Water and nitrogen transport characteristics of single-line interference infiltration under film hole irrigation with muddy water and fertilizer

Based on the experimental data,this study investigated the effect of sand content of muddy water on water and nitrogen transport characteristics of the single-line interference infiltration under film hole irrigation with muddy water and fertilizer.The relationship between the single-line interference infiltration parameters,the sand content,the wetting front movement distances,and the sand content were all established.The model of the cumulative infiltration volume of per unit film pore area,the vertical and horizontal wetting front movement distance of the free surface,and the wetting front movement distance of the interference center with sand content and infiltration time were proposed.Reveal the law of the change of soil water content and the distribution of NO_(3)^(-)-N content based on different muddy water sand content.The results indicate that at the same infiltration time,as the muddy water sand content increases,the cumulative infiltration volume per unit pore area decreases.The infiltration index of the free infiltration and the single-line interference vary little when the sand content increases,mainly are around 0.64 and 0.58.The relationship between infiltration parameters a,b and the sand content is linear function.At the same location,the more the sand content,the smaller the wetting front movement distance in free surface and the single-line interference surface,the less the NO_(3)^(-)-N content.

Effects of initial soil moisture content on soil water and nitrogen transport under muddy water film hole infiltration

Film hole irrigation has been widely adopted as an effective water-saving irrigation technology in the arid and semiarid areas of China.To investigate the effects of initial soil moisture content(θ0)on soil water and nitrogen transport characteristics under muddy water film hole infiltration,the laboratory experiments were conducted with muddy water film hole infiltration,using five initial soil moisture content treatments.The models for describing the relationships between the cumulative infiltration(I(t))and infiltration duration(t);the relationship among the horizontal and vertical migration distances of the wetting front(Fx,Fz),θ0 and t,were established.The results showed that the initial soil moisture content had a significant effect on I(t),Fx,Fz and moisture content distribution in the wetted body.The change of I(t)over t conformed to Kostiakov model.With the increase ofθ0,the infiltration coefficient(K)gradually decreased.NO-3-N was mainly distributed in the range of the wetting radius of 15 cm,while NH+4-N was mainly distributed in the range of the wetting radius of 8 cm.This study can provide a theoretical basis and technical support for film hole irrigation.

Effects of Trenched Film Hole Configurations on the Endwall Film Cooling and Suction Side Phantom Cooling

To maximize the turbine thermal efficiency, modern gas turbine’s inlet temperature is significantly augmented within the past few decades. To prolong the lifespan of gas turbines, many efficient cooling techniques have been proposed and applied in the endwall cooling schemes. However, conventional discrete film hole does not take effect at the leading edge nearby region. In this research, how the trenched film hole configurations affects the endwall cooling and phantom cooling characteristics were deeply studied by using a verified approach. Steady 3D Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS) governing equations together with the shear stress transport(SST) k-w turbulence model have been solved. Firstly, results indicate that trenched film holes greatly influence the cooling effectiveness at leading edge nearby region compared to normal case. Nevertheless, suction side phantom cooling is hardly influenced by the trenched film holes. Secondly, the case with a smaller trench width obtains higher endwall cooling effectiveness, particularly at upstream region. More importantly, the cases with W=3D achieve large cooling effectiveness at leading edge nearby region with little influence by trench depth. Additionally, majority of trenched film holes coolant flow is driven towards middle passage. Therefore, the suction side phantom cooling is unaffected by the trenched film holes.

Effect of Diffusively Shaped Holes on the Turbulent Flow Field of a Film Cooling Plate

The gas turbine blades with diffusion film cooling holes are newlydeveloped blade struc- tures in the hydrogen combustion gas turbine,which has an extremely high inlet gas temperature (1700 deg. C). TheFluid Machinery Laboratory of Nagoya Institute o Technology conductedfirstly a new research o the turbulent flow field over the gasturbine blade with diffusion film cooling holes in Japan. Normal-typeand X-ray hot wires were applied in the measurement of the flowfield.

Data mining optimization of laidback fan-shaped hole to improve film cooling performance

To improve the cooling performance, shape optimization of a laidback fan-shaped film cooling hole was performed. Three geometric parameters, including hole length, lateral expansion angle and forward expansion angle, were selected as the design parameters. Numerical model of the film cooling system was established, validated, and used to generate 32 groups of training samples. Least square support vector machine(LS-SVM) was applied for surrogate model, and the optimal design parameters were determined by a kind of chaotic optimization algorithm. As hole length, lateral expansion angle and forward expansion angle are 90 mm, 20° and 5°, the area-averaged film cooling effectiveness can reach its maximum value in the design space. LS-SVM coupled with chaotic optimization algorithm is a promising scheme for the optimization of shaped film cooling holes.

