Study of anti ulcer activity of Ficus religiosa L.on experimentally induced gastric ulcers in rats

Objective:To investigate the gastroprotective activity of hydroalcoholic extract leaves of Ficus religiosa(F.religiosa) in different experimental models of gastric ulcer in rats.Methods:The hydroalcoholic extract leaves of F.religiosa were studied at two dose levels(250 and 500 mg/ kg,oral) in rats against absolute ethanol(0.2 mL oral),aspirin(200 mg/kg) and pyloric ligation induced gastric ulcer.Ranitidine(50 mg/kg,oral) was used as a standard drug.Mean ulcer indices and oxidative stress were measured.Phytochemical tests and acute toxicity tests were also carried out.Results:Administration of F.religiosa to rats significantly decreased the ulcer index value when compared with the control treated group.Ranitidine(50 mg/kg,oral) also produced a significant decrease the ulcer index value when compared with the control treated group.Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of tannins,sterols,saponins,flavonoids, carbohydrates and proteins.Conclusions:The results suggest that the leaves of the F.religiosa possess significant anti ulcer activity.

Comprehensive review on ethnomedicinal,phytochemistry and pharmacological profile of Ficus Religiosa L.

Ficus religiosa L.(F.religiosa)or sacred fig is a large perennial tree belonging to the family Moraceae or mulberry family.Though the tree has pan-tropical distribution but originally it is indigenous to the Indian subcontinent and Indochina region.Popularly the tree is named"Pepal or bodhi tree".Traditionally,it is practiced for the treatment of asthma,nose bleeding,heart disorders,diabetes,wound healing,ear problems,constipation,hyperlipidemia,gonorrhea,ulcers and infectious disorders.Chemical analysis demonstrated the presence of numerous bioactives including tannins,phenols,saponins,sugars,alkaloids,methionine,terpenoids,flavonoids,glycosides,proteins,separated amino acids,essential and volatile oils and steroids etc.,which are probably responsible for its diverse pharmacological actions.The present work is an attempt to compile up-to-date comprehensive information on F.religiosa that covers its taxonomy,ethnomedicinal importance,phytochemistry,pharmacological attributes and clinical trials.Keeping in mind the various health attributes of F.religiosa,future research can be aimed at in-depth elucidation of the structure-function relationship and multifactorial signalings pathways.

Anticancer activity of Tephrosia purpurea and Ficus religiosa using MCF 7 cell lines

Objective:To investigate anticancer activity of different fractions of Tephrosia purpurea[TP] （Sharapunkha,Fabaceae） and Ficus religiosa[FR]（Peepal,Moraceae）.Methods:The fractions of TP and FR were prepared and tested for in vitro anticancer activity using human MCF 7 cell line by trypan blue exclusion method.Results:The result showed that among all these fractions of TPI.TPIII.FRI and FRIII showed better anticancer activity compared to other fractions.The IC50 value for TPI（152.4μM）,TPIII（158.71μM）.FRI（160.3μM） and for FRIII（222.7μM） was observed.Conclusions:The present study shows anticancer potential of TP and FR fractions in MCF 7 cell line.

Phytopharmacological evaluation and anti-asthmatic activity of Ficus religiosa leaves

Objective:To discuss phytopharmacological potential and anti-asthmatic activity of Ficus religiosa(F.religiosa)(L.).Methods:Fresh leaves of F.religiosa were obtained from Vastrapur Lake,Ahmedabad,and dried to obtain powder.Histamine and acetylcholine were used to guinea pigs to establish bronchospasm model.In in vivo study,the aqueous extract of F.religiosa leaves (AEFR) at doses of 150 and 300 mg/ kg was administrated to guinea pigs,and the broncho-protective activity of AEFR was compared with aminophylline at 25 mg/kg.While in in vitro study,and 10 g/mL,20 g/mL,30 g/mL of AEFRL was administrated to guinea pigs,respectively, and mast cell stabilizing activity of AEFR was compared with ketotifen at 10 g/mL.Results: In the in-vivo model,pre-treatment with aminophylline(25 mg/kg,ip.) could significantly delay the onset of histamine induced pre-convulsive dyspnea,compared with vehicle control. Administration of AEFRL(150 and 300 mg/kg,ip.) also produced significant effect on latency to develop histamine & acetylcholine induced pre-convulsive dyspnea.In the mast cell stabilizing model,AEFRL at 10,20 and 30μg/mL could significantly increase the number of intact cells. Conclusions:It can be concluded that AEFRL is effective on histamine & acetylcholine induced bronchospasm in guinea pigs.In addition,AEFRL can potentiate the number of intact cells in the mast cell stabilizing model._____________________________________________________

