Generation of OAM Waves and Analysis of Mode Purity for 5G Sub-6 GHz Applications

This article presents the generation of Orbital AngularMomentum(OAM)vortex waves with mode 1 using Uniform Circular Array(UCA)antenna.Two different designs,namely,UCA-1(4-element array antenna)and UCA-2(8-element array antenna),were designed and fabricated using FR-4 substrate to generate OAM mode 1 at 3.5 GHz(5G mid-band).The proposed antenna arrays comprised rectangular microstrip patch elements with inset fed technique.The elements were excited by a carefully designed feeding phase shift network to provide similar output energy at output ports with desired phase shift value.The generated OAM waves were confirmed by measuring the null in the bore sight of their 2D radiation patterns,simulated phase distribution and intensity distribution.The measurement results agree well with the simulation results.Moreover,a detailed mode purity analysis of the generated OAM waves was carried out considering different factors.The investigation found that the greater the number of elements,the higher the purity of the generated OAM wave.Compared with other previous works,the proposed antenna design of this paper is very simple to design and fabricate.In addition,the proposed antennas are compact in design even at lower frequency band with very wide bandwidth to meet the requirements of 5G mid-band applications.

Bio-effects of 5th generation electromagnetic waves on organs of human beings

Objectives:The uses of devices of electromagnetic waves(EMWs)are increasing day by day.Similarly,the generation of the waves is increasing.The frequency spectrum of the generation of waves is also increased.In this manuscript,an analysis of the high frequency EMWs has been made by the electric fields generated due to the exposure of 5th generation(5 G)of mobile phones.Methods:Due to the emission of waves from the towers,the electric field is generated around the transmission tower of mobile phones.The electric fields are computed by the power of the transmission tower.The electric fields across the biological tissues/cells are also computed when the EMWs penetrate inside the body.The electric fields are made across the organs of different depths inside the body.Results:The induced electric fields inside the organs of the human beings are responsible for the absorption of energy from high frequency EMWs.The absorbed amount of energy from high frequency waves may become the cause of harmful effects on the life of organs of human beings.Conclusion:In this manuscript,after analysis of the computed electric fields inside the organs of human beings,it is concluded that the EMWs of 5 G spectrum of mobile phone towers may more harmful for the life of organs as 4th generation(4 G)spectrum of mobile phone waves.The energy absorption by the 4 G spectrum is lower than 5 G spectrum due to the range of frequency of waves.The effects on the pancreas,retina,skin,intestine,spleen,stomach and uterus are more than low water content organs like nails,bone,teeth etc.

Comprehensive applicability evaluation of four precipitation products at multiple spatiotemporal scales in Northwest China

Precipitation plays a crucial role in the water cycle of Northwest China.Obtaining accurate precipitation data is crucial for regional water resource management,hydrological forecasting,flood control and drought relief.Currently,the applicability of multi-source precipitation products for long time series in Northwest China has not been thoroughly evaluated.In this study,precipitation data from 183 meteorological stations in Northwest China from 1979 to 2020 were selected to assess the regional applicability of four precipitation products(the fifth generation of European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF)atmospheric reanalysis of the global climate(ERA5),Global Precipitation Climatology Centre(GPCC),Climatic Research Unit gridded Time Series Version 4.07(CRU TS v4.07,hereafter CRU),and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission(TRMM))based on the following statistical indicators:correlation coefficient,root mean square error(RMSE),relative bias(RB),mean absolute error(MAE),probability of detection(POD),false alarm ratio(FAR),and equitable threat score(ETS).The results showed that precipitation in Northwest China was generally high in the east and low in the west,and exhibited an increasing trend from 1979 to 2020.Compared with the station observations,ERA5 showed a larger spatial distribution difference than the other products.The overall overestimation of multi-year average precipitation was approximately 200.00 mm and the degree of overestimation increased with increasing precipitation intensity.The multi-year average precipitation of GPCC and CRU was relatively close to that of station observations.The trend of annual precipitation of TRMM was overestimated in high-altitude regions and the eastern part of Lanzhou with more precipitation.At the monthly scale,GPCC performed well but underestimated precipitation in the Tarim Basin(RB=-4.11%),while ERA5 and TRMM exhibited poor accuracy in high-altitude regions.ERA5 had a large bias(RB≥120.00%)in winter months and a strong dispersion(RMSE≥35.00 mm)in summer months.TRMM showed a relatively low correlation with station observations in winter months(correlation coefficients≤0.70).The capture performance analysis showed that ERA5,GPCC,and TRMM had lower POD and ETS values and higher FAR values in Northwest China as the precipitation intensity increased.ERA5 showed a high capture performance for small precipitation events and a slower decreasing trend of POD as the precipitation intensity increased.GPCC had the lowest FAR values.TRMM was statistically ineffective for predicting the occurrence of daily precipitation events.The findings provide a reference for data users to select appropriate datasets in Northwest China and for data developers to develop new precipitation products in the future.

