Kinetic Model of Gaseous Alkanes Formed from Coal in a Confined System and Its Application to Gas Filling History in Kuqa Depression,Tarim Basin,Northwest China

Based on the pyrolysis products for the Jurassic low-mature coal under programmed temperature,and chemical and carbon isotopic compositions of natural gas from the Kuqa Depression, the genetic origin of natural gas was determined,and then a gas filling model was established,in combination with the geological background of the Kuqa Depression.The active energy of CH_4,C_2H_6 and C_3H_8 was gotten after the data of pyrolysis gas products under different heating rates（2℃/h and 20℃/h）were fitted by the Gas Oil Ratio（GOR）Isotope Model soft.When the frequency factor（Af）was chosen as 1×10^（14）,the active energy of CH_4,C_2H_6 and C_3H_8 was 58 kcal/mol,57 kcal/mol and 54 kcal/ mol,respectively.The distributive ranges of theδ^（13）C_1,δ^（13）C_2 andδ^（13）C_3 values for the pyrolysis gas products are-35.9‰to-30.7‰,-26.2‰to-21.3‰and-26.4‰to-22.7‰,respectively.All of the natural gases from the Kuqa Depression are dominated by hydrocarbon gases,with the high gas dryness（C_1/C_（1-4））at the middle and northern parts of the depression and the low values at both east and west sides and the southern part.The carbon isotopes of methane and its homologs as a typical coal-type gas are enriched in ^（13）C,and the distributive range of theδ^（13）C_1,δ^（13）C_2 andδ^（13）C_3 value is-32‰to -38‰,-22‰to-24‰and-20‰to-22‰,respectively,with the carbon isotopes of gaseous alkanes being less negative with the carbon number.With the ethane being enriched in ^（13）C the increasing tendency of the geological reserve of natural gas in the Kuqa Depression is observed.This observed change is consistent with the results of pyrolysate gas yield of coal as a potential gas source in the Kuqa Depression,suggesting natural gas was thermally derived from the humic organic matters and the carbon isotopes of gaseous alkanes would coarsely predict the geological reserve of gas in the Kuqa Depression.Through the simulation of kinetic processes of gas generation for the Jurassic coal in the Kuqa Depression,the gas in the Kela 2 gas field would get the threshold of gas expulsion after 27 Ma,be expelled out of source rocks as＂pulse action＂,and then filled in the gas reservoir.The peak gas-filling history took place during the past 2 Ma.

Study on Basin-Filling and Reservoir Sedimentology of Zhu Ⅲ Depression of Pearl River Mouth Basin,South China Sea

Through basin-filling analysis, one coarsening-upward and two fining-upward sequences have been identified in Zhu Ⅲ depression. In accondance with the general model proposed by Ravnas and Steel (1998), the basin-filling has two large cycles—rift (sediment-balanced and -overfilled) and postrift (sedimentunderfilled and starved). During the rifting process, the rifted lake developed through three stages: early, climax and late. The sedimentary characteristics of reservoir rocks show that barrier bar, lagoon and tidal channel facies well developed in Zhuhai Formation; offshore, tidal and barrier bar well developed in Zhujiang Formation. Neighborly, Shenhu, Wenchang and Enping formations deposited in rifted lakes during Paleogene time; Zhujiang Formation deposited in bay, lagoon and shoreface in late Paleogene. Zhujiang and other formations deposited in offshore and open shallow sea to shelf.

富血小板血浆联合自体脂肪颗粒移植修复颞部凹陷

目的:探究富血小板血浆联合脂肪颗粒移植对颞部凹陷患者的填充效果。方法:选择2019年9月-2022年3月笔者医院收治的100例颞部凹陷患者为研究对象,按随机数字表法分为对照组(50例,给予自体脂肪颗粒移植治疗)和观察组(50例,给予富血小板血浆联合自体脂肪颗粒移植治疗),比较两组患者手术效果、手术指标、满意度以及并发症发生情况。结果:治疗后,观察组治疗总优良率为92.00%,高于对照组的76.00%(P<0.05);治疗后,观察组脂肪厚度高于对照组,且观察组平均手术次数及脂肪移植总量低于对照组(P<0.05);观察组并发症总发生率低于对照组(P<0.05);观察组患者评价及医生评价满意率高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:富血小板血浆联合自体脂肪颗粒移植能提高自体脂肪移植存活率,降低移植次数,填充效果显著。