Anti-ulcer activity of Ficus religiosa leaf ethanolic extract

Objective:To evaluate the anti-ulcer activity and acute toxicity ofFicus religiosa(F. religiosa)leaf ethanolic extract in animal models.Methods:Anti-ulcer activity ofF. religiosaethanolicextract(250 and 500 mg/kg body weight) was studied on stress induced ulcer animal models.Ranitidine was used as standard. The anti-ulcer activity ofF. religiosawas evaluated with thehelp of ulcer area and histopatholgical examination. Preliminary phyto-chemical screeningand acute toxicity studies ofF. religiosaalso carried out.Results:Results showed that theextract treatments prevented ulcer area and gastric secretion in a dose-dependent manner.Administration of 2000 mg/kg extract did not show any acute toxicity in albino mice. Preliminaryphytochemical analysis identified the presence of flavonoids in the ethanolic extract ofF. religiosa.Conclusions:The extract is non-toxic even at relatively high concentrations. The anti-ulceractivity is probably due to the presence of flavanoids.

An efficient in vitro shoot regeneration through direct organogenesis from seedling-derived petiole and leaf segments and acclimatization of Ficus religiosa

Prolific and rapid in vitro plant organogenesis via direct regeneration has been obtained from axenic seedling-derived petiole and leaf explants of Ficus religiosa in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing different concentrations of cytokinins in combination with indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). MS medium with 1.5 mg/l 6-benzylaminopurine plus 0.15 mg/l IBA produced the highest shoot induction frequency with an average of 6.26 and 10.13 shoots per leaf and petiole explants, respectively. After 4 weeks, the highest root formation frequency (96.7%), root number (5.73), and root length (4.76 cm) were with MS medium containing 2.0 mg/l IBA plus 0.1 mg/l α-naphthalene acetic acid. In addition, the effect of four sodium nitroprusside (SNP) treatments on acclimatization was also studied. Highest morphological traits such as survival rates, fresh and dry root weights as well as antioxidant enzymatic activities such as superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase was achieved with 125 ppm SNP. The α-amino acid, proline, content was highest with this treatment while the highest H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) was in the controls. This study introduces a cost-effective, prolific, and efficient in vitro multiplication system to supply pharmaceutical and ornamental needs. It is the first report of an in vitro organogenesis protocol for F. religiosa by direct regeneration through axenic seedling-derived petiole and leaf explants, which can be efficiently employed for the utilization of active biomolecules.

薜荔(Ficus pumila L.)传粉的代价

种间关系中一方以自身生长过程中的一部分物质和能量为对方所利用的现象便是一个物种为对方付出的代价。在中性的种间关系中，两个物种彼此不受影响，无所谓代价；在偏性的种间关系中，受害者付出无谓的代价，受益者得到无偿的利益（如寄主与寄生物、被捕食者与捕食者之间...

薜荔榕小蜂(Blastophaga pumilae Hill)与薜荔(Ficus pumila L.)的共生关系

榕属(Ficus)植物皆具隐头花序,我国有120种,分布很广。榕小蜂与榕树有着密切的共生关系。本文首次报道了我国此类动、植物的共生现象;发现了在同一个花序中雄花迟熟达一年的第一例植物;摸清了我国大陆新分布的薜荔榕小蜂的生活史;论述了发育的同步性、结构与功能的统一性。其内容可作为了解榕属植物的隐头花序与榕小蜂特殊的形态结构、生活方式、传粉过程及体现在其中的生钫进化辩证法则的代表。因取材于分布最广的薜荔,敬为相关学科的教学、科研提供了生动易得的倒证。文末提出尚待解决的问题。

In vitro Rapid Propagation of Ficus carica L.‘Masui Dauphine’

In this study, Ficus carica L. ‘Masui Dauphine＇ was used as the experi- mental material to investigate the effects of explant type, basal medium, hormone types and concentrations on in vitro rapid propagation of‘Masui Dauphine＇. Accord- ing to the results, the most suitable explants for in vitro rapid propagation of ‘Masui Dauphine＇ were axillary buds and the best medium was modified MS ＋ 1.0 mg/L 6-BA ＋ 0. 05 mg/L NAA ＋ 1.0 mg/L GA3 ＋ 20 mg/L sucrose ＋ 7 mg/L agar, pH 5.8. This study provided scientific basis for barge-scale cultivation of‘Masui Dauphine ＇.

