Effects of "Three Controls" Nutrient Management on Population Quality and Yield Components of Rice

[Objectives]This study was conducted to explore the control mechanism of agricultural non-point source pollution,and investigate the feasibility of promoting rice"three controls"nutrient management in Enping City.[Methods]With high-quality conventional rice as a material,such three treatments as three controls fertilization A(ZHY)and B(ZHY)and farmers conventional fertilization method FFP(ZXL)were set up,and the whole process of the late-season plot experiment was recorded.The agronomic characteristics of rice population quality and yield components during rice growth and development under the"three controls"fertilization technology were analyzed.[Results]Compared with the conventional fertilization method,the three controls A(ZHY)fertilization method improved rice yield by 27.13%,seed setting rate by 2.11%and 1 000-grain weight by 3.30%when reducing N,P and K by 27.13%,10.89%and 27.31%,respectively.In the case of three controls B(ZHY)omitting the last fertilization in the three controls fertilization method(4∶2∶3∶1),which saved the formula fertilizer by 11.25%,no difference was caused in yield,but the seed setting rate and 1 000-grain weight were still improved by 3.47%and 2.79%,respectively.Compared with the conventional fertilization method,the top first,second and third basal nodes of the three controls A(ZHY)fertilization method were shortened by 18.82%,17.06%and 20.52%,respectively,which plays an important role in combating typhoon and resisting lodging.[Conclusions]Compared with the conventional fertilization method,rice"three controls"nutrient management can improve yield and lodging resistance of rice,reduce fertilizer loss and agricultural non-point source pollution,and protect ecological environment.

Growth of tandem long-mat rice seedlings using controlled release fertilizers:Mechanical transplantation can be more economical and high yielding

The traditional soil-based rice seedling production methods for mechanical transplanting are resource-intensive,time consuming and laborious.The improvement and optimization of nutrient management in soil-less nursery raising methods like tandem long-mat seedlings(TLMS)are necessary for the resource-efficient cultivation of rice.In the present study,a controlled-release fertilizer(CRF)-polymer-coated compound fertilizer with 3 months release period(PCCF-3M)was applied as seedling fertilizer(SF),and five different dosages of SF(SF-0,SF-10,SF-20,SF-30,and SF-40)were compared with an organic substrate as the control(CK).Among all SF treatments,the best results were obtained with the application of 20 g/tray of SF(SF-20),as the seedling quality and machine transplanting quality were comparable to those of CK.In contrast,the lower dosages(SF-0 and SF-10)resulted in low nitrogen content and reduced shoot growth,while the higher dosages(SF-30 and SF-40)resulted in toxicity(increased malondialdehyde accumulation)and inhibited the root growth.Similarly,SF-20 increased panicle number(5.6-7.0%)and yield(4.3-5.3%)compared with CK,which might be related to the remaining SF entangled in the roots supporting the tiller growth of rice seedlings in the field.Moreover,SF-20 reduced the seedling block weight(53.1%)and cost of seedling production(23.5%)but increased the gross margin,indicating that it was easy to handle and economical.Taken together,our results indicate that SF-20 is a cost-effective way to promote the growth and transplanting efficiency of rice seedlings.To our knowledge,this study is the first to determine the optimum dosage of CRF for the soil-less production of rice seedlings.

Effect of Nitrogen Application Rates on the Nitrogen Utilization, Yield and Quality of Rice

Research on the effect of the nitrogen application rate on the balance of the nitrogen utilization, yield and quality of rice is common in South China but is relatively lacking in Northeast China, especially in the Liaohe Delta. In this study, Yanfeng 47 rice was planted in Panjin city, China, to explore the effect of six nitrogen rates (0, 160, 210, 260, 315 and 420 kg N/ha) on the nitrogen use efficiency, rice quality and grain yield of rice plants. The results showed that the application of an appropriate nitrogen rate (210-260 kg N/ha) remarkably increased the nitrogen use efficiency of rice plants, grain yield, rice milling quality and nutritional quality and resulted in a moderate rice eating quality. Although low nitrogen rates (160 kg N/ha) maintained a high rice eating quality, they decreased grain yield and other rice qualities, and excessive nitrogen (315 kg N/ha) increased rice appearance quality but significantly reduced the nitrogen use efficiency (p < 0.05), yield and eating quality of rice. Therefore, to produce rice in the Liaohe Delta by an environmentally friendly method and guarantee rice with high quality and yield, the recommended nitrogen application rate is 210 kg N/ha.

