraction of δ-ferrite increases with the content of Y, which is the ferrite favouring element. The minimum amount of δ-ferrite are achieved at 950℃ for 12Cr-0 Y, 12Cr-0.1 Y, 12Cr-0.2 Y and 1000℃ for 12Cr-0.3 Y.Besides, more carbides precipitate along the martensite laths and grain boundaries in the Y-bearing steel due to the redistribution of carbon between austenite and ferrite resulting from the ferrite favouring element of Y.

冷轧双相钢疲劳断裂行为及组织分析

针对不同强度的双相钢开展了疲劳特性分析,选取5种强度的双相钢开展了力学性能和微观组织对比分析;采用MTS 810液压多功能试验机进行了拉-压疲劳测试,获得了应力幅-疲劳寿命(S-N)曲线;对疲劳断口形貌和表面形貌进行了观察;分析了马氏体含量对双相钢疲劳断裂行为的影响;对不同碳含量的双相钢疲劳裂纹扩展速率进行了对比分析,并对裂纹形貌进行了观察,获取影响疲劳寿命的主要因素。结果表明,铁素体先于马氏体发生微观塑性变形而形成可能的裂纹源;随着双相钢强度级别的提高,马氏体含量不断提高,材料的疲劳极限也逐步提高,疲劳极限与马氏体含量之间呈现线性的变化关系;马氏体含量由4%提高到40%左右时,双相钢的疲劳极限提高了约57%;与高碳HC420/780DP相比,低碳HC420/780DP的裂纹扩展速率明显降低,主要由于马氏体岛分布更加弥散细小;低碳HC420/780DP的疲劳裂纹扩展速率比高碳HC420/780DP低。