Fiber loop ring-down cavity integrated U-bent single-mode-fiber for magnetic field sensing

A novel magnetic field sensing system based on the fiber loop ring-down technique is proposed in this paper. In the fiber loop, a U-bent single-mode-fiber structure coated with magnetic fluid(MF) serves as the sensing head, and an erbium-doped fiber amplifier(EDFA) is introduced to compensate for the intrinsic loss of the cavity. The ring-down time of the system varies with the change of applied magnetic field due to the tunable absorption coefficient and refractive index of the MF. Therefore, measurement of the magnetic field can be realized by monitoring the ringdown time. The experimental results show that the performance of the system is extremely dependent on the interrogation wavelength, because both the gain of the EDFA and the loss of the sensing head are wavelength dependent.We found that at the optimal wavelength, the ratio of the gain to loss attained its maximum. The sensing system was experimentally demonstrated and a sensitivity of-0.5951 μs∕Oe was achieved.

EFFECT OF FIBER FAILURE ON QUASI-STATIC UNLOADING/RELOADING HYSTERESIS LOOPS OF CERAMIC MATRIX COMPOSITES

The two-parameter Weibull model is used to describe the fiber strength distribution.The stress carried by the intact and fracture fibers on the matrix crack plane during unloading/reloading is determined based on the global load sharing criterion.The axial stress distribution of intact fibers upon unloading and reloading is determined based on the mechanisms of fiber sliding relative to matrix in the interface debonded region.The interface debonded length,unloading interface counter slip length,and reloading interface new slip length are obtained by the fracture mechanics approach.The hysteresis loops corresponding to different stresses considering fiber failure are compared with the cases without considering fiber failure.The effects of fiber characteristic strength and fiber Weibull modulus on the fiber failure,the shape,and the area of the hysteresis loops are analyzed.The predicted quasi-static unloading/reloading hysteresis loops agree well with experimental data.

Wavelength-Tunable Single Frequency Ytterbium-Doped Fiber Laser with Loop Mirror Filter

By using a loop mirror filter, a novel wavelength-tunable single-frequency ytterbium-doped fiber laser is developed to select single longitudinal modes in a linear cavity. The output wavelength could be tuned 2.4 nm intervals range from 1063.3 to 1065.Tnrn with the temperature change of the fiber Bragg grating. The maximum output power could reach 32 m W while the pump power increases to 120 m W. The corresponding optical-to-optical conversion efficiency is 26.7% and the slope efficiency is 33.9%, respectively. The output power fluctuation is below 2%, and its highest signal-to-noise ratio is 60 dB.

A tunable comb filter using single-mode/multimode/polarization-maintaining-fiber-based Sagnac fiber loop

A novel tunable comb filter composed of a single-mode/multimode/polarization-maintaining-fiber-based Sagnac fiber loop is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The filter tunability is achieved by rotating the polarization controller. The spectral shift is dependent on rotation direction and the position of the polarization controller. In addition, the adjustable range achieved by rotating the half-wave-plate polarization controller is twice higher than that of the quarter-wave-plate one.

Wideband All-Polarization-Maintaining Yb-Doped Mode-Locked Fiber Laser Using a Nonlinear Optical Loop Mirror

We report on a wide-band and stable mode-locked all-polarization-maintaining fiber laser configuration using a nonlinear optical loop mirror. The central wavelength of the laser is 1080.14nm and the 3dB bandwidth is 20.29nm. The repetition rate of the pulse is 3.28 MHz and the pulse width is 848ps. By tuning the pump power, which is centered at 980nrn, from 300mW to 380mW, we obtain a linearly changed output power from 6row to 7.12roW. The all-polarization-mMntaining fiber configuration is fundamental to the stability of the output power.

Dynamic Free-Spectral-Range Measurement for Fiber Resonator Based on Digital-Heterodyne Optical Phase-Locked Loop

We propose a novel scheme, based on digital-heterodyne optical phase-locked loop with whole-fiber circuit, to dynamically measure the free-spectral-range of a fiber resonator. The optical phase-locked loop is established with a differential frequency-modulation module consists of a pair of acousto-optic modulators. The resonance-tracking loop is derived with the Pound-Drever-Hall technique for locking the heterodyne frequency of the OPLL on the frequency difference between adjacent resonance modes. A stable locking accuracy of about 7 × 10?9 and a dynamic locking accuracy of about 5 × 10?8 are achieved with the FSR of 8.155 MHz, indicating a bias stability of the resonator fiber optic gyro of about 0.1?/h with 10 Hz bandwidth. In addition, the thermal drift coefficient of the FSR is measured as 0.1 Hz/?C. This shows remarkable potential for realizing advanced optical measurement systems, such as the resonant fiber optic gyro, and so on.