Directional neighbor discovery in mmWave wireless networks

The directional neighbor discovery problem,i.e,spatial rendezvous,is a fundamental problem in millimeter wave(mmWave)wireless networks,where directional transmissions are used to overcome the high attenuation.The challenge is how to let the transmitter and the receiver beams meet in space under deafness caused by directional transmission and reception,where no control channel,prior information,and coordination are available.In this paper,we present a Hunting based Directional Neighbor Discovery(HDND)scheme for ad hoc mmWave networks,where a node follows a unique sequence to determine its transmission or reception mode,and continuously r0-tates its directional beam to scan the neighborhood for other mmWave nodes.Through a rigorous analysis,we derive the conditions for ensured neighbor discovery,as well as a bound for the worst-case discovery time and the impact of sidelobes.We validate the analysis with extensive simulations and demonstrate the superior perfor-mance of the proposed scheme over several baseline schemes.

Unmanned aerial vehicle based intelligent triage system in mass-casualty incidents using 5G and artificial intelligence

BACKGROUND:Rapid on-site triage is critical after mass-casualty incidents(MCIs)and other mass injury events.Unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs)have been used in MCIs to search and rescue wounded individuals,but they mainly depend on the UAV operator’s experience.We used UAVs and artificial intelligence(AI)to provide a new technique for the triage of MCIs and more efficient solutions for emergency rescue.METHODS:This was a preliminary experimental study.We developed an intelligent triage system based on two AI algorithms,namely OpenPose and YOLO.Volunteers were recruited to simulate the MCI scene and triage,combined with UAV and Fifth Generation(5G)Mobile Communication Technology real-time transmission technique,to achieve triage in the simulated MCI scene.RESULTS:Seven postures were designed and recognized to achieve brief but meaningful triage in MCIs.Eight volunteers participated in the MCI simulation scenario.The results of simulation scenarios showed that the proposed method was feasible in tasks of triage for MCIs.CONCLUSION:The proposed technique may provide an alternative technique for the triage of MCIs and is an innovative method in emergency rescue.

Computer Modelling of Compact 28/38 GHz Dual-Band Antenna for Millimeter-Wave 5G Applications

A four-element compact dual-band patch antenna having a common ground plane operating at 28/38 GHz is proposed formillimeter-wave communication systems in this paper.Themultiple-input-multiple-output(MIMO)antenna geometry consists of a slotted ellipse enclosed within a hollow circle which is orthogonally rotated with a connected partial ground at the back.The overall size of the four elements MIMO antenna is 2.24λ×2.24λ(at 27.12GHz).The prototype of four-element MIMOresonator is designed and printed using Rogers RTDuroid 5880 withε_(r)=2.2 and loss tangent=0.0009 and having a thickness of 0.8 mm.It covers dual-band having a fractional bandwidth of 15.7%(27.12-31.34 GHz)and 4.2%(37.21-38.81 GHz)for millimeter-wave applications with a gain of more than 4 dBi at both bands.The proposed antenna analysis in terms ofMIMOdiversity parameters(Envelope Correlation Coefficient(ECC)and Diversity Gain(DG))is also carried out.The experimental result in terms of reflection coefficient,radiation pattern,gain and MIMOdiversity parameter correlates very well with the simulated ones that show the potential of the proposed design for MIMO applications at millimeter-wave frequencies.

Compact 5G Vivaldi Tapered Slot Filtering Antenna with Enhanced Bandwidth

Compact fifth-generation(5G)low-frequency band filtering antennas(filtennas)with stable directive radiation patterns,improved bandwidth(BW),and gain are designed,fabricated,and tested in this research.The proposed filtennas are achieved by combining the predesigned compact 5G(5.975–7.125 GHz)third-order uniform and non-uniform transmission line hairpin bandpass filters(UTL and NTL HPBFs)with the compact ultrawide band Vivaldi tapered slot antenna(UWB VTSA)in one module.The objective of this integration is to enhance the performance of 5.975–7.125GHz filtennas which will be suitable for modern mobile communication applications by exploiting the benefits of UWB VTSA.Based on NTL HPBF,more space is provided to add the direct current(DC)biassing circuits in cognitive radio networks(CRNs)for frequency reconfigurable applications.To overcome the mismatch between HPBFs and VTSA,detailed parametric studies are presented.Computer simulation technology(CST)software is used for the simulation in this study.Good measured S11 appeared to be<−13 and<−10.54 dB at 5.48–7.73 and 5.9–7.98GHz with peak realized gains of 6.37 and 6.27 dBi,for VTSA with UTL and NTL HPBFs,respectively which outperforms the predesigned filters.Validation is carried out by comparing the measured and simulated results.

