Transcriptome-Wide Identification and Functional Analysis of PgSQE08-01 Gene in Ginsenoside Biosynthesis in Panax ginseng C.A.Mey.

Panax ginseng C.A.Mey.is an important plant species used in traditional Chinese medicine,whose primary active ingredient is a ginsenoside.Ginsenoside biosynthesis is not only regulated by transcription factors but also controlled by a variety of structural genes.Nonetheless,the molecular mechanism underlying ginsenoside biosynthesis has always been a topic in the discussion of ginseng secondary metabolites.Squalene epoxidase(SQE)is a key enzyme in the mevalonic acid pathway,which affects the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites such as terpenoid.Using ginseng transcriptome,expression,and ginsenoside content databases,this study employed bioinformatic methods to systematically analyze the genes encoding SQE in ginseng.We first selected six PgSQE candidates that were closely involved in ginsenoside biosynthesis and then identified PgSQE08-01 to be highly associated with ginsenoside biosynthesis.Next,we constructed the overexpression vector pCAMBIA3301-PgSQE08-01 and the RNAi vector pART27-PgSQE08-01 and transformed ginseng adventitious roots using Agrobacterium rhizogenes,to obtain positive hairy-root clones.Thereafter,quantitative reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction and high-performance liquid chromatography were used to determine the expression of relevant genes and ginsenoside content,respectively.Then,we focused on the function of PgSQE08-01 gene,which was noted to be involved in ginsenoside biosynthesis.Thus,these findings not only provided a molecular basis for the identification of important functional genes in ginseng but also enriched genetic resources for the biosynthesis of ginsenosides using synthetic biology.

Efficacy of ginseng-based Renshenguben oral solution for cancer-related fatigue among patients with advanced-stage hepatocellular carcinoma:A prospective multicenter cohort study

Background:Cancer-related fatigue(CRF)is a common and debilitating symptom experienced by patients with advanced-stage cancer,especially those undergoing antitumor therapy.This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Renshenguben(RSGB)oral solution,a ginseng-based traditional Chinese medicine,in alleviating CRF in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)receiving antitumor treatment.Methods:In this prospective,open-label,controlled,multicenter study,patients with advanced HCC at BCLC stage C and a brief fatigue inventory(BFI)score of≥4 were enrolled.Participants were assigned to the RSGB group(RSGB,10 mL twice daily)or the control group(with supportive care).Primary and secondary endpoints were the change in multidimensional fatigue inventory(MFI)score,and BFI and functional assessment of cancer therapy-hepatobiliary(FACT-Hep)scores at weeks 4 and 8 after enrollment.Adverse events(AEs)and toxicities were assessed.Results:A total of 409 participants were enrolled,with 206 assigned to the RSGB group.At week 4,there was a trend towards improvement,but the differences were not statistically significant.At week 8,the RSGB group exhibited a significantly lower MFI score(P<0.05)compared to the control group,indicating improved fatigue levels.Additionally,the RSGB group showed significantly greater decrease in BFI and FACT-Hep scores at week 8(P<0.05).Subgroup analyses among patients receiving various antitumor treatments showed similar results.Multivariate linear regression analyses revealed that the RSGB group experienced a significantly substantial decrease in MFI,BFI,and FACT-Hep scores at week 8.No serious drug-related AEs or toxicities were observed.Conclusions:RSGB oral solution effectively reduced CRF in patients with advanced HCC undergoing antitumor therapy over an eight-week period,with no discernible toxicities.These findings support the potential of RSGB oral solution as an adjunctive treatment for managing CRF in this patient population.