Co-application of compost or inorganic NPK fertilizer with biochar influences soil quality,grain yield and net income of rice

Most agricultural soils in sub-Saharan Africa are degraded,compromising the grain yield of rice and farmers return on investment.A 3-year field study was undertaken to explore the effect of the application of compost or inorganic NPK fertilizer applied alone or in combination with biochar on soil quality,grain yield of rice and net income.The five treatments were laid out using a randomized complete block design with four replications.The treatments were applied to supply approximately 75 kg N ha–1.The best fertilizer input was compost+biochar which resulted in the greatest improvement in soil physico-chemical properties by reducing bulk density and increasing porosity and moisture retention,organic matter content,percent nitrogen,available phosphorus and cation exchange capacity.Apart from treatment with inorganic fertilizer alone,treated soils showed a decrease in pH.Bacterial and fungal counts and basal respiration decreased in soils in the following order:compost+biochar>compost only>inorganic NPK fertilizer+biochar>inorganic NPK fertilizer>control.The increase in pooled grain yield and net income in response to treatment followed the order:compost+biochar>NPK+biochar>NPK>compost>control.The findings suggest that the use of compost or NPK alone might improve soil quality and increase grain yield and net income,but it is greatly recommended to co-apply these fertilisers with biochar.

Quantitative Evaluation on the Comprehensive Benefit of Controlled-Release Fertilizer in Typically Middle-Low Yield Rice Field

Quantitative evaluation and analysis was made to the soil nutrients,rice yield,rice and fertilizer utilization rate,and economic and ecological benefits of the slow controlled release fertilizer in typical rice fields with middle-low yield by comparing the one-time application and split applications of slow-or controlledrelease fertilizer（ CRF） with farmers fertilizer practice as the control,with the aim to explore the effect of CRF. Results showed that compared with the control,the application of CRF could meet balance nutrients required for rice growth,and the effective panicles and seed-setting rate were higher in the treatment groups of FVOL,SVOL,LADVOLwhich applied CRF. As for soil nutrients,soil pH maintained balance in FVOL,FCAI,SVOL,LADVOL. In addition,differences in soil nutrient reduction amount reached the extremely significant level between FVOLand SXNK.SVOLwhich applied CRF provided reasonable regulation of N,P and K release rate,which showed advantages over blending fertilization and farmers fertilizer practice. Comprehensive analysis found that the application of CRF could make rice tillering growth and decline leveled off,which effectively improved the quality of rice population,and it also had higher input-output ratio than that of the control and good economic benefits. In general,CRF suits to be used widely on rice crop in the regions with medium-low yield.

Effects of Different Slow-release Fertilizers on Growth and Yield of Ratooning Rice

The effect of slow-release fertilizer application on reducing the fertilization times of ratooning rice was explored by carrying out plot experiments using different slow-release fertilizer formulas.The results showed that compared with conventional fertilization of farmers(TCK),there were no significant differences in plant heights of the first rice crop and ratoon rice crop and the number of tillers was slightly increased,by applying different ratios and types of slow-release fertilizers,indicating that reducing fertilization times did not affect rice growth.Compared with the TCK,the yields of treatments T1,T2,T3 and T4 of slow-release fertilizers increased to a certain extent.The yield of the first rice crop increased by 14.7%,16.7%,23.5% and 17.5%,respectively,the yields of the ratoon rice crop increased by 6.3%,5.8%,7.4% and 8.1%,respectively,and the yields of the two rice crops increased between 10.8% and 16.1%,indicating that reasonable combined application of slow-release nitrogen and fast-acting nitrogen fertilizer could meet the nutrient requirements of ratooning rice at different growth stages,and the application of slow-release fertilizers could reduce the fertilization times of ratooning rice.Based on the combination of rice yield and slow-release fertilizer cost in the first rice crop and ratoon rice crop,the T 3 formula was preferred,that is,urea-formaldehyde slow-release nitrogen fertilizer was used as the base and tillering fertilizer,and polyurethane-coated slow-release nitrogen fertilizer was used as the panicle-sprouting fertilizer.