Prospects of Technological Improvement of Nuclear and Environmental Safety of World Energy

Today, the most urgent problem of the existing and future nuclear power industry is to ensure the nuclear and environmental safety of the operation of nuclear power reactor units (NPPs) and nuclear power plants (NPPs). It is solved thanks to the application of deeply echeloned protection and an anti-accident complex of methods and means for effective control of the operation of active reactor zones (AZR). However, the danger of existing NPPs in the world from time to time manifests itself in the form of severe post-project accidents and catastrophes with the release into the environment of a significant amount of radioactive materials dangerous for all living things. The results of the analysis show that the unconditional fulfillment of the main requirements of nuclear environmental safety and biocompatibility is possible only in the so-called wave nuclear reactor of the G-V generation, which, unlike reactors of the previous generations III, II+ and IV, does not require supercritical loading of the core with nuclear fuel. In the active zone of this reactor, nuclear-physical processes governed by physical law are implemented, which exclude the operator’s participation in regulating the reactivity of the reactor’s active zone, which makes it the reactor with the highest level of nuclear and environmental safety today, which is based on the principles of so-called internal safety, free from the human factor. The possibility of burning nuclear fuel based on U238 and Th232 in it expands the reserves of energetic nuclear fuel almost to inexhaustibility. The technology of nuclear reactors of the G5 generation through the secondary use of spent irradiated nuclear fuel (SNF) for the production of energy and energy raw materials with simultaneous burning of it to an environmentally safe state is able to quickly reduce the available stocks and further production of dangerous SNF, guarantee the nuclear and environmental safety of NPPs with reactors G5 and to technologically make nuclear post-project accidents and disasters impossible at the level of physical law with the complete elimination of the human factor.

Tackling IoT Scalability with 5G NFV-Enabled Network Slicing

With emerging large volume and diverse heterogeneity of Internet of Things (IoT) applications, the one-size-fits-all design of the current 4G networks is no longer adequate to serve various types of IoT applications. Consequently, the concepts of network slicing enabled by Network Function Virtualization (NFV) have been proposed in the upcoming 5G networks. 5G network slicing allows IoT applications of different QoS requirements to be served by different virtual networks. Moreover, these network slices are equipped with scalability that allows them to grow or shrink their instances of Virtual Network Functions (VNFs) when needed. However, all current research only focuses on scalability on a single network slice, which is the scalability at the VNF level only. Such a design will eventually reach the capacity limit of a single slice under stressful incoming traffic, and cause the breakdown of an IoT system. Therefore, we propose a new IoT scalability architecture in this research to provide scalability at the NS level and design a testbed to implement the proposed architecture in order to verify its effectiveness. For evaluation, three systems are compared for their throughput, response time, and CPU utilization under three different types of IoT traffic, including the single slice scaling system, the multiple slices scaling system and the hybrid scaling system where both single slicing and multiple slicing can be simultaneously applied. Due to the balanced tradeoff between slice scalability and resource availability, the hybrid scaling system turns out to perform the best in terms of throughput and response time with medium CPU utilization.

Long-distance Tele-robotic-assisted Percutaneous Coronary Intervention:A Case Report of First-inpatient in China

Robotic-assisted percutaneous coronary intervention(R-PCI)is an innovative way of performing percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI)whereby the operator can manipulate coronary intraluminal guidewires and catheter devices by using remotely controlled technology.Performing tele-R-PCI from a remote location via fifth generation network communication technology has never been reported in China;however,if this were possible,the technique could be used to treat many patients with coronary artery disease who would otherwise not have the opportunity of treatment.The case of a 73-year-old male patient with coronary artery disease who underwent successful tele-R-PCI at 800 km from the operators is presented.Performing long-distance teleR-PCI in patients with coronary artery disease is feasible with predictably successful outcomes when reliable network connectivity and local cardiac catheterization facilities are present.

The Impact of Internet of Things Supported by Emerging 5G in Power Systems: A Review

The Internet of Things(IoT)is playing an important role in providing access to affordable,clean and green energy worldwide through the use of smart devices.The current electric power networks will be more reliable,secure,flexible and durable by implementing IoT in power systems.This paper presents a brief discussion about IoT contributions in the development of power systems from a generation,transmission,distribution and consumption point of view.5G cellular networks have a great potential for the development of IoT technology.Additionally,5G cellular networks can be instrumental in supporting the greater communication needs of IoT.This review provides a comprehensive analysis about the role of 5G cellular networks in the growth of IoT technology and power systems.Large amounts of data will be generated due to the incorporation of renewable energy,deployment of the smart grid and the improvements to the electricity market.In this way,in order to realize the connection between things and people,things and things and people and people in power systems,it is essential to apply IoT in power systems.In this case,5G is providing numerous advantages to Power IoT(PIoT)by offering greater opportunities in progress and improvements;however,there are also numerous challenges with the deployment of 5G in PIoT.Finally,this review article provides an overview of the role,implications and challenges of 5G in PIoT.