Comparative analysis of physicochemical properties,ginsenosides content andα-amylase inhibitory effects in white ginseng and red ginsen

Ginseng(Panax ginseng C.A.Meyer)as a common dietary adjunct is widely applied in Traditional Chinese Medicine due to its health-promoting properties,but the differences between white ginseng and red ginseng was rarely studied.In the present study,color parameters and scanning electron microscope(SEM)were determined to evaluate the differences of ginseng color and microstructure induced by processing procedure.Quantitative analysis of multi-components by a single-marker(QAMS)method and anti-α-amylase activity test were used to assess variations of chemical ingredients and pharmacological activity between white and red ginseng.Finally,molecular docking studies were carried out to screen out the most effective compound againstα-amylase.Results indicated that processing had a significant impact on the physicochemical properties and pharmacological activity of white and red ginseng.After processing,the color value of L*declined significantly.Red ginseng sample displayed a compact structure and presented of a gel layer on the surface compared to white ginseng.Additionally,the content of ginsenosides and the activity of anti-α-amylase decreased.The contents of total ginsenosides were positively correlated with the anti-α-amylase activities of ginseng,and ginsenoside Rb1 might be the most effective compound to inhibit the activity ofα-amylase.

High-throughput transcriptional profiling of perturbations by Panax ginseng saponins and Panax notoginseng saponins using TCM-seq

Panax ginseng(PG)and Panax notoginseng(PN)are highly valuable Chinese medicines(CM).Although both CMs have similar active constituents,their clinical applications are clearly different.Over the past decade,RNA sequencing(RNA-seq)analysis has been employed to investigate the molecular mechanisms of extracts or monomers.However,owing to the limited number of samples in standard RNA-seq,few studies have systematically compared the effects of PG and PN spanning multiple conditions at the transcriptomic level.Here,we developed an approach that simultaneously profiles transcriptome changes for multiplexed samples using RNA-seq(TCM-seq),a high-throughput,low-cost workflow to molecularly evaluate CM perturbations.A species-mixing experiment was conducted to illustrate the accuracy of sample multiplexing in TCM-seq.Transcriptomes from repeated samples were used to verify the robustness of TCM-seq.We then focused on the primary active components,Panax notoginseng saponins(PNS)and Panax ginseng saponins(PGS)extracted from PN and PG,respectively.We also characterized the transcriptome changes of 10 cell lines,treated with four different doses of PNS and PGS,using TCM-seq to compare the differences in their perturbing effects on genes,functional pathways,gene modules,and molecular networks.The results of transcriptional data analysis showed that the transcriptional patterns of various cell lines were significantly distinct.PGS exhibited a stronger regulatory effect on genes involved in cardiovascular disease,whereas PNS resulted in a greater coagulation effect on vascular endothelial cells.This study proposes a paradigm to comprehensively explore the differences in mechanisms of action between CMs based on transcriptome readouts.

Molecular Mechanism of Ginseng in Treating Nephrotic Syndrome Based on Network Pharmacology and Experimental Verification

[Objectives]To study the potential molecular mechanism of ginseng in treating nephrotic syndrome(NS)by using network pharmacology,molecular docking and experimental verification methods.[Methods]The active components and targets of ginseng were obtained through the network pharmacology database,and the potential targets for the treatment of NS were predicted.The STRING data platform and Cytoscape software were used to construct protein interaction network,and carry out GO and KEGG enrichment analysis.Molecular docking of active components of ginseng and core targets was performed.The in vitro experiment verified the improvement effect of kaempferol,a key active ingredient of ginseng,on podocyte injury.[Results]After screening,17 active components of ginseng and 38 key targets for treating NS were obtained.GO and KEGG enrichment analysis showed that NF-κB,MAPK and other inflammatory pathways were involved.Molecular docking results show that the core components had good binding activity to key targets.The results of in vitro experiments show that kaempferol can reduce the phosphorylation level of AKT1,down-regulate the expression levels of NF-κB p65 and p-NF-κB p65,play an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the activation of NF-κB pathway,and improve podocyte injury.[Conclusions]Ginseng may play a role in the treatment of NS by regulating multiple targets and pathways such as inflammatory response,substance metabolism,and signal transduction.