Coupling of reduced inorganic fertilizer with plant-based organic fertilizer as a promising fertilizer management strategy for colored rice in tropical regions

Colored rice is a type of high-quality,high-added-value rice that has attracted increasing attention in recent years.The use of large amounts of inorganic nitrogen fertilizer in rice fields results in low fertilizer use efficiency and high environmental pollution.Organic fertilizer is a promising way to improve soil quality and sustain high yields.However,most studies focus on the effect of animal-based organic fertilizers.The effects of different ratios of plantbased organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer on the grain yield and quality of colored rice have rarely been reported.Therefore,a two-year field experiment was conducted in 2020 and 2021 to study the effects of replacing inorganic N fertilizers with plant-based organic fertilizers on the yield,nitrogen use efficiency(NUE),and anthocyanin content of two colored rice varieties in a tropical region in China.The experimental treatments included no nitrogen fertilization(T1),100% inorganic nitrogen fertilizer(T2),30%inorganic nitrogen fertilizer substitution with plant-based organic fertilizer(T3),60%inorganic nitrogen fertilizer substitution with plant-based organic fertilizer(T4),and 100% plantbased organic fertilizer(T5).The total nitrogen provided to all the treatments except T1 was the same at 120 kg ha-1.Our results showed that the T3 treatment enhanced the grain yield and anthocyanin content of colored rice by increasing nitrogen use efficiency compared with T2.On average,grain yields were increased by 9 and 8%,while the anthocyanin content increased by 16 and 10% in the two colored rice varieties under T3 across the two years,respectively,as compared with T2.Further study of the residual effect of partial substitution of inorganic fertilizers showed that the substitution of inorganic fertilizer with plant-based organic fertilizer improved the soil physiochemical properties,and thus increased the rice grain yield,in the subsequent seasons.The highest grain yield of the subsequent rice crop was observed under the T5 treatment.Our results suggested that the application of plantbased organic fertilizers can sustain the production of colored rice with high anthocyanin content in tropical regions,which is beneficial in reconciling the relationship between rice production and environmental protection.

Cultivation Systems Using Vegetation Cover Improves Sustainable Production and Nutritional Quality of New Rice for Africa in the Tropics

Little is known about the impact of direct sowing under vegetation cover on the production and quality of New Rice for Africa （NERICA） on poor oxisol. In this study, two NERICA varieties （NERICA 3 and NERICA 8） were grown under tropical oxisol soil with very low nutrient contents. Four cultivation systems were used in completely randomized block design, including plowing （control）, unplowed soil with dead vegetation cover （DVC）, unplowed soil with live vegetation cover （LVC） and unplowed soil with mixed vegetation cover （MVC）. DVC significantly improved the exponential growth of NERICAs. NERICA 3 was the more productive （2.16–3.05 t/hm2） compared with NERICA 8 （0.71–1.21 t/hm2）. Cultivation systems improved the nutritional quality of NERICAs. The total protein content of NERICA 3 under DVC and MVC was 84.8% and 75.0% higher than control, respectively. The total soluble carbohydrate contents of NERICA 8 under LVC and MVC was 73.2% and 57.3% higher than control, respectively. These results suggested that conservative approach like direct sowing on unplowed soil with vegetation cover systems can improve the nutritional quality of rainfed NERICAs and their sustainable production under poor oxisol soil in sub-Saharan Africa.

不同类型有机肥对水稻产量和稻米品质的影响

以南粳46为供试水稻品种进行大田小区试验,设置不施氮肥、常规化肥及鸡粪、猪粪、羊粪有机肥等氮量替代50%化肥作基肥处理,共5个处理,探索其对水稻产量、稻米品质的影响。结果表明:与常规化肥处理相比,50%羊粪有机肥处理使水稻产量显著降低,但能够显著提高稻米整精米率和黏度,显著降低稻米垩白粒率、垩白度,并显著降低稻米硬度、消减值、回复值和峰值时间,使稻米品质明显提升。与常规化肥处理相比,不同类型有机肥替代化肥基施均可在整体上降低稻米蛋白质含量,增大稻米胶稠度。但是,不同有机肥处理对大部分稻米品质指标的提升效果未达到显著水平,说明将不同类型有机肥替代化肥作为基肥施用,能够不同程度地提高稻米品质,特别是50%羊粪有机肥处理对稻米品质的改善效果更为明显,但会使水稻产量降低。