Numerical investigation of particle deposition on converging slot-hole film-cooled wall

Numerical research on the dilute particles movement and deposition characteristics in the vicinity of converging slot-hole(console) was carried out, and the effect of hole shape on the particle deposition characteristics was investigated. The EI-Batsh deposition model was used to predict the particle deposition characteristics. The results show that the console hole has an obvious advantage in reducing particle deposition in comparison with cylindrical hole, especially under higher blowing ratio. The coolant jet from console holes can cover the wall well. Furthermore, the rotation direction of vortices near console hole is contrary to that near cylindrical hole. For console holes, particle deposition mainly takes place in the upstream area of the holes.

Study of Turbulent Flow of Film Cooling Holes with Lateral Expanded Exits

Hot wire measurements and flow visualization are presented for studying the turbulent flow field over a flat gas turbine film cooling blade with lateral expanded holes. Three mass flux ratios of jet to free stream, M = 0.5, 0.89, 1.5, are tested. The streamwise velocity, the turbulent intensities and the Reynolds shear stress are measured. The effect of the lateral expanded holes on the improvement of the turbulent flow field for film cooling of gas turbines can be analyzed from the measured spatial di...

Influence of Turbulators in Blade Cooling Passages on Film Hole Discharge Coefficients

This paper details the results of a joint project between Rolls-Royce Deutschland (RRD) and the Northwestern Polytechnical University of China (NWPU). The objective of the project was the determination of the influence of tabulators in turbine blade cooling passages on film hole discharge coefficients (Cd coefficients). A large-scale plexiglas model was used by the NWPU to measure the turbulator influence on Cd coefficients for a wide range of different geometrical parameters, Reynolds numbers and cooling flow off take ratios. RRD specified the comprehensive test matrix and analysed the test data. The CFD code FLUENT was used by RRD for numerical simulation of the test cases with the main objective to support the interpretation of observed trends. Both, experimental and numerical results will be presented in this paper for a selection of test configurations.

Heptad Phase Vortex Array in Extremely Deep Fresnel Diffraction Region Generated by Asymmetrical Metal Subwavelength Holes Film

We report a heptad vortex array structure in the wave fields in an extremely deep Fresnel diffraction region by asymmetrical subwavelength holes in a metal film illuminated with linearly polarized light. A Mach Zehnder interferometer with a microscopic objective is used to record the wave fields at different distance＆ and the phase maps are extracted by Fourier transform of the interference intensities. We study the evolutions of the heptad vortex array with distance from the sample to the object plane. To explain the formations and the evolutions of the vortex array, we calculate the diffracted wave fields with Kirchhoff＇s diffraction theory. The calculations are basically consistent with the experimental results, and the properties of the heptad vortex array structure are reasonably explained.

Study on characteristics of a double-conductible channel organic thin-film transistor with an ultra-thin hole-blocking layer

The properties of top-contact organic thin-film transistors （TC-OTFTs） using ultra-thin 2, 9-dimethyl-4, 7- diphenyl-1, 10-phenanthroline （BCP） as a hole-blocking interlayer have been improved significantly and a BCP interlayer was inserted into the middle of the pentacene active layer. This paper obtains a fire-new transport mode of an OTFT device with double-conductible channels. The accumulation and transfer of the hole carriers arc limited by the BCP interlayer in the vertical region of the channel. A huge amount of carriers is located not only at the interface between pentacene and the gate insulator, but also at the two interfaces of pentacene/BCP interlayer and pentacene/gate insulator, respectively. The results suggest that the BCP interlayer may be useful to adjust the hole accumulation and transfer, and can increase the hole mobility and output current of OTFTs. The TC-OTFTs with a BCP interlayer at VDS = --20 V showed excellent hole mobility μFE and threshold voltage VTH of 0.58 cm^2/（V-s） and -4.6 V, respectively.