Effects of Ginseng Protein on Gut Microbiota and BDNF/TrkB Signaling Pathway in Alzheimer s Disease Mice

[Objectives] To investigate the effects of ginseng protein on gut microbiota and BDNF/TrkB signaling pathway in Alzheimer s disease (AD) mice. [Methods] D-galactose/AlCl 3 co-induction was used to establish AD model, and mice were randomly divided into normal group 1, normal group 2, model group 1, model group 2, ginseng protein group, and microbiota transplantation group. Morris water maze experiment was used to evaluate learning and memory ability, and Western blot method was used to detect the expression of APP, p-Tau, BDNF, TrkB, p-TrkB proteins in brain tissue, and 16S rDNA was used to detect diversity of fecal microbiota. [Results] Ginseng protein and microbiota transplantation can shorten the escape latency of mice ( P <0.05), increase the number of crossing platforms ( P <0.05), reduce the expression of APP and p-Tau proteins in brain tissue ( P <0.05, P <0.01), increase the expression of BDNF, p-TrkB, p-TrkB/TrkB proteins ( P <0.05, P <0.01), and reduce the abundance of Alloprevotella, Ruminococcaceae _UCG-014, Prevotellaceae _UCG-001, and Ruminococcus _1 ( P <0.05, P <0.01). [Conclusions] The action mechanism of ginseng protein anti AD may be through regulating gut microbiota diversity and activating the BDNF/TrkB signaling pathway.

Effects of ginseng powder on chemical composition, antioxidant and sensory properties of biscuits

This work aimed to evaluate the quality of biscuits incorporated with ginseng powder.This powder was incorporated into wheat flour at levels ranging from 0 to 4%and used in the production of biscuits.The biscuits were analysed for proximate composition,sensory attributes,phytochemical content,and antioxidant properties.Results revealed that the moisture and fat contents of the biscuits significantly decreased with the incorporation of ginseng powder.Conversely,protein(3.15 to 4.55 g/100 g DM),carbohydrate(27.80 to 31.10 g/100 g DM)and fiber contents(6.21 to 13.74 g/100 g DM)significantly increased with incorporation.The total polyphenols,saponins,and total flavonoid contents increased from 1.67 to 1.99 mgGAE/100 g DM,0 to 0.69 mg,and 0.87 to 1.83 QE/100g DM respectively.Ginseng powder also significantly increased the DPPH scavenging activity,from 42.05%to 52.62%,and FRAP value from 2.25 to 7.71μgGAE/g with increased incorporation.However,the sensory attributes of the biscuits were not affected by the incorporation of ginseng.Ginseng powder can therefore be incorporated in wheat flour at up to 4%level for biscuits production as a functional food for the promotion of human health.

基于土壤微生物群落结构的参地土壤改良研究进展

改良参地土壤是缓解参地资源紧缺、促进人参种植业健康持续发展的有效途径。综述土壤微生物群落结构改变与连作障碍关系,参地土壤化学消毒、农业改良和微生物防治对土壤微生物的影响。结果显示:微生物制剂可以通过调整土壤微生物群落结构、拮抗病原菌、激活养分等有效防治人参病害及改良参地土壤;开发高效、具有广谱抑菌活性的微生物混合菌剂,辅以化学消毒、农业改良等土壤改良技术是改良参地土壤及防治人参病害的关键。

人参汤剂干预老年重症肺炎患者的临床疗效和安全性研究

目的探讨人参汤剂干预老年重症肺炎患者临床疗效和安全性。方法收集2022年4月—2023年6月于上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院重症医学病区治疗的100例老年重症肺炎病例,根据随机数字法,将100例重症肺炎病例分为对照组与试验组,每组各50例,对照组给予常规治疗,试验组在常规治疗的基础上加用人参汤剂,然后统计2组患者在治疗后症状(包括发热、咳嗽、乏力、厌食、气喘)消失时间、实验室指标(WBC、NA、L、AST、LDH、CRP)变化情况、CT影像肺部病灶吸收情况和住院时间。记录服用人参汤剂后发生的不良事件(腹痛、恶心、呕吐及肾功能损伤)。结果经过治疗后,试验验组的发热、咳嗽、乏力、厌食、气喘等症状消失时间显著低于对照组,且差异具有统计学意义。2组实验室指标有所改善,其中试验组L、LDH、CRP水平较对照组相比明显改善,且差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),其余指标无统计学意义(P>0.05)。2组在治疗后肺部吸收情况差异有统计意义(P<0.05)。试验组住院时间为(12.14±2.01)d,对照组住院时间为(13.10±2.47)d,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。50例患者服用人参汤期间,共3人次出现轻微恶心、腹泻,均未停药,均未见肝、肾功能损害。结论人参汤剂可以有效辅助改善老年重症肺炎患者症状,降低炎症指标,促进肺部病灶的吸收,安全性良好,值得在大规模人群中推广研究。