Fabrication and formation mechanism of closed-loop fibers by electrospinning with a tip collector

Electrospun nanofibers with designed or controlled structures have drawn much attention. In this study, we report an interesting new closed-loop structure in individual cerium nitrate/polyvinyl alcohol（Ce（NO3）3/PVA） and Na Cl/PVA fibers,which are fabricated by electrospinning with a nail collector. The electrospinning parameters such as voltage and Ce（NO3）3（or Na Cl） concentration are examined for the formation of the closed-loop structure. The results suggest that the increase of the spinning voltage or addition of Ce（NO3）3（or Na Cl） is favorable for the formation of the closed-loop structure, and the increase of loop numbers and the decrease of loop size. Further analyses indicate that the formation mechanism of the closed-loop fibers can be predominantly attributed to the Coulomb repulsion in the charged jets.

Fiber-Loop Ringdown Multi-Function Sensors

We demonstrate a fiber-loop ring down multi-function sensors system, which can be used to measure refractive index and curvature simultaneously. Good agreement has been found between theoretical analyses and experimental results. It has great potential for sensor applications.

Combined optical fiber interferometric sensors for the detection of acoustic emission

A type of combined optical fiber interferometric acoustic emission sensor is proposed. The sensor can be independent on the laser source and make light interference by matching the lengths of two arms,so it can be used to monitor the health of large structure. Theoretical analyses indicate that the system can be equivalent to the Michelson interferometer with two optical fiber loop reflectors,and its sensitivity has been remarkably increased because of the decrease of the losses of light energy. PZT is powered by DC regulator to control the operating point of the system,so the system can accurately detect feeble vibration which is generated by ultrasonic waves propagating on the surface of solid. The amplitude and the frequency of feeble vibration signal are obtained by detecting the output light intensity of interferometer and using Fourier transform technique. The results indicate that the system can be used to detect the acoustic emission signals by the frequency characteristics.

Suppression of multi-pulse formation in all-polarization-maintaining figure-9 erbium-doped fiber mode-locked laser

We report on a novel architecture to suppress the multi-pulse formation in an all-polarization-maintaining figure-9 erbium-doped fiber laser under high pump power. A 2×2 fiber coupler is introduced into the phase-biased nonlinear amplifying loop mirror to extract part of intracavity laser power as a laser output, and the dependence of output couple ratio of fiber coupler on the mode-locking state is experimentally investigated. The intracavity nonlinear effect is mitigated by lowering the intracavity laser power, which is conducive to avoiding the multi-pulse formation. In the meantime, the loss-imbalance induced by fiber coupler is helpful in improving the self-starting ability. With the proposed laser structure,the multiple pulse formation can be suppressed and high power single pulse train can be obtained. The laser emits three pulse trains which is convenient for some applications. Finally, the output power values of three ports are 5.3 m W, 51.3 m W,and 13.2 m W, respectively. The total single pulse output power is 69.8 m W, which is more than 10 times the result without OC2. The total slope efficiency is about 10.1%. The repetition rate of three pulse trains is 21.17 MHz, and the pulse widths are 2.8 ps, 2.63 ps, and 6.66 ps, respectively.

Pump-induced carrier envelope offset frequency dynamics and stabilization of an Yb-doped fiber frequency comb

In this paper, we demonstrate a carrier envelope phase-stabilized Yb-doped fiber frequency comb seeding by a nonlinear-polarization-evolution（NPE） mode-locked laser at a repetition rate of 60 MHz with a pulse duration of 191 fs.The pump-induced carrier envelope offset frequency（ f0） nonlinear tuning is discussed and further explained by the spectrum shift of the laser pulse. Through the environmental noise suppression, the drift of the free-running f0 is reduced down to less than 3 MHz within an hour. By feedback control on the pump power with a self-made phase-lock loop（PLL）electronics the carrier envelope offset frequency is well phase-locked with a frequency jitter of 85 m Hz within an hour.