Analysis of Film Cooling Effectiveness on Shaped Hole and Antivortex Hole

Film cooling is introduction of a secondary fluid （coolant or injected fluid） at one or more discrete locations along a surface exposed to a high temperature environment to protect that surface not only in the immediate region of injection but also downstream region. This paper numerically investigated the film cooling effectiveness on two types of hole geometries which are cut-shaped hole and antivortex hole. The 3D computational geometries are modeled with a single 30 deg angled hole on a flat surface. The different blowing ratios of 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5,5 and k-Epsilon turbulence model are used in this study. A two dimensional distribution of film cooling effectiveness in the downstream region of the cooling hole is performed. A comparison of spanwise averaged effectiveness is also performed in the field starts from center point of hole to X/D=-30.

Hybrid RANS-LES of Shaped Hole Film Cooling on an Adiabatic Flat Plate at Low Reynolds Number

Hybrid RANS-LES methods offer a means of reducing computational cost and setup time to simulate transitional flows. Several methods are evaluated in ANSYS CFX, including Scale-Adaptive Simulation (SAS), Shielded Detached Eddy Simulation (SDES), Stress-Blended Eddy Simulation (SBES), and Zonal Large Eddy Simulation (ZLES), along with a no-model laminar simulation. Each is used to simulate an adiabatic flat plate film cooling experiment of a shaped hole at low Reynolds number. Adiabatic effectiveness is calculated for Blowing Ratio (BR) = 1.5 and Density Ratio (DR) = 1.5. The ZLES method and laminar simulation most accurately match experimental lateral-average adiabatic effectiveness along the streamwise direction from the trailing edge of the hole to 35 hole diameters downstream of the hole (X/D = 0 to X/D = 35), with RMS deviations of 5.1% and 4.2%, and maximum deviations of 8% and 11%, respectively. The accuracy of these models is attributed to the resolution of turbulent structures in not only the mixing region but in the upstream boundary layer as well, where the other methods utilize RANS and do not switch to LES.

镍基单晶高温合金近服役环境性能研究进展

航空发动机与燃气轮机作为国之重器,对保障国防安全和能源安全具有重要意义。随着发动机效率的不断提升,涡轮进气口温度不断提高。先进叶片往往采用高代次单晶高温合金材料制备,具有薄壁、多孔复杂冷却结构,且表面涂覆先进涂层,因而先进单晶叶片结构越来越精细复杂,服役过程中叶片不同部位温度场、应力场分布变化更大,其损伤机制无法通过传统棒状试样的变形损伤机制完全体现。基于先进单晶叶片的结构特点及服役环境特点,综述了叶片结构(薄壁、气膜孔)、二次枝晶取向(二次取向)及先进涂层等单一因素及多因素耦合作用对单晶合金拉伸、蠕变及疲劳等典型性能的影响规律及损伤机理研究,并对镍基单晶高温合金近服役环境性能研究的发展方向进行展望。

Simulation and analysis of phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor based on enhanced optical transmission through arrays of nanoholes in silver films

A high spatial resolution, phase-sensitive Surface Plasmon Resonance(SPR) sensor based on Extraordinary Optical Transmission(EOT) is proposed to monitor the binding of organic and biological molecules to the silver surface. The 2D nanohole-array configuration is well suited for dense integration in a sensor chip. The optical geometry is collinear, which simplifies the alignment with respect to the traditional Kretschmann arrangement for SPR sensing. Various design parameters of the device have been studied by simulation. The heterodyne technique is used to improve the sensitivity. The optimization results indicate that the sensor has the advantages of achieving high resolution and a wide dynamic range simultaneously.

BTA深孔连接器设计及油膜压力研究

针对BTA加工过程中刀具系统刚性不足和径向受力不平衡的问题,基于流体动压润滑原理设计一种BTA深孔连接器。连接器包括双桥应变片和可倾瓦块,利用油膜支撑刚度增大刀具系统的刚性,并通过实时调整油膜压力抵消同步检测的不平衡径向力。建立可倾瓦块的数学模型,推导出油膜厚度公式,进一步得出油膜压力的计算公式。基于Fluent软件对连接器进行流体仿真,采用单因素实验法,分析不同条件下可倾瓦块受到的油膜压力的变化规律。结果表明:BTA加工过程中,通过调节工件转速、切削液黏度、瓦块倾角和瓦块包角等参数调整油膜压力,进而实现增大刀具系统刚性和抵消不平衡径向力的目的。

高温合金气膜孔的高速水基磨粒两相流光整研究

随着先进航空发动机对涡轮前燃气温度需求不断提升,气膜孔冷却作为涡轮叶片高效冷却的核心技术,对激光加工气膜孔的粗糙表面进行光整处理对于涡轮叶片的冷却性能和使用寿命具有重要意义,然而现有常见的磨粒流抛光、