枯草芽孢杆菌LM 4-2发酵人参芦头生物转化人参皂苷Rd的研究

人参为我国传统的食药同源资源,但由于潜在的催吐等副作用,在人参炮制过程中需要做去芦处理,导致大量的人参芦头被丢弃,造成了严重的资源浪费,如何减少浪费、提高人参的综合应用需要进行相应研究。该研究建立了基于超高液相色谱法的人参皂苷检测方法,通过对13种人参皂苷单体进行测试,验证了该检测方法的准确性与可靠性。采用生物转化的方法,从6株候选菌株中筛选出转化人参皂苷Rd产量最高的菌株Bacillus subtilisLM 4-2,推测人参皂苷Rd经由Rc水解途径转化而来,进一步通过单因素试验与响应面试验设计,确定了菌株LM 4-2的最佳发酵条件为发酵时间20 d,温度30℃,料液比1∶4.3(g∶mL),接种量7.5%,该优化条件下Rd产量为(6.375±0.006)mg/g。同时,研究还对人参芦头发酵提取物的抗氧化性和抑菌效果进行了测定,抗氧化性试验发现DPPH自由基的清除率随着提取物浓度的增加而增加,提取物质量浓度为50 mg/mL时,DPPH自由基的清除率为82.55%;抑菌试验结果表明,在提取物质量浓度达到1.0 mg/mL时,对测试菌株金黄色葡萄球菌,枯草芽孢杆菌和大肠杆菌均能产生抑制作用,发酵液对3种测试菌株的最低抑制浓度分别为1.0、0.75和1.0 mg/mL。这些研究为通过菌株LM 4-2发酵人参芦头转化人参皂苷Rd、提高人参芦头的应用价值提供了参考。

中国古代人参的时空分布与近现代野生人参资源分布现状

人参是我国著名的中药材,早在两千多年前就已经被发现于山西上党地区,并记载于本草古籍中。随着朝代更替,在人类活动和生态环境不断变化的双重影响下,我国的人参资源由太行山区、燕山山区、东北山区逐渐向东北方向转移,近现代则仅存于我国东北一隅。对古代本草书籍和地理历史文献进行分析,从中整理出古代人参的朝代与产地变迁过程,总结归纳古代人参产地的时空分布变迁原因,并就近现代野生人参资源的分布进行深入分析,为野生人参的研究和保护提供参考。

UPLC-MS/MS法同时测定妇康片中11种人参皂苷的含量

目的建立UPLC-MS/MS法同时测定妇康片中拟人参皂苷F_(11)及人参皂苷Rf、Rg_(1)、Re、Rb_(1)、Rb_(2)、Rb_(3)、Rg_(2)、Rg_(3)、Rc、Rd的含量。方法分析采用Phenomenex Kinetex F_(5)色谱柱(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.7μm);流动相乙腈-2 mmol/L甲酸铵,梯度洗脱;体积流量0.3 mL/min;柱温40℃;电喷雾离子源;负离子扫描;多反应监测模式。结果11种人参皂苷在各自范围内线性关系良好(r>0.9900),平均加样回收率97.40%~103.74%,RSD 1.76%~3.48%。结论该方法灵敏实用,重复性好,可用于妇康片中人参的质量控制。

不同分子量黑参多糖对皮肤保湿及光损伤保护作用

以黑参多糖为研究对象,分析两种黑参多糖HSP-1和HSP-2的结构,研究二者对皮肤保湿以及光损伤保护作用的效果。结果表明,HSP-1和HSP-2均含有蛋白质、均具有多糖特征峰,一级结构一致,得率HSP-1<HSP-2,分子量HSP-1<30 kDa、HSP-2>30 kDa。在单糖构成上,HSP-1以半乳糖和鼠李糖为主要单糖成分,HSP-2以阿拉伯糖为主要单糖成分。HSP-1具有三螺旋结构、HSP-2不具有三螺旋结构,二者的空间结构不一致。通过对比吸湿能力、保湿能力以及小鼠皮肤的厚度色度、羟脯氨酸、糖胺多糖和脂质含量以及总抗氧化能力、超氧化物歧化酶和丙二醛含量,发现HSP-1的吸湿保湿、抑制皮肤羟脯氨酸和脂质流失、糖胺多糖累积以及减缓氧化应激产生的炎症状态的能力均优于HSP-2。因此HSP-1多糖对皮肤保湿及光损伤保护的作用效果较佳。