不同叶面肥对稻茬蚕豆产量和品质的影响

为探讨蚕豆高效栽培技术,研究了6种不同叶面肥对稻茬蚕豆产量和品质的影响。结果表明:与对照(CK)相比,赤·吲乙·芸苔(T1)、生根粉(T2)、含氨基酸水溶肥(T4)、含腐殖酸水溶肥(T5)、糖醇螯合硅肥(T6)处理的蚕豆株高均显著增加;T1、复硝酚钠(T3)、T4、T5处理的蚕豆始荚高显著增加;T1处理的蚕豆大分枝节数显著增加;T2、T4、T5处理的蚕豆籽粒显著增大,T5处理的蚕豆籽粒百粒重显著提高13.39%。从产量上看,T5处理的稻茬蚕豆荚和籽粒产量分别较CK显著增加63.96%和58.97%。从品质指标来看,T4处理的蚕豆籽粒蛋白质含量较CK显著增加8.33%;T2处理的籽粒脂肪含量较CK显著增加15.73%。合理喷施适宜的叶面肥有助于提高稻茬蚕豆产量和部分品质指标,可在稻茬蚕豆栽培技术中应用。

减氮和侧深基施缓混肥对‘南粳5055’产量、品质及氮素吸收利用的影响

旨在探讨减氮和侧深基施缓混肥对水稻产量、品质和氮素吸收利用的影响,本研究以当地主推粳稻‘南粳5055’为材料,设置不施氮肥(0N)、当地常规施肥(CK)、一次性侧深基施缓混肥(S1)、侧深基施缓混肥+追施速效氮肥(S2) 4个处理,分别在如皋市东陈镇和白蒲镇两地的水稻田开展试验。两地的试验结果均表明:与CK相比,在减氮25%情况下,S1和S2均明显改善了稻米的外观品质和蒸煮食味品质,但两者的水稻产量和总吸氮量均有所降低,平均分别减少了5.12%、1.27%和9.53%、2.77%。其中S1明显减产主要由于每穗粒数的显著降低,而S2则与CK无显著差异。另外,S2也较CK显著提高了氮肥的吸收利用率、农学效率和偏生产力。表明在氮肥大幅减少的情况下,采用侧深基施缓混肥+追施速效氮肥更有利于实现水稻的绿色优质高效生产。

穗肥施钾量和叶面肥对稻虾共作水稻生理特性、产量和品质的影响

研究穗肥施钾量[0 kg/hm^(2)(S0)、45 kg/hm^(2)(S1)、90 kg/hm^(2)(S2)]和叶面肥[不喷施叶面肥(P0)和喷施叶面肥(P1)]对稻虾共作水稻生理特性、产量和品质的影响,以期为稻虾共作模式下的水稻绿色高产优质栽培提供科学依据。结果表明,喷施叶面肥、施用穗肥钾均可提高水稻剑叶SPAD值,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化酶(RuBisCO)活性,过氧化物酶(POD)活性,可溶性糖含量,地上部干物质积累量,茎叶干物质转运量、转运率及其对籽粒的贡献率,同时降低丙二醛(MDA)含量,总体上以S1P1处理最优。喷施叶面肥、施用穗肥钾均可提高穗实粒数、结实率,进而提高产量,P1处理使S0、S1和S2条件下产量分别增加13.60%、9.76%和6.55%,S1和S2处理使产量分别提高3.70%和2.47%,以S1P1处理产量最高。与P0处理相比,S0和S1条件下,P1处理稻米的整精米率分别显著提高2.21%和1.82%,垩白粒率显著降低55.88%和50.01%,垩白度显著降低49.98%和50.00%,总蛋白质含量显著降低8.77%和12.08%;与S0处理相比,S1和S2处理稻米的垩白粒率分别显著降低11.23%和30.61%,S1处理稻米的总蛋白质含量显著降低4.15%;总体以S1P1处理效果最好。综合来看,喷施叶面肥、施用穗肥钾可以改善叶片光合作用,提高地上部干物质的积累、转运,提高产量和品质,以S1P1处理效果最好。

