This article is set to investigate the special relations between the Soviet Union and Egypt in early Sadat administration, 1971-1974. The Soviet-Egypt special relations were based on three factors-international system...This article is set to investigate the special relations between the Soviet Union and Egypt in early Sadat administration, 1971-1974. The Soviet-Egypt special relations were based on three factors-international system, states, and decision-makers. From the perspective of international system, since U.S. and Israel were the status quo powers, and the Soviet Union and Egypt were the revisionist countries that aimed to challenge such an unfavorable power structure, Moscow and Cairo were forced to form a coalition; from the national level, the pursuit of common security instead of economic interests became the important factor of promoting Soviet-Egypt special relations; from the decision-making level, the Soviet leaders viewed Egypt as the bridgehead to expand her interests in the Middle East. Likewise, Sadat acknowledged that the Soviet Union was the main source of obtaining advanced weapons on the one hand, but meanwhile was concerned that the Soviet Union could manipulate Egyptian leadership and may interfere in the internal affairs of Sadat administration. In fact, the two governments’ elites established asymmetrical special relations based on expediency and convenience, and hence such special relations were doom to fall apart with the shuttle diplomacy of Henry Kissinger, the US Secretary of State in late 1973.展开更多
In recent years, we have entered a period of increasing impact of world affairs on national politics and international security. Notwithstanding, the present debate on national security and nuclear proliferation, Angl...In recent years, we have entered a period of increasing impact of world affairs on national politics and international security. Notwithstanding, the present debate on national security and nuclear proliferation, Anglo-American ＂special relations＂ continue to be a subject of vigorous discussion influenced by the impact of new international emergencies as unstable countries acquire nuclear power and refuse ＂to reign＂ in their nuclear programmes （The Globe and Mail, 12 January 2012）. Along these lines the 71st anniversary of the Anglo-American Manhattan Project presents a unique opportunity to reappraise the Anglo-American wartime collaboration （or lack of） in atomic energy developments that resulted in the tragedy of nuclear weapons escalation. The Quebec Agreements of 1943-1944 were crafted to address the controlled flow of scientific information. But did this mean a trend toward more effective collaboration or toward greater American control of the atomic project？ This study explores the subject of nuclear politics from an unique vantage point of Anglo-Canadian and American-Canadian atomic diplomacy. In doing so, it will show that both the American and British atomic policy makers violated the Quebec Agreements. It seeks to demonstrate that （1） in the tangle of competition replacing cooperation, Canada was more important to the American atomic monopolists than the Anglo-AmcTican partnership, （2） the US-Canada Trade and Defence Agreements contributed to United States retaining exclusive control of the ＂absolute weapon＂, and that （3） their post-war nuclear energy agenda delayed Britain＇s atomic venture and isolated Britain from full participation in Arctic research. In practical terms, the emerging atomic policy in Washington boiled down to maintaining the American edge, come what may, and reducing British prestige in the post-war world. The article concludes by raising the question： did the United States, Britain, and Canada really work for atomic control？展开更多
Special Lie symmetry and the Hojman conserved quantity for Appell equations in a dynamical system of relative motion are investigated. The definition and the criterion of the special Lie symmetry of Appell equations i...Special Lie symmetry and the Hojman conserved quantity for Appell equations in a dynamical system of relative motion are investigated. The definition and the criterion of the special Lie symmetry of Appell equations in a dynamical system of relative motion under infinitesimal group transformation are presented. The expression of the equation for the special Lie symmetry of Appell equations and the Hojman conserved quantity, deduced directly from the special Lie symmetry in a dynamical system of relative motion, are obtained. An example is given to illustrate the application of the results.展开更多
The mass-energy equation ?is derived in general from Newton’s equation of motion without use of electrodynamics, or Einstein’s Postulates which were presented in his superb 1905 paper on Special Relativity (SR). Thi...The mass-energy equation ?is derived in general from Newton’s equation of motion without use of electrodynamics, or Einstein’s Postulates which were presented in his superb 1905 paper on Special Relativity (SR). This was previously not thought to be possible. This novel derivation of an accelerated body of rest mass m0 is compared with the traditional SR inertial derivation. A discussion is given of pre-1905, electrostatic and electrodynamic derivations of the mass-energy relation yielding , as well as more recent ones. A concise pre-relativity history of the mass-energy relation is traced back to Newton in 1717.展开更多
EMSEV, Electromagnetic Studies of Earthquake and Volcanoes, set up in 2002, is a joint academic organization by multi-associations in IUGG （International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics）, including IAGA （Internatio...EMSEV, Electromagnetic Studies of Earthquake and Volcanoes, set up in 2002, is a joint academic organization by multi-associations in IUGG （International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics）, including IAGA （International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy）, IASPEI （International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth＇s Interior）, IAVCEI （International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth＇s Interior）.展开更多