自体脂肪颗粒联合PRF移植填充矫治面部凹陷的效果及PRF对移植脂肪成活率的影响

目的:研究自体脂肪颗粒联合富血小板纤维蛋白(Platelet-rich fibrin,PRF)移植填充矫治面部凹陷的效果及PRF对移植脂肪成活率的影响。方法:选取2019年3月-2021年12月在笔者医院择期行脂肪颗粒移植填充手术的120例面部凹陷女性就医者,按照随机分组原则分为观察组和对照组,每组60例。两组均采取脂肪颗粒移植手术,观察组在移植自体脂肪颗手术基础上联合富血小板纤维蛋白治疗。术后6个月,比较两组移植脂肪的成活率及治疗效果。结果:观察组移植成活率显著高于对照组(P<0.05),且观察组治疗效果显著优于对照组(P<0.05);两组血肿情况、局部感染情况、坏死、脂肪液化、破溃、纤维囊肿发生情况比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:自体脂肪颗粒移植联合PRF在面部凹陷填充中疗效确切,不仅提升了脂肪移植成活率,而且改善了面部凹陷情况,值得临床推广应用。

经眉上入路自体颗粒脂肪填充术矫正上睑凹陷

目的:探讨经眉上入路自体颗粒脂肪填充术对上睑凹陷就医者的修复效果。方法:选择2022年4月-2023年4月在笔者医院行经眉上入路自体颗粒脂肪填充术的23例(46眼)上睑凹陷就医者为研究对象,回顾性分析临床疗效、美学效果(画框面积)、上睑凹陷分级、就医者满意度以及并发症。结果:就医者总有效率为95.65%(22/23)。治疗后的画框面积[(2.40±0.69)cm^(2)vs(4.36±1.57)cm^(2)]明显小于治疗前(P<0.05)。治疗前的上睑凹陷分级为1级11例(47.83%),2级9例(39.13%),3级3例(13.04%);治疗后的上睑凹陷分级为1级19例(82.61%),2级4例(17.39%),3级0例,治疗后的上睑凹陷分级明显优于治疗前(P<0.05)。就医者满意度为95.65%(22/23)。23例就医者均无感染、血肿、脂肪液化、一过性上睑下垂、硬结等并发症。结论:经眉上入路自体颗粒脂肪填充术对上睑凹陷就医者的修复效果显著,美学效果好,能明显改善上睑凹陷程度,安全性高。

真皮脂肪组织游离移植在颌面部缺损凹陷矫治中的应用研究

目的:研究真皮脂肪组织游离移植美容方案的构建及其在颌面部缺损凹陷患者中应用。方法:选取2018年1月-2022年1月在笔者医院就诊的颌面部缺损凹陷的患者90例,按照随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组,每组45例。对照组患者采用颗粒脂肪填充术;观察组给予真皮脂肪组织游离移植。比较两组患者术后1 d、术后1周、术后4周及术后12周的有效率;比较两组患者治疗6个月后的瘢痕情况。比较两组患者满意度情况、不良反应发生率及需要二次手术率。结果:观察组术后1 d及术后1周有效率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后4周及术后12周,观察组有效率高于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗前,两组患者温哥华瘢痕量表(Vancouver scar scale,VSS)及石溪瘢痕评估量表(Stony brook scar evaluation scale,SBSES)比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗后6个月,观察组VSS评分低于对照组(P<0.05),SBSES评分高于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗后3个月,观察组患者VAS评分高于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗期间,两组患者不良反应发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗后3个月,观察组患者二次手术率低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:真皮脂肪组织游离移植治疗颌面部缺损具有良好的临床疗效,且患者满意度高,术后不良反应少。

Alkyl Naphthalenes and Phenanthrenes:Molecular Markers for Tracing Filling Pathways of Light Oil and Condensate Reservoirs

Condensates and light oils are generally characterized by high maturity, low concentration of sterane and terpane biomarkers and low content of non-hydrocarbon fraction. As a result, some commonly-used sterane, terpane and carbazole migration parameters in conventional oil reservoirs may have a certain limitation in condensate and light oil reservoirs for their poor signal-noise ratios in the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS）. Naphthalene, phenanthrene and their methylated substituents, however, are present in significant concentrations in condensates and light oils. Taking the Fushan depression （in the Beibuwan Basin, Northern South China Sea） as an example, this paper attempts for the first time to use polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon （PAH）-related parameters to trace migration directions and filling pathways for condensate and light oil reservoirs. The result shows that TMNr （i.e. 1, 3, 7-TMN/（1, 3, 7-TMN ＋ 1, 2, 5-TMN）, TMN： trimethylnaphthalene））, MPI-1 （i.e. 1.5×（2-MP ＋ 3-MP）/（P ＋ 1-MP ＋ 9-MP）, P： phenanthrene MP： methyiphenanthrene）, MN/DMN （∑methylnaphthalene/∑dimethylnaphthalene, %） and MN/TMN （∑nethylnaphthalene/∑trimethylna- phthalene, %） can be used to trace the filling pathways of condensate and light oil reservoirs. These parameters, together with geological consideration and other bulk oil properties （e.g. the gas to oil ratio and density）, suggest that the condensates and light oils in the Huachang oil and gas field are mainly sourced from the Bailian sag that is located to the northeast of the Huachang uplift in the Fushan depression.