氮肥运筹与硅锌肥配施对虾稻1号产量和品质的影响

为探讨优质食味籼稻虾稻1号产量和品质协同提升栽培技术,在施氮量180 kg/hm^(2)水平下,研究3种基肥∶分蘖肥∶穗肥运筹比例(7∶3∶0、5∶3∶2和3∶3∶4,分别记作N_(7+3+0)、N_(5+3+2)和N_(3+3+4))并配施硅锌肥处理对虾稻1号产量和品质的影响。结果表明,不同处理下虾稻1号产量整体表现为N_(7+3+0)<N_(5+3+2)≈N_(3+3+4)。提高氮肥在穗肥中的比例,虾稻1号糙米率、精米率和整精米率呈先增加后降低趋势,而胶稠度和蛋白质含量呈上升趋势。其中,氮肥运筹对整精米率的影响达到显著水平,对蛋白质含量的影响达到极显著水平。相同氮肥运筹方式下,配施硅肥或硅锌肥均表现出一定的增产效应,但对稻米品质指标的影响均未达到显著水平。综上所述,N_(5+3+2)运筹方式可实现虾稻1号产量与品质的协同提升,而配施硅锌肥有助于其产量进一步提升。

缓释掺混肥配比对稻茬小麦产量、氮素利用和籽粒品质的影响

为探究不同缓释掺混肥配比对稻茬小麦生产的影响,在沿淮下游地区,以淮麦52和淮麦920为材料,通过随机区组试验,以缓释掺混肥(SRF,N∶P2O5∶K_(2)O=26∶12∶12)和丰卉尿素(U,46%N)为供试肥料,设置U四次分施(M_(1))、SRF一次基施(M_(2))、60%SRF基施+40%U拔节期追施(M_(3))、60%SRF基施+40%SRF返青期追施(M_(4))、M_(3)模式减氮15%(M_(5))和M_(4)模式减氮15%(M_(6))6种施肥模式,分析了不同处理下小麦产量、氮素积累及利用、干物质转运和品质等的差异。结果表明,缓释掺混肥一次基施(M_(2))和减氮15%条件下两次分施(M_(5)和M_(6))较常规肥料处理(M_(1))均能实现稳产。缓释掺混肥两次分施(M_(4))可有效促进稻茬小麦花后光合物质生产和氮素向籽粒运转,增加籽粒氮素积累量,提高氮肥利用率,氮肥农学效率、氮肥表观利用率、氮素生理效率和氮收获指数分别较M_(1)处理增加16.49%、11.09%、4.86%和4.72%,较M_(2)处理增加21.31%、15.19%、5.32%和18.60%;M_(4)处理较M_(1)处理增产9.01%和6.78%,较M_(2)处理增产11.43%和12.10%,实现产量提升的同时显著改善小麦籽粒蛋白品质。综上,60%缓释掺混肥基施和40%缓释掺混肥返青期追施有助于实现小麦的高产优质高效生产,适宜在沿淮下游稻茬麦区推广应用。

氮密互作对优质食味水稻盐粳939产量和品质的影响

研究了不同氮肥施用量(纯氮0、90、150、210、270 kg/hm^(2))和种植密度(30 cm×18 cm、30 cm×14 cm、30 cm×10 cm)互作对优质食味水稻盐粳939产量和品质的影响。结果表明:不同施氮量和种植密度对盐粳939的产量和品质影响显著。低密高氮依然是产量显著提高的手段;在兼顾产量的前提下:在密度30 cm×18 cm、施氮量10 kg/667 m^(2)的条件下可获得较好的外观品质;在密度30 cm×10 cm、施氮量10 kg/667 m^(2)的条件下可获得较好的食味品质。低氮条件下水稻的氮素利用率等指标会显著提高。