Optic Fiber-Based Dynamic Pressure Sensor

Weigh-in-Motion（WIM） technique is the process of measuring the dynamic tire forces of a moving vehicle and estimating the corresponding tire loads of the static vehicle. Compared with the static weigh station, WIM station is an efficient and cost effective choice that will minimize unneccessary stops and delay for truckers. The way to turn birefringence of single-mode fiber into a prime quality for a powerful and reliable sensor is shown. Preliminary results for the development of a weigh-in-motion （WIM） technique based on sagnac-loop sensor are presented. After a brief description of the sensor and its principle of operation, the theoretical model characterization made in is developed. Then, a full static conditions is presented.

Fiber Optic Sensors and Sensor Networks Using a Time-domain Sensing Scheme

Fiber loop ringdown (FLRD) has demonstrated to be capable of sensing various quantities, such as chemical species, pressure, refractive index, strain, temperature, etc.;and it has high potential for the development of a sensor network. In the present work, we describe design and development of three different types of FLRD sensors for water, cracks, and temperature sensing in concrete structures. All of the three aforementioned sensors were indigenously developed very recently in our laboratory and their capabilities of detecting the respective quantities were demonstrated. Later, all of the sensors were installed in a test grout cube for real-time monitoring. This work presents the results obtained in the laboratory-based experiments as well as the results from the real-time monitoring process in the test cube.

Single-phase earth fault current distribution between optical fiber composite overhead ground wire and ordinary ground wire in transmission system

It is important for the safety of transmission system to accurately calculate single-phase earth fault current distribution.Features of double sided elimination method were illustrated.Quantitative calculation of single-phase earth fault current distribution and case verification were accomplished by using the loop method.Influences of some factors,such as single-phase earth fault location and ground resistance of poles,on short-circuit current distribution were discussed.Results show that:1) results of the loop method conform to those of double sided elimination method;2) the fault location hardly influences macro-distribution of short-circuit current.However,current near fault location is evidently influenced;and 3) the short-circuit current distribution is not so sensitive to the ground resistance of poles.

Random fiber laser using a cascaded fiber loop mirror

Random fiber lasers(RFLs)have attracted extensive attention due to their rich physical properties and wide applications.Here,a RFL using a cascaded fiber loop mirror(CFLM)is proposed and presented.A CFLM with 10 fiber loop mirrors(FLMs)is simulated by the transfer matrix method and used to provide random feedback.Multiple spikes are observed in both the simulated and measured reflection spectra.The RFL operates in a single longitudinal mode near the threshold and a time-varying multilongitudinal mode at higher pump powers.The RFL exhibits a time-varying radio-frequency spectrum.The Lévy–Gaussian distribution transition is observed,as in many RFLs.The operation mechanism of the lasing longitudinal modes and the impact of complex mode competition and mode hopping on the output characteristics are discussed through experimental and theoretical results.In this study,we unveil an artificial random feedback structure and pave another way for the realization of RFLs,which should be a platform for multidisciplinary studies in complex systems.

基于光纤环衰荡技术的锥形光纤磁场测量方法

针对目前光纤磁场传感器解调方法中存在的实用性差且造价昂贵的问题,提出了一种基于光纤环衰荡技术的锥形光纤磁场测量方法,实现了磁场的时间域解调。施加不同强度的磁场时,光在锥形光纤处引起的损耗不同,导致系统衰减时间不同。将系统衰减时间和磁场强度建立联系,实现了磁场测量。为降低传感单元温度和磁场之间的交叉敏感,设计了温度控制电路,将传感单元的温度设定在25.0℃。实验结果表明,该传感器在磁场强度2 mT~9 mT范围内时,磁场强度H和衰减时间τ具有R^(2)=0.98273的线性拟合度,计算得到该传感器的磁场灵敏度为-11.65μs/mT。与光纤磁场传感器的其他解调方式相比,采用光纤环衰荡技术的磁场测量方法,具有响应速度快、成本低、稳定性好的优点。