Experimental Study on the Anti-inflammatory Effect of Ficus pumila L.

[Objectives]To study the anti-inflammatory effects of extracts from different parts of Ficus pumila L.[Methods]Inflammatory models of xylene-induced ear swelling,glacial acetic acid-induced celiac capillary permeability and carrageenan-induced toe swelling were established to evaluate the effects of extracts from different parts of F.pumila L.on inflammation.The inflammatory model of ear swelling in mice with bilateral adrenalectomy induced by xylene was established to determine whether its anti-inflammatory effect depends on hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis(HPAA)system.[Results]Compared with the blank control group,except that there was no statistical significance in the low dose group(P>0.05),the high and middle dose groups of extracts from different parts of F.pumila L.had significant inhibitory effects on xylene-induced ear swelling in mice.The high,middle and low dose groups of F.pumila L.extract could significantly increase the celiac capillary permeability of mice induced by glacial acetic acid,and significantly inhibit the toe swelling induced by carrageenan.Compared with the blank control group,the high and middle dose groups of extracts from different parts of F.pumila L.could significantly inhibit xylene-induced ear swelling and carrageenan-induced toe swelling in bilateral adrenalectomy mice.[Conclusions]The extracts from different parts of F.pumila L.had anti-inflammatory activity,and its anti-inflammatory effect was independent of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis(HPAA)system.

Structural Characterization and Antioxidant Activity of Lignin Extracted from Ficus Carica L.

The most abundant phenolic biopolymer in the biosphere is the lignin.This phenolic biopolymer commonly exists in combination with polysaccharides and other cell wall components.In this study,the solvent system dioxane-water is used to extract lignin,which is considered as unaltered native lignin.The dioxane lignin extracted from fig stems was characterized regarding to its structural feature,quantification of its functional groups,molecular weight,and evaluation of its thermal properties.Purity and molecular weight distribution of the studied lignin indicated that isolated lignin contained a low amount of sugar(c.a.19%)and had a high weight-average molecular weight(10068 g.mol-1).Lignin sample had approximately the same amounts of guaiacyl(G)and p-hydroxyphenyl(H)units with relatively fewer syringyl(S)units.The isolated lignin revealed good antioxidant properties.Therefore,it proved to have a high potential of application in new antioxidants formulations.

无花果内生菌Alternaria sp.QDFB-2菌丝体化学成分的研究

为研究无花果枝条内生真菌Alternaria sp.QDFB-2菌丝体的化学成分,采用硅胶柱层析、Sephadex LH-20凝胶柱层析、反相柱层析和高效液相色谱等方法对Alternaria sp.QDFB-2菌丝体粗浸膏进行分离纯化,利用核磁共振谱(NMR)和质谱(MS)等现代波谱技术、结合文献比对方法确定化合物的结构;采用MTT法进行化合物的体外细胞毒活性评价。结果表明:从Alternaria sp.QDFB-2菌丝体粗浸膏中分离纯化得到7种化合物:alternariol(1)、tentoxin(2)、dihydrotentoxin(3)、cyclo(Gly-Pro)(4)、cyclo(4-hydroxy-Pro-Pro)(5)、cyclo(S-Leu-S-N-methyl-Phe)(6)和uridine(7)。体外细胞毒活性评价显示,化合物1和7对SMMC-7721细胞具有中等增殖抑制活性,其IC50值分别为50.47μg·mL^(-1)(195.62μmol·L^(-1))和42.50μg·mL^(-1)(174.18μmol·L^(-1));化合物1对A549细胞也具有中等的增殖抑制活性,浓度为100μg·mL^(-1)时抑制率为52.12%;阳性对照顺铂的IC50值分别为3.46μg·mL^(-1)(11.53μmol·L^(-1))和5.12μg·mL^(-1)(17.06μmol·L^(-1))。Alternaria sp.QDFB-2菌丝体的化学成分丰富,值得深入研究。

Assessments of Biodiversity Based on Molecular Markers and Morphological Traits among West-Bank, Palestine Fig Genotypes (Ficus carica L.)