西洋参果正丁醇部位的化学成分研究

为探究西洋参果正丁醇部位的化学成分,本研究采用硅胶、MCI、RP-C18柱色谱及半制备HPLC等方法对西洋参果正丁醇部位的化学成分进行分离纯化,根据波谱学数据分析及文献比对鉴定其结构。从西洋参果中共分离得到25个人参皂苷类化合物,分别鉴定为人参皂苷Rg_(6)(1)、人参皂苷Rh_(2)(2)、20(22)E-人参皂苷Rh_(4)(3)、拟人参皂苷RT_(5)(4)、人参皂苷Rh_(1)(5)、20(R)-人参皂苷Rh_(1)(6)、人参皂苷F_(1)(7)、拟人参皂苷F_(11)(8)、人参皂苷Rg_(1)(9)、人参皂苷Rg_(2)(10)、20(R)-人参皂苷Rg_(2)(11)、人参皂苷F_(2)(12)、人参皂苷Rg_(3) (13)、20 (R)-人参皂苷Rg_(3) (14)、人参皂苷Re (15)、人参皂苷Rs_(3) (16)、人参皂苷Rc (17)、人参皂苷Rd (18)、人参皂苷Rb_(1)(19)、人参皂苷Rb_(2)(20)、人参皂苷Rb_(3)(21)、人参皂苷Ro(22)、绞股蓝皂苷Ⅶ(23)、三七皂苷R_(1)(24)和三七皂苷Fe(25)。化合物1、3、6、11、12、16和23~25为首次从西洋参果中分离得到,其中化合物1、3、16和24为首次从西洋参中分离得到,该研究可为西洋参的综合开发利用提供化学物质基础。

人参副产物在动物生产中的应用研究进展

人参副产物主要包括人参渣以及未被利用的人参茎叶、花果及根须等,富含人参皂苷、人参多糖等活性物质,具有提高免疫力、抗疲劳、抑菌及抗病毒等多种生物学功能。目前人参副产物主要作为废弃物进行处理,不仅未能充分发挥其功效,还造成了资源浪费。人参副产物在动物生产中具有良好的应用前景,其中人参渣和人参茎叶可作为日粮成分或添加剂,人参茎叶中的人参皂苷还可作为动物疫苗佐剂。文章综述了人参副产物的生物学功能及其在动物生产中的应用现状,为提高人参副产物的综合利用及动物生产性能提供参考。

人参果酸奶含片的加工工艺研究

以人参果、酸奶为主要原料,研制了一款有益于人体健康的含片。将人参果粉和酸奶粉充分混合,添加辅料,经过制粒、干燥等工艺制成含片,并通过单因素试验和正交试验优化了含片的工艺配方。结果表明,人参果酸奶含片的最佳配方为以酸奶粉质量为基准,人参果添加量15%、木糖醇添加量6%、CMCNa添加量8%、硬脂酸镁添加量1.0%,按此配方制作的人参果酸奶含片风味、质地最佳。