鸟粪石基载镁生物炭对干湿交替灌溉水稻产量与品质的影响

鸟粪石(MgNH4PO_(4)·6H2O)普遍存在于镁改性生物炭对废水氮磷去除后的回收产物中,其可以作为缓释肥料使用。为探究鸟粪石基载镁生物炭(struvite-based magnesium modified biochar,MAP-BC)在农田中的应用效果以及对不同灌溉和施肥模式的适用性,该研究依托大田试验,以东研18号(粳稻)为供试材料,设置常规淹灌(ICF)、干湿交替(IAWD)2种灌溉模式,以及常规施肥(conventional fertilization,N_(1)B_(0))、常规施肥+5 t/hm^(2)MAP-BC(conventional fertilization+5 t/hm^(2)MAP-BC,N_(1)B_(1))、常规施肥+10 t/hm^(2)MAP-BC(conventional fertilization+10 t/hm^(2)MAP-BC,N_(1)B_(2))、减施氮磷肥25%+5 t/hm^(2)MAP-BC(25%less nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer+5 t/hm^(2)MAP-BC,N_(3/4)B_(1))和减施氮磷肥25%+10 t/hm^(2)MAP-BC(25%less nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer+10 t/hm^(2)MAP-BC,N_(3/4)B_(2))5种施肥模式。结果表明:与ICF相比,IAWD显著提高了乳熟期叶片叶绿素含量,并显著降低了2021年无效分蘖数(P<0.05);MAP-BC不仅能够高效弥补减施氮磷肥对水稻叶绿素含量的不利影响,还具有一定的超补偿效果;MAPBC中高纯度的鸟粪石组分通过缓释氮磷素,保障了对植株氮磷养分的长期供应。与N_(1)B_(0)相比,N_(3/4)B_(2)不仅可以满足水稻生长后期对氮磷养分的需求,还使穗部吸氮量和吸磷量分别显著增加(P<0.05)4.77%~7.06%和4.26%~12.69%;与N_(1)B_(0)相比,施加10 t/hm^(2)MAP-BC使2a的最高分蘖数和最终分蘖数分别显著增加(P<0.05)6.75%~9.64%和13.16%~16.88%;2 a试验中,在IAWD模式下,与N_(1)B_(0)相比,N_(1)B_(1)和N_(1)B_(2)的产量分别显著提高(P<0.05)了7.66%~8.43%和11.49%~12.64%,并且10 t/hm^(2)的MAP-BC可以弥补减施25%氮磷肥对产量造成的不利影响;IAWD模式下N_(3/4)B_(1)和N_(3/4)B_(2)可以显著降低消减值、垩白粒率和垩白度,显著提高崩解值,从而显著改善(P<0.05)水稻外观品质与食味值;此外,N_(1)B_(1)和N_(1)B_(2)较N_(1)B_(0)处理显著提高(P<0.05)稻米蛋白含量2.66%和5.79%,表明施用MAP-BC有助于改善稻米的营养品质。因此,在IAWD模式下减施氮磷肥25%配施10 t/hm^(2)MAP-BC可在节水条件下实现减施氮磷肥、增产、提质,从而为水稻绿色高效生产提供理论依据。

喷施锌肥对汉中市水稻产量及稻米品质的影响

通过研究喷施锌肥对汉中市水稻产量及稻米品质的影响,旨在筛选适宜于汉中水稻的锌肥用量,从而为提高水稻产量及稻米品质提供科学依据。本研究以汉中市主栽水稻品种之一宜香优2115为研究对象,共设置6个处理,分别为Zn0(不施锌肥)、Zn1(锌肥施用量0.3 kg/667 m^(2))、Zn2(锌肥施用量0.6 kg/667 m^(2))、Zn3(锌肥施用量0.9 kg/667 m^(2))、Zn4(锌肥施用量1.2 kg/667 m^(2))、Zn5(锌肥施用量1.5 kg/667 m^(2)),测定水稻喷施锌肥后的产量、构成因素和水稻品质。各处理间产量结果表明Zn5> Zn4> Zn3> Zn2> Zn1> Zn0。其中,施锌肥Zn5试验小区水稻单产最高,为10 018.5 kg/hm^(2),较Zn0增产1 947.0 kg/hm^(2);较Zn0相比,施用锌肥的各处理能显著提高水稻成熟期的有效穗和穗粒数,并且有效穗和穗粒数会随着施入锌肥的量增大而不断增加,并且处理Zn5的水稻有效穗和穗粒数均为各处理中最大。喷施锌肥能够提高米糠、糙米和精米中的锌含量,主要表现为米糠>糙米>精米,处理Zn3是最佳浓度处理。