Both morphological characters and PCR-based RAPD approaches were used to determine the genetic diversity and relatedness among nine fig genotypes grown at the northern region of the West-Bank, Palestine. Although we tested 28 primers for the RAPD technique, only 9 produced reasonable amplification products. A total of 57 DNA loci were detected in which 70.2% were polymorphic. DNA fragments presented a minimum of 3 and a maximum of 9 polymorphic bands using primers OPT-10 and OPA-18, respectively. Primers exhibited collective resolving power values (Rp) of 18.826. The Mwazi genotype showed the highest genetic distances among all of the other genotypes. Morphologically, considerable variations were found using 41 quantitative and qualitative traits. Adloni could be a very promising genotype for fresh consumption due to its very late maturation period, extended harvesting period, variable fruit size, and easy skin peeling. In addition, 7 genotypes presented firm fruits, which are a very important criterion for exporting purposes. Dendrogram constructed by UPGMA based on RAPD banding patterns appear somewhat contradictory to the morphological descriptors particularly with Swadi and Biadi genotypes (closed genetically and distanced morphologically), which might be attributed to the phenotypic modifications caused by environmental differences across regions. These preliminary results will make a fundamental contribution to further genetic improvement of fig crops for the region.

基于UHPLC-QTOF-MS的薜荔水提物的化学成分分析及Beas-2b细胞抗衰老活性

采用超高效液相色谱-四级杆飞行时间-质谱(UHPLC-QTOF-MS)技术对薜荔果、茎、叶中化学成分进行分析,并对其缓解由香烟烟雾提取物诱导的肺部细胞衰老能力进行研究。以乙腈-0.1%甲酸水溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,流速为0.2μL·min^(-1);采用电喷雾电离原(ESI),正负离子扫描模式进行数据采集,通过Msdial进行数据库比对和参考已报道文献对薜荔果、茎和叶3种部位的水提物进行化学成分表征。建立香烟烟雾提取物诱导人支气管上皮细胞Beas-2b衰老模型,测定薜荔果、茎、叶3种水提物对细胞活性及细胞衰老的影响。结果成功鉴定出薜荔果、茎、叶水提物中的33种化学成分,发现薜荔3种水提物在适宜质量浓度范围内对Beas-2b细胞无明显毒性,50μg·mL^(-1)的薜荔茎和叶水提物对细胞衰老有一定缓解作用。结果表明UHPLC-QTOF-MS法灵敏度高,分析快速,结果可靠,能够全面快速分析和鉴定薜荔不同部位水提物中的化学成分,薜荔具有潜在的抗细胞衰老能力。

<i>Opuntia ficus-indica</i>Pruning Waste Recycling: Recovery and Characterization of Mucilage from Cladodes

The present work focuses on the proximate physical and chemical profile of Opuntia ficus-indica mucilage, mechanically extracted from cladodes, a waste of pruning in traditional organic cactus pear orchards in Italy (San Cono, Sicily). The mechanical extraction increased the mucilage yield to 30% dry weight. Physical characterization concerns pH, viscosity, free acidity and density, useful for emulsifying capacity. Spectrophotometric analysis was applied to assess total carbohydrates, proteins, uronic acids, total polyphenols content and antioxidant capacity. DART-MS and SEM-EDX were performed to evaluate functional mucilage components and relative amounts of minerals, respectively. From the main results Opuntia ficus-indica by-product, in addition to the preponderant total carbohydrates content, shows the high concentration in calcium and potassium and a fair amount of health-promoting phytochemicals, which make it a good candidate for the different type of industrial applications.

5-ALA对高温下无花果扦插幼苗的生长及叶片叶绿素荧光特性的影响

[目的]探讨5-氨基乙酰丙酸(5-ALA)对果树扦插育苗的影响,为5-ALA在果树育苗中应用提供依据。[方法]以‘布兰瑞克’无花果扦插苗为材料,研究生长季节叶面喷施0.05、0.10和0.20 mg·L-15-ALA溶液对高温条件下扦插苗生长和叶片叶绿素快速荧光特性的影响。[结果]低质量浓度5-ALA处理能显著提高高温下扦插苗的成活率,促进幼苗生长,提高组织可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和淀粉含量。5-ALA处理可以诱导I相荧光显著增加,同时出现明显的"V"型L带和K带,强光下单位面积吸收(ABS/CSm)、捕获(TRo/CSm)和传递(ETo/CSm)的能量以及有活性的PSⅡ反应中心密度(RC/CS)显著上升,而热耗散能量份额(DIo/CSm)显著下降,放氧复合体活性受抑程度(WK)和PSⅡ反应中心最大关闭速率(Mo)下降,光合性能指数(包括PIABS和PICS)上升,这说明低质量浓度5-ALA处理可以提高高温条件下无花果幼苗叶片对光能的吸收和利用,增强植株耐热性能。[结论]5-ALA可以应用于无花果扦插育苗,提高幼苗抵抗夏季高温酷暑胁迫能力,提高扦插成苗率和苗木质量。