人参联合咖啡因对大鼠的抗疲劳作用及机制探讨

目的评估人参联合咖啡因对大鼠的抗疲劳作用及机制。方法将SD大鼠随机分为空白组、模型组、人参组(60 mg·kg^(-1))、咖啡因组(3.0 mg·kg^(-1))、配伍组(30 mg·kg^(-1)+1.5mg·kg^(-1)),建立大鼠负重游泳疲劳模型,每日给药1次,连续给药21 d;采用负重游泳实验评价药物抗疲劳作用;采用两成分组合效应系数(two components combination index,TCCI)方法评估人参配伍咖啡因抗疲劳协同增效作用;比色法检测各组大鼠的尿素氮(BUN)、乳酸(LD)和肝/肌糖原水平;酶联免疫吸附法检测各组大鼠白细胞介素6(IL-6)、白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)和C反应蛋白(CRP)水平;使用网络药理学初步探讨人参联合咖啡因抗疲劳的可能作用机制。结果人参联合咖啡因TCCI值在0.17~0.61,两者联用显示明显的协同增效作用;与模型组相比,各给药组可不同程度地延长大鼠负重游泳时间,提高肝脏/骨骼肌组织中糖原含量,下调血清中尿素氮水平,降低炎症因子水平;通过网络药理学分析发现,其主要通过PI3K-Akt和MAPK等通路发挥抗疲劳功效。结论人参联合咖啡因可显著降低糖原分解和乳酸等代谢物积累,改善模型大鼠的疲劳症状。

林分类型对林下参产量及人参总皂苷含量的影响

以吉林省白山市抚松县露水河镇人参基地内3种林型及塑料棚共7个类型的人参(长白落叶松林10年生人参、长白落叶松林18年生人参、樟子松林10年生人参、樟子松林18年生人参、杂木林10年生人参、杂木林18年生人参和30年生园参)为材料,测定各类人参的保存数量、产量及人参总皂苷含量,探究林型、参龄对人参产量和质量的影响。方差分析结果显示,不同林型的人参保存数量、产量和总皂苷含量均呈极显著差异水平(P<0.01)。樟子松林10年生人参保存数量(211根)最多,其次是长白落叶松林10年生人参(97根),杂木林人参保存数量最少,10年生和18年生人参的保存数量分别为21个和14个;园参产量(4.25 kg)最高,其次为樟子松林10年生人参(2.94 kg),杂木林人参产量最低,10年生与18年生人参产量分别为0.36 kg和0.15 kg;杂木林人参总皂苷含量最高,18年生和10年生人参总皂苷含量分别为5.06%和4.73%,长白落叶松林10年生人参总皂苷含量最低(3.71%)。

人参白术多糖复合物对免疫抑制模型小鼠的免疫功能影响

试验旨在研究人参多糖与白术多糖复合使用对小鼠免疫功能的影响。将300只体重接近的小鼠随机分为10组,其中T1~T5组为免疫抑制模型组,分别添加人参多糖[0.033 g/(只·d),T1组]、白术多糖[0.033 g/(只·d),T2组]、黄芪多糖[0.012 g/(只·d),T3组]、人参白术多糖复合物[0.016+0.01 g/(只·d),T4组]及生理盐水(0.7 mL/(只·d),T5组),试验结束前24 h小鼠一次性腹腔注射环磷酰胺200 mg/kg BW。T6~T10组为正常饲喂组,添加物、添加剂量分别与T1~T5组一致,饲喂30 d。试验结束后测定小鼠免疫器官指数、血清免疫指标以及血液中CD4+/CD8+值。结果显示:在免疫抑制模型中,与T5组相比,T4组可极显著提高小鼠平均日增重、脾脏指数和胸腺指数(P<0.05);正常饲喂情况下,与T10组相比,T9组中显著提高小鼠平均日增重(P<0.05),极显著提高小鼠胸腺指数(P<0.01)。在免疫抑制模型中,与T5组相比,T4组可极显著提高IL-2、TNF-α含量和CD4+/CD8+值(P<0.01),显著提高IgG含量;正常饲喂情况下,与T10组相比,T9组显著提高IL-2、TNF-α、IgM含量和CD4+/CD8+值(P<0.05)。综上表明人参白术多糖复合使用在提高动物机体免疫功能和颉颃免疫抑制剂方面效果要优于单独使用。

一种人参移栽打药机的设计

人参种植目前仍以手工作业为主,生产效率低、作业成本高、劳动强度大,难以适应人参规模化、规范化的生产现状。对此,研发一种人参移栽打药机,并介绍该机的总体结构及工作原理。样机试验结果表明,该机可一次性完成开沟、覆土、喷洒药剂等工作,采用开沟板链进行开沟可保证横向开沟深度和角度的一致性,采用抛洒土壤覆土可保证苗土覆盖厚度均匀一致,覆土后均匀喷洒药液可第一时间有效控制病虫草害,减少二次作业环节。