兼顾江汉平原水稻产量和品质提高的优化施锌量研究

在大田条件下,以4个水稻品种(立香85、象牙香占、合两优927、昌两优8号)为试验材料,通过基施锌肥研究不同施锌量[0 kg/hm^(2)(CK)、7.5 kg/hm^(2)(Zn1)、15 kg/hm^(2)(Zn2)、30 kg/hm^(2)(Zn3)]下水稻产量、品质的变化,为江汉平原优质稻锌肥施用提供理论依据。结果表明,施锌可以显著提高水稻产量,且水稻产量随着施锌量的增加呈先上升后降低的趋势,总体上以Zn2处理最高,Zn1处理次之。立香85、合两优927、昌两优8号以Zn2处理产量最高;象牙香占以Zn1处理产量最高,Zn2处理次之。施锌处理产量较CK增加了8.1%~28.8%。施锌对稻米加工品质有明显的改善作用,整体以Zn1和Zn2处理下糙米率、精米率、整精米率较高。不同施锌处理下直链淀粉含量因品种而异,其中,立香85以Zn1处理最高,昌两优8号以Zn2处理最高,象牙香占和合两优927以Zn3处理最高。对于淀粉RVA谱特征值,立香85、象牙香占、昌两优8号均以Zn1处理崩解值最高;消减值表现为立香85和合两优927在CK下最低,象牙香占和昌两优8号在Zn1处理下最低。各品种粗蛋白含量随施锌量的增加呈先升高后降低的趋势,其中,立香85、合两优927均以Zn1处理粗蛋白含量最高,象牙香占和昌两优8号均以Zn2处理粗蛋白含量最高。总体上,清蛋白、球蛋白和醇溶蛋白含量均以Zn2处理最高,谷蛋白含量以Zn1处理最高。糙米、精米锌含量也随着施锌量的增加呈现先增加后降低的趋势。其中,立香85、合两优927均以Zn1处理糙米锌含量最高,分别为23.1、19.8 mg/kg;象牙香占和昌两优8号均以Zn2处理最高,分别为20.0、17.7mg/kg。各品种糙米锌含量均大于精米锌含量。综合水稻产量、品质等多方面因素来看,江汉平原施锌处理以Zn1—Zn2为优,施锌量为7.5~15 kg/hm^(2)。

氮素粒肥对长江中下游粳稻产量、氮肥利用率和品质的影响

为探究可协同提高粳稻产量和品质的合理粒肥施氮量,本试验以长江中下游稻区广泛种植的金香玉1号、南粳46和淮稻5号三个粳稻品种为材料,在基肥、分蘖肥、保花肥施氮量分别为135、27和54 kg N·hm^(-2)的基础上,于抽穗期设置0、27、54和81 kg N·hm^(-2)四种粒肥施氮量处理,研究粒肥施氮量对上述粳稻品种产量、氮肥利用率和稻米品质的影响。结果表明,三个粳稻品种产量均随粒肥施氮量增加呈先增加后减少趋势,以粒肥施氮量为27或54 kg N·hm^(-2)时的产量最高,两施氮处理间产量无明显差异。施用粒肥下结实率提高是产量增加的主要原因,但过高的粒肥施氮量会对结实率和千粒重造成不利影响,进而减产。三个粳稻品种粒肥吸收利用效率、农学利用效率和生理利用效率均随粒肥施用量的增加而降低。与不施肥相比,施用粒肥提高了稻米的糙米率、精米率、整精米率、蛋白质含量和米粉消解值,降低了垩白度、垩白粒率、稻米直链淀粉含量、胶稠度、食味值和米粉崩解值。综上,在前期施氮量相同的基础上,粒肥施氮量为27~54 kg N·hm^(-2)可协同提高粳稻产量和稻米品质。本试验结果可为粳稻高产高效优质栽培提供理论和实践依据。

施氮量对江苏沿海地区中熟中粳稻品种产量及品质的影响

为了确定氮肥的施用对江苏沿海地区中熟中粳稻产量及品质的影响,以中熟中粳稻品种南粳5718和盐稻8269为试验材料,设置全生育期不施氮肥(N0)和折合纯氮量20 kg/667 m^(2)(N20)施氮量2个处理进行大田试验,通过对比与分析2种施氮条件下,中熟中粳稻品种产量及其构成因素和蒸煮食味品质等差异。结果表明,施用纯氮量20 kg/667 m^(2)后,中熟中粳稻南粳5718的高峰苗数、有效穗数、千粒质量、产量分别提高63.27%、62.94%、7.55%、81.96%;盐稻8269则分别增加62.23%、9.94%、5.80%、79.89%;2个品种米饭的食味品质分别降低8.89%、4.12%;整精米率分别显著增加2.00%、1.59%;垩白度分别降低16.99%、10.13%,垩白粒率分别显著降低23.42%、7.7%;蛋白质含量分别显著提升16.67%、9.59%。因此,施纯氮20 kg/667 m^(2)能够提高江苏沿海地区中熟中粳的产量,降低稻米的蒸煮食味品质,提高其营养品质、加工品质和外观品质。