RP-HPLC法同时测定榕树须中原儿茶酸、对羟基苯甲酸和原儿茶醛的含量

目的建立同时测定榕树须中原儿茶酸、对羟基苯甲酸和原儿茶醛含量的方法。方法采用反相高效液相色谱法。色谱柱为Shimadzu CAPCELL PAK-C18柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）;流动相为甲醇-体积分数0.1%甲酸水溶液,梯度洗脱;流速为1.0 mL·min-1;检测波长为270 nm;柱温为35℃。结果原儿茶酸、对羟基苯甲酸和原儿茶醛质量浓度分别在10.40~208.0 mg·L-1、5.81~116 mg·L-1和4.50~90.0 mg·L-1内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系（r≥0.999 7,n=5）。加样回收率分别为97.2%、98.6%和98.8%（RSD≤2.7%,n=9）。结论该方法可作为榕树须中原儿茶酸、对羟基苯甲酸和原儿茶醛的含量测定方法,为其质量控制提供参考依据。

HPLC法同时测定榕树叶中3种成分含量

目的：建立HPLC同时测定榕树叶中苯甲酸、对羟基苯乙酸、3,5-二甲氧基-4-羟基-苯乙酮3种成分含量的方法。方法：以乙腈-0.2%磷酸水溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,色谱柱为PurospherSTAR C18柱（250 mm×4.6mm,5μm）,流速为1.0 m L/min,检测波长为270 nm,柱温为35℃。结果：苯甲酸、对羟基苯乙酸、3,5-二甲氧基-4-羟基-苯乙酮分别在0.0121~1.21μg（r1=0.9995）、0.423~42.32μg（r2=0.9999）、0.047~4.70μg（r3=0.9996）范围内线性关系良好,平均加样回收率依次为100.7%、101.2%、96.5%。结论：该方法简便可行、重复性好,可用于同时测定榕树叶中苯甲酸、对羟基苯乙酸、3,5-二甲氧基-4-羟基-苯乙酮的含量。

HPLC法测定阿图什市无花果叶中补骨脂素及佛手苷内酯的含量

目的:建立无花果叶中补骨脂素和佛手柑内酯的含量测定方法。方法:采用反相高效液相色谱法测定补骨脂素和佛手柑内酯的含量,色谱柱kromasil C18 ODS(150mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-水(65:35),测定波长为222nm,流速1mL·min^(-1),进样量4μl。结果:补骨脂素与佛手柑内酯线性良好,回归方程分别为:补骨脂素y=52850644.3891x+41975.0624,t=0.9991,线性范围:(0.01639～0.1639)μg;佛手柑内醇y=6958902012703x+31347.1000,r=0.9994,线性范围:(0.00296～0.0296)μg。平均回收率,补骨脂素为928%,RSD 1.25%;佛手柑内酯为95.7%,RSD 4.75%。结论:本法简便、准确、稳定,重复性好,可用于测定无花果叶中补骨脂素和佛手柑内酯的含量。

HPLC法同时测定薜荔中的芦丁和绿原酸含量

采用HPLC法对薜荔不同部位中的芦丁和绿原酸含量进行了测定。方法采用Inert Sustain C18色谱柱,乙腈-0.2%磷酸水溶液作为流动相,对薜荔叶、薜荔壳和薜荔籽中的芦丁和绿原酸含量进行了测定比较。结果表明:芦丁和绿原酸在25~200μg/m L范围内的浓度与峰面积均呈良好的线性关系,平均回收率分别为101.4%和99.2%;薜荔不同部位中绿原酸的含量顺序为:薜荔叶>薜荔壳>薜荔籽;薜荔叶中芦丁含量远远大于薜荔壳和薜荔籽。本方法简单、快速、准确,重复性好,可以明确了解薜荔中不同药用部位绿原酸及芦丁的含量差异,这将为薜荔的进一步开发利用提供理论依据。