三维四向C/C预制体压实规律与高精度控制策略研究

为实现预制体层间密实度均匀可调控,保证预制体产品质量一致性,基于胡克定律建立压实理论模型对不同截面尺寸预制体压实规律进行研究,揭示了压实载荷与压实次数的关系:在压实次数小于疲劳次数阶段,预制体受到的压实载荷随压实次数呈线性变化;在压实次数大于等于疲劳次数阶段,预制体受到的压实载荷不再随压实次数增加而发生变化;同时在编织不同截面尺寸预制体时,xoy截面积呈倍数增加,预制体受到的压实载荷近似呈倍数增长。基于三维四向C/C复合材料预制体成型工艺,建立预制体编织层数、压实厚度与纤维体积含量映射关系,并通过该映射关系进行不同截面尺寸预制体编织实验,得到压实载荷与厚度的变化曲线,其实验值与拟合值的最大偏差率小于3%,验证了理论模型的可行性。根据压实规律理论模型设计出压实装置双闭环控制系统,在该系统中预先设定映射关系所对应的厚度与压力值,在压实过程中借助传感器将采集到的厚度与压力值反馈至控制器,控制器根据偏差值控制压实装置输出值。最后通过观察其所编预制体截面,发现该预制体孔隙小而均匀,验证了该控制系统可输出最优压力值,能够保证预制体层间密实度均匀及产品质量的一致性。

光纤激光器中矩形类噪声多脉冲的行为研究

报道了基于非线性光纤环形镜(NOLM)锁模的掺铒光纤激光器中矩形类噪声多脉冲演化行为.在基频重复率为2.19 MHz下,可以获得稳定的矩形类噪声脉冲,脉冲宽度从1.25 ns到4.35 ns可调,单脉冲能量可达7.72 nJ.通过改变泵浦功率和偏振状态,矩形类噪声可分裂成多脉冲,并随着腔参数的不同演化成多种形态,如脉冲间距不等的矩形类噪声脉冲簇,脉冲间距相等的矩形类噪声脉冲簇以及各阶谐波类噪声脉冲.实验结果表明,类噪声脉冲具有与孤子脉冲类似的脉冲分裂特性,并随着腔内脉冲数的增加,单个矩形类噪声脉冲宽度逐渐减小.实验结果有助于进一步理解矩形类噪声脉冲的产生机理与多脉冲的动力学特性.

全保偏飞秒光纤激光器异步锁定技术研究

基于全保偏掺铒光纤激光器、锁相环系统和太赫兹测距光路搭建了一套太赫兹双光梳测距系统。所采用的全保偏掺铒光纤激光器重复频率为79.261 MHz。利用压电陶瓷(piezoelectric ceramics,PZT)和步进电机(stepper motor,SM)双级反馈控制的方案,实现了重复频率锁定和重复频率1.54 MHz可调。使用频率计数器对双光梳重复频率锁定效果进行监测,重复频率锁定的峰峰值抖动为±1.5 mHz,抖动标准差为0.4 mHz。将双光梳重频差设置在10 Hz,10 min内重复频率差最大抖动为3 mHz,标准差为0.6 mHz。进一步将异步采样双光梳系统应用于太赫兹测距,测量移动距离的误差为3µm。该系统具有锁定精度高,稳定性强等优势,有望应用于生物无损检测和工业精密加工中。

10 MHz氢钟信号传递系统

为满足同一科研园区内不同建筑之间10 MHz氢钟信号(HCS)长期稳定度共享的需求,提出了一种低成本、集成化的基于光纤链路的10 MHz HCS传递完整解决方案。该方案采用1 GHz的射频信号对激光光强进行调制,利用光纤实现信号传递。通过将远端反射信号与本地信号和频后直接与待传递的HCS分频鉴相,输出误差信号反馈控制1 GHz信号的频率,实现远端1 GHz信号与本地HCS之间的相位锁定,从而使远端1 GHz信号具有与本地HCS相同的频率稳定度;之后再通过分频器在远端生成10 MHz信号,作为射频参考输出。实验验证了该方案的频率传递保真度,该系统在200 m往返光纤上的附加频率稳定度(艾伦偏差)为1 s平均时间2.4×10^(-13)和10000 s平均时间5.7×10^(-17);在20 km传递距离上,附加频率稳定度(艾伦偏差)为1 s平均时间4.8×10^(-13)和10000 s平均时间2.1×10^(-16)。研究结果表明该系统的长时间频率传递稳定度优于HCS的频率稳定度,可以满足千米范围内氢钟信号共享的需求。