Ni60/WC涂层表面圆凹坑皮秒激光加工关键参数研究

目的优化激光路径填充方式以减少皮秒加工圆凹坑底部的堆积现象,并探究基于该激光路径填充方式的皮秒激光关键参数对Ni60/WC涂层表面圆形凹坑形貌参数的影响规律。方法采用搭建的紫外皮秒激光微加工平台在Ni60/WC涂层表面加工预先规划的直径为230μm的圆凹坑,通过白光干涉仪测试加工所得圆凹坑的整体三维形貌对圆凹坑底部形貌进行表征。采用同心圆网格复合激光路径填充方式对圆凹坑底部堆积现象进行优化,并通过单因素法分析该路径下皮秒激光关键参数,即加工功率、扫描次数、扫描速度对圆形凹坑深度、直径和圆度系数的影响规律。结果通过优化的同心圆网格复合激光路径填充方式加工所得圆凹坑材料去除体积为7.59×106μm3,轮廓算术平均高度为21.37μm,对比原始的网格激光路径填充方式,加工的圆凹坑底部无明显堆积;基于此激光路径填充方式,在测试工艺参数范围内,圆凹坑深度、直径和圆度系数随激光功率的增大呈二次函数增大;随着扫描速度的增大,圆凹坑深度、直径呈线性减小,圆度系数呈线性增大;圆凹坑深度、直径和圆度系数随扫描次数的增加均呈线性增大。结论同心圆网格复合激光路径填充方式可以有效改善Ni60/WC涂层表面皮秒加工圆凹坑底部堆积现象,针对直径(230±5)μm、深度(30±5)μm的圆凹坑,优选出的皮秒激光加工参数范围为:激光功率6~7 W,扫描速度6000~8000 mm/s,扫描次数1~2次。

松辽盆地梨树断陷构造沉积学特征及发育机制

梨树断陷是一个具有复杂构造沉积特征的箕状断陷湖盆,在松辽盆地深层断陷群中具有代表性。本文以大量的三维地震与钻井资料为基础,通过构造解释与沉积学分析,揭示该区整个断陷过程中的构造与沉积特征,总结其演化规律,分析其控制因素,明确盆地的构造沉积学特征及演化机制;一方面为该区深层储层与圈闭预测研究提供地质依据,另一方面也为松辽盆地其他断陷的构造沉积学深入研究提供实例参考。研究表明,早白垩世的左旋拉伸应力背景及数次挤压构造活动造就了该区断陷过程中发育了多个亚构造阶段,经历了由断陷初期的多个“小而陡”的次级小断陷,向强烈断陷期的一个“西断东超”统一箕状断陷湖盆,再向断陷晚期的“盆缓、域广”浅水湖盆的演化历程。在断陷期的不同阶段,不整合面类型多样、成因各异;初始裂陷阶段区域地层抬升与断块掀斜均有发生,造成不整合的多类型样式;强烈断陷期更多发育断块旋转、掀斜造成的角度不整合;而在断陷晚期,平行不整合占据了更大的不整合面积比例,体现了地层整体抬升与沉降的结果。盆地沉积充填经历了由湖-扇沉积体系向辫状河体系的演变过程;强烈断陷阶段的各层序呈现“低位域逐渐萎缩,高位域所占比例不断增大”的层序结构变化特征;裂陷晚期层序则以“横向连续、纵向加积”为主要层序结构特征。