Special Relativity sets tight constraints on the form of the possible relations between the four-momentum of a particle and the wave four-vector. In fact, we demonstrate that there is just one way, according to Specia...Special Relativity sets tight constraints on the form of the possible relations between the four-momentum of a particle and the wave four-vector. In fact, we demonstrate that there is just one way, according to Special Relativity, to relate the energy and the momentum of a corpuscle with the characteristics of a plane wave, frequency and wave vector, if the momentum has to flow in the same direction of the wave propagation: the laws must be of direct proportionality like de Broglie and Planck-Einstein equations.展开更多
文摘This article is set to investigate the special relations between the Soviet Union and Egypt in early Sadat administration, 1971-1974. The Soviet-Egypt special relations were based on three factors-international system, states, and decision-makers. From the perspective of international system, since U.S. and Israel were the status quo powers, and the Soviet Union and Egypt were the revisionist countries that aimed to challenge such an unfavorable power structure, Moscow and Cairo were forced to form a coalition; from the national level, the pursuit of common security instead of economic interests became the important factor of promoting Soviet-Egypt special relations; from the decision-making level, the Soviet leaders viewed Egypt as the bridgehead to expand her interests in the Middle East. Likewise, Sadat acknowledged that the Soviet Union was the main source of obtaining advanced weapons on the one hand, but meanwhile was concerned that the Soviet Union could manipulate Egyptian leadership and may interfere in the internal affairs of Sadat administration. In fact, the two governments’ elites established asymmetrical special relations based on expediency and convenience, and hence such special relations were doom to fall apart with the shuttle diplomacy of Henry Kissinger, the US Secretary of State in late 1973.
文摘In recent years, we have entered a period of increasing impact of world affairs on national politics and international security. Notwithstanding, the present debate on national security and nuclear proliferation, Anglo-American ＂special relations＂ continue to be a subject of vigorous discussion influenced by the impact of new international emergencies as unstable countries acquire nuclear power and refuse ＂to reign＂ in their nuclear programmes （The Globe and Mail, 12 January 2012）. Along these lines the 71st anniversary of the Anglo-American Manhattan Project presents a unique opportunity to reappraise the Anglo-American wartime collaboration （or lack of） in atomic energy developments that resulted in the tragedy of nuclear weapons escalation. The Quebec Agreements of 1943-1944 were crafted to address the controlled flow of scientific information. But did this mean a trend toward more effective collaboration or toward greater American control of the atomic project？ This study explores the subject of nuclear politics from an unique vantage point of Anglo-Canadian and American-Canadian atomic diplomacy. In doing so, it will show that both the American and British atomic policy makers violated the Quebec Agreements. It seeks to demonstrate that （1） in the tangle of competition replacing cooperation, Canada was more important to the American atomic monopolists than the Anglo-AmcTican partnership, （2） the US-Canada Trade and Defence Agreements contributed to United States retaining exclusive control of the ＂absolute weapon＂, and that （3） their post-war nuclear energy agenda delayed Britain＇s atomic venture and isolated Britain from full participation in Arctic research. In practical terms, the emerging atomic policy in Washington boiled down to maintaining the American edge, come what may, and reducing British prestige in the post-war world. The article concludes by raising the question： did the United States, Britain, and Canada really work for atomic control？
文摘Special Lie symmetry and the Hojman conserved quantity for Appell equations in a dynamical system of relative motion are investigated. The definition and the criterion of the special Lie symmetry of Appell equations in a dynamical system of relative motion under infinitesimal group transformation are presented. The expression of the equation for the special Lie symmetry of Appell equations and the Hojman conserved quantity, deduced directly from the special Lie symmetry in a dynamical system of relative motion, are obtained. An example is given to illustrate the application of the results.
文摘The mass-energy equation ?is derived in general from Newton’s equation of motion without use of electrodynamics, or Einstein’s Postulates which were presented in his superb 1905 paper on Special Relativity (SR). This was previously not thought to be possible. This novel derivation of an accelerated body of rest mass m0 is compared with the traditional SR inertial derivation. A discussion is given of pre-1905, electrostatic and electrodynamic derivations of the mass-energy relation yielding , as well as more recent ones. A concise pre-relativity history of the mass-energy relation is traced back to Newton in 1717.
文摘EMSEV, Electromagnetic Studies of Earthquake and Volcanoes, set up in 2002, is a joint academic organization by multi-associations in IUGG （International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics）, including IAGA （International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy）, IASPEI （International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth＇s Interior）, IAVCEI （International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth＇s Interior）.
文摘Special Relativity sets tight constraints on the form of the possible relations between the four-momentum of a particle and the wave four-vector. In fact, we demonstrate that there is just one way, according to Special Relativity, to relate the energy and the momentum of a corpuscle with the characteristics of a plane wave, frequency and wave vector, if the momentum has to flow in the same direction of the wave propagation: the laws must be of direct proportionality like de Broglie and Planck-Einstein equations.