Over-the-air measurement for MIMO systems

Over-the-air(OTA)testing is an industry standard practice for evaluating transceiver performance in wireless devices.For the fifth generation(5G)and beyond wireless systems with high integration,OTA testing is probably the only reliable method to accurately measure the transceiver performance,suitable for certification as well as for providing feedback for design verification and optimization.Further,multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO)technology is extensively applied for stable connection,high throughput rate,and low latency.In this paper,we provide an overview of the three main methods for evaluating the MIMO OTA performance,namely,the multiprobe anechoic chamber(MPAC)method,the reverberation chamber plus channel emulator(RC+CE)method,and the radiated two-stage(RTS)method,with the aim of providing a useful guideline for developing effective wireless performance testing in future 5G-and-beyond wireless systems.

Non-ideal space division multiple access and its application

We study the performance of space division multiple access （SDMA） under a non-ideal engineering situation. When the SDMA channel is of high inter-layer correlation and the condition number is large, the multiple user multiple input and multiple output user equipment （MUMIMOUE） grouping should be optimized, and in some cases further dimension-reduction should be applied. As the channel measuring is always non-ideal, we use two methods, feedback mode and non-feedback mode, in terms of performance and overhead. It is proposed that the non-feedback mode is preferable even for some non-reciprocal channels. Prin- ciple analysis and test results are given.

Inter-operator radio interface based synchronization

The fourth generation （4G） wireless communication systems have been deployed or are soon to be deployed in many countries. However, with an .explosion of wireless mobile devices and services, there ~are still some challenges that cannot be accommodated even by the 4G, such as the spectrum crisis and inter-cell interference. Telecom operators have turned to commit themselves to share available resources, including hardware and software resources. Therefore, with the mutual infrastructure, the ＇integration＇ should be highlighted, especially in the fifth generation （5G） wireless systems that are expected to be deployed beyond 2020. The authors in the article proposed a potential cellular architecture, and discussed the inter-operator radio interface based synchronization （RIBS） for the 5G wireless communication systems. A scheme of inter-operator RIBS and typical scenarios, along with the analysis of the corresponding interference were given. Analysis of the shared parameters, signaling coordination of inter-operator RIBS and listening reference signal （RS） design for RIBS were also carried out.

Dynamic resource allocation schemes for eMBB and URLLC services in 5G wireless networks

The fifth generation(5G)of wireless networks features three core use cases,namely ultra-reliable and low latency communications(URLLC),massive machine type communications(mMTC),and enhanced mobile broadband(eMBB).These use cases co-exist in many practical scenarios and compete for the same set of time and frequency resources,resulting in a natural trade-off in their performance.In this paper,a network supporting both URLLC and eMBB modes of operation is studied.To guarantee the ultra low latency requirement of URLLC,a dynamic resource allocation scheme indicated by a two-dimensional bitmap is proposed.This approach is capable to achieve finer granularity as well as lower false cancellation rate compared to the state-of-the-art methods.A novel power control and indication method is also proposed to dynamically provide different power control parameters to the user equipment(UE),while guaranteeing the reliability requirement of URLLC and minimizing the impact to eMBB.In addition,we devise a dynamic selection mechanism(DSM)to accommodate diverse scenarios,which is empowered with load prediction to become more intelligent.Our extensive system-level simulation results for eMBB-URLLC co-existence scenarios showcase that the perceived throughput of eMBB UEs is increased by 45.3%,while about 13.3% more UEs are enjoying URLLC services with at most 84% transmit power savings compared to the state-of-the-art methods.

Coverage and rate analysis of user beam selection in mm-wave heterogeneous networks

Millimeter wave(mm-wave)communication is widely considered to be a promising technique for 5G(Fifth Generation)cellular systems.Owing to the high path loss of mm-wave channels,5G networks could employ a heterogeneous structure that consists of an MBS(Macro Base Station)and numerous SBSs(Small Base Stations).In this paper,we analyze the coverage and rate performance of an mm-wave heterogeneous network.Using user beam selection,we derive analytical expressions for the coverage probabilities of the SBSs and MBS.Furthermore,the average achievable rate for a typical user is also investigated.It is shown that the analytical results closely follow those of the simulations with marginal differences.