近岸水下扇扇体沉积新认识与油气勘探再实践——以济阳坳陷陡坡带为例

在济阳坳陷砂砾岩体油气勘探中,砂体复杂分布和油水差异聚集等问题引发了对现有近岸水下扇沉积充填样式的思考、探索和补充。为完善断陷湖盆陡坡带砂砾岩体发育模式提供实验素材和地质实例,在系统梳理前人研究硕果的基础上,通过开展水槽沉积模拟实验、解析沉积充填过程,并结合油气勘探实践论证。可将断陷湖盆陡坡带近岸水下扇分为扇根、扇中、扇间和扇端4种沉积亚相,并包括9种沉积微相;较之以往,补充建立了扇中坡积朵叶体微相和扇间侧向迁移朵叶体微相,前者多超覆在早期扇主体斜坡之上,纵向呈独特的前积式反旋回并表现为“底凹上凸”的外部形态,后者则以发育正粒序中—细砂岩为主,沉积充填特征显著;二者均与半深湖—深湖泥岩、扇端和扇间泥岩紧密接触,利于形成岩性圈闭;济阳坳陷陡坡带以坡积朵叶体和侧向迁移朵叶为勘探目标的多口井接连获得高产、稳产工业油气流,在勘探实践中验证了近岸水下扇扇体沉积新认识,拓宽了断陷湖盆砂砾岩体的勘探新空间。科学发展的动力之一来源于理论与实验的矛盾,油气地质学更是着重表现出“问题由实践中来,认识到实践中去”的特点,基于水槽模拟实验的沉积充填模式探讨是促进沉积学繁荣发展的有效手段。

松辽盆地长岭断陷构造演化及沉积充填特征

通过对长岭断陷岩心、录井、测井等资料的系统分析,结合全区三维地震精细解释,恢复了研究区断陷期岩相古地理面貌,识别出了湖泊、辫状河三角洲、扇三角洲和火山相等4种岩相类型,并进一步划分出了9种亚相和若干种微相。同时,在构造演化分析的基础上,对长岭断陷断陷期的沉积演化过程及充填特征进行了深入研究。研究表明:长岭断陷断陷期整体可划分为初始断陷期、快速断陷期和断陷萎缩期,其内部进一步识别出了火石岭末期、沙河子末期两期局部隆升和营城末期的构造反转。上述6个构造阶段分别对应了断陷初期充填阶段(火石岭期)、断陷初期剥蚀夷平阶段(火石岭末期)、快速断陷期充填阶段(沙河子期)、快速断陷期挤压剥蚀阶段(沙河子末期)、断陷萎缩期充填阶段(营城期)和断陷萎缩期挤压剥蚀阶段(营城末期)。

FAST型大射电望远镜选址洼地地形搜寻关键技术研究

500米口径球面射电望远镜(Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope,FAST)——“中国天眼”举世瞩目,是世界上最大的单口径射电望远镜。如果再建造几个FAST型大射电望远镜,开展联合观测,那么不仅可以进一步提高探测的灵敏度,也可以提高分辨率,从而拓展射电天文研究领域,这正是当前中国射电天文科学家的期盼,FAST型大射电望远镜选址洼地地形搜寻就是为实现这一期盼而开展的前期研究。当前,可以共享的地形数据数字高程模型(digital elevation model,DEM)资源已经实现洲际覆盖,且有不同的地面分辨率供选择;计算机技术发展带来了地形数据DEM处理分析能力大大增强,处理技术不断创新,分析表达实现了可仿真。为此,通过比较分析阿雷西博射电望远镜(Arecibo radio telescope,Arecibo)和FAST望远镜工程结构尺度、台址岩溶洼地地形的形态特点,提出500 m口径望远镜的理想洼地地形条件;在评价分析网络共享DEM地形数据的分辨率和数据质量的基础上,总结认为省级区域大射电望远镜选址以30 m分辨率的ASTER_GDEMV3数据为宜;在贵州全省大型洼地地形搜寻研究中,开发了基于ArcGIS平台提取洼地地形特征参数和拟合填挖方、叠合剖面等定量分析专题模块,归纳了应用ArcGIS主要工具搭建专题模块的关键步骤。研究结果解决了省级区域大型岩溶洼地地形搜寻中的关键技术,并提出了在实际工作中需要注意的几个问题。

基于DEM的Priority-flood并行填洼算法优化

针对大尺度数字高程模型无法适应单机内存,导致单机串行填洼算法无法计算的情况,对Barnes提出的并行PF填洼算法加以优化。基于spark实现了由Barnes提出的并行PF填洼算法,同时针对单张DEM未切分的情况,对该算法加以改进,设计了带光环的切分策略等一系列方法,将原算法一二阶段的同步处理变为异步,节约了原算法耗时。在进行2600亿单元(10 m数据集)的填洼实验中,该方法与原方法填洼结果一致,且比原算法缩短了37%的处理时间,提高了并行填洼的计算效率。

Total alkyl dibenzothiophenes content tracing the filling pathway of condensate reservoir in the Fushan Depression,South China Sea

The condensates are generally characterized by high maturity,low concentration of steranes and ter-panes biomarkers and low content of non-hydrocarbon fraction. In this case commonly used steranes,terpanes and carbazoles parameters cannot be effectively applied in the reservoir-filling tracing. The hydrogen bond formed by sulfur atom in the dibenzothiophenes (DBTs) results in molecule adsorption and fractionation during oil migration in reservoir. Like carbazoles,total DBTs content decreases with the increasing of oil migration distance. Therefore,a new parameter——total DBTs content is proposed to be used to trace the oil migration orientation and filling pathway. In present study,total DBTs con-tents of condensates and light oils are obtained by adding internal standard——eight deuterium atoms substituted DBT during Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry analysis of aromatic fraction. Except for a few samples with much lower content of non-hydrocarbon fraction,the total DBTs content shows a fine positive correlation with that of carbazoles. Large errors can be caused in the process of pyrrolic nitrogen compounds separation. The application of this new parameter in the Fushan Depression of Beibu Gulf Basin,South China Sea indicates that this parameter is a reliable one to trace filling pathway in condensate reservoirs. Combined with other DBTs-related parameters,such as 4-/1-methydibenzo-thiophene and 2,4-/1,4-dimethyldibenzothiophene,oil migration orientation and filling pathway of the Fushan Depression was determined. The accumulations of Huachang oil field in the Fushan Depres-sion are mainly migrated and charged from northeast to southeast along the Huachang uplift. It can be predicated that the light oil and condensates in the Huachang oil field should be sourced from the source kitchen at the Bailian Sag. It shows that total DBTs content is an effective parameter to tracing oil migration orientation and filling pathway.

Depositional sequence architecture and filling response model of the Cretaceous in the Kuqa depression,the Tarim basin

The Cretaceous system of the Kuqa depression is a regional scale (second order) depositional sequence defined by parallel unconformities or minor angular unconformities. It can be divided into four third-order sequence sets, eleven third-order sequences and tens of fourth- and fifth-order sequences. It consists generally of a regional depositional cycle from transgres-sion to regression and is composed of three sets of facies associations: alluvial-fluvial, braided river-deltaic and lacustrine-deltaic facies associations. They represent the lowstand, transgres-sive and highstand facies tracts within the second-order sequence. The tectonic subsidence curve reconstructed by backstripping technique revealed that the Cretaceous Kuqa depression underwent a subsidence history from early accelerated subsidence, middle rapid subsidence and final slower subsidence phases during the Cretaceous time, with the correspondent tectonic subsidence rates being 3035 m/Ma, 4045 m/Ma and 510 m/Ma obtained from northern foredeep. This is likely attributed to the foreland dynamic process from early thrust flexural sub-sidence to late stress relaxation and erosion rebound uplift. The entire sedimentary history and the development of the three facies tracts are a response to the basin subsidence process. The slower subsidence foreland gentle slope was a favorable setting for the formation of braided flu-vial deltaic systems during the late period of the Cretaceous, which comprise the important sandstone reservoirs in the depression. Sediment records of impermanent marine transgression were discovered in the Cretaceous and the major marine horizons are correctable to the high-stands of the global sea level during the period.

Organic Geochemical and Fluid Inclusion Evidence for Filling Stages of Natural Gas and Bitumen in Volcanic Reservoir of Changling Faulted Depression,Southeastern Songliao Basin

Recently,volcanic gas reservoirs in Yaoyingtai （腰英台） and Daerhan （达尔罕） tectonic belts in Changling （长岭） faulted depression of southeastern Songliao （松辽） basin have been discovered.Based on the compositions and isotopic values,the natural gas is characterized by high content of methane,low content of C2＋,and C1/C1-5 beyond 0.95.Also,the natural gas contains nonhydrocarbons including carbon dioxide with the content from 20% to 40% and minor amount of N2.Combined with the isotopic values,the natural gas is generated by humic kerogen and coal-derived type,but in Daerhan,the natural gas is probably mixed by oil type gas.From the measurement of lithology and fluid inclusions in volcanic rocks,the bitumen,liquid hydrocarbon,and gas hydrocarbon inclusions are present.Through the analysis of the single gas inclusion in volcanic reservoir,the content of carbon dioxide is low,so the carbon dioxide and hydrocarbon gas of the reservoirs are not accumulated at the same time.In addition,minor amount of bitumen in the reservoirs is formed by thermal evolution of the crude oils sourced from the Yingcheng （营城） Formation mudstones through the characterizations of the biomarkers.The distribution of homogenization temperatures presents two peaks,one with the liquid hydrocarbon filling stage,and the other with gas filling stage.However,in Daerhan tectonic belt,the second peak is gas and carbon dioxide mixed filling period probably.Combined with the homogenization temperatures of salt water inclusions,the oil and gas filling period is from Qingshankou （青山口） Formation to Nenjiang （嫩江） Formation in the research area.During the charging period,minor amount of inorganic carbon dioxide filled into the trap,but plenty of inorganic carbon dioxide from the end of Sifangtai （四方台） to Eogene periods was related with the structural movement.

面部动态性凹陷的形成与矫治

面部动态性凹陷是指在面部表情活动时出现或加重的动态性的皮肤凹陷,主要包括面颊部的酒窝和在表情肌与真皮层之间形成瘢痕的凹陷性畸形。本文就不同类型面部动态性凹陷形成的机制、畸形矫正方法进行综述。

Efficient Priority-Flood depression filling in raster digital elevation models

Depressions in raster digital elevation models(DEM)present a challenge for extracting hydrological networks.They are commonly filled before subsequent algorithms are further applied.Among existing algorithms for filling depressions,the Priority-Flood algorithm runs the fastest.In this study,we propose an improved variant over the fastest existing sequential variant of the Priority-Flood algorithm for filling depressions in floating-point DEMs.The proposed variant introduces a series of improvements and greatly reduces the number of cells that need to be processed by the priority queue(PQ),the key data structure used in the algorithm.The proposed variant is evaluated based on statistics from 30 experiments.On average,our proposed variant reduces the number of cells processed by the PQ by around 70%.The speed-up ratios of our proposed variant over the existing fastest variant of the Priority-Flood algorithm range from 31%to 52%,with an average of 45%.The proposed variant can be used to fill depressions in large DEMs in much less time and in the parallel implementation of the Priority-Flood algorithm to further reduce the running time for processing huge DEMs that cannot be dealt with easily on single computers.

塔里木盆地古近系层序地层研究

运用露头、钻井岩心及测井层序地层学的有关理论方法,对塔里木盆地周边露头及盆地内钻井剖面的古近系进行了详细的沉积学和层序地层学研究,共识别出6个三级层序界面,把塔里木盆地古近系划分为5个三级层序。其中,古新世—始新世早期(库姆格列木群沉积期)发育3个层序,从下到上为S1,S2和S3。S1大致相当于库姆格列木群底部的砾岩段、膏泥岩段到白云岩段,在塔西南地区相当于土依洛克组。S2和S3大致相当于库车坳陷库姆格列木群上部两套膏盐岩段以及塔西南坳陷阿尔塔什组-齐姆根组及卡拉塔尔组-乌拉根组的两套膏盐岩段。始新世晚期—渐新世(苏维依组沉积期)发育1～2个三级层序,即S4和S5。S4相当于库车坳陷的苏维依组和塔西南坳陷巴什布拉克组的主体,S5仅在部分钻井中见到,以苏维依组顶部局部发育的扇三角洲相砂砾岩为代表。在这些层序中,低位体系域往往以发育扇三角洲分流河道及辫状河道相砂砾岩以及咸化潟湖或蒸发台地相厚层膏盐岩为特征,而水进体系域多以滨浅湖相泥岩和粉砂岩为主,高位体系域则主要为碳酸盐岩及富泥质的沉积序列。

印制电路板电镀填盲孔的影响因素

以某公司电镀填盲孔的电镀液体系为研究对象,在500 m L哈林槽中模拟电镀线,系统地考察了电镀液配方(硫酸铜、硫酸、湿润剂、光亮剂、整平剂和氯离子的浓度以及添加剂相互作用)、电镀参数(电流密度和电镀时间)以及盲孔几何尺寸(深径比0.6∶1和1.07∶1)等化学和物理因素对FR-4基材盲孔电镀填孔的影响。以盲孔填孔率、凹陷度、表层镀铜厚度等指标综合评价盲孔填孔效果并用金相显微镜观察孔的横截面。结果表明,在适宜的电镀条件下,该电镀液体系对印制电路板盲孔的填孔效果良好。但是,适宜的电镀参数和电镀液配方与盲孔几何尺寸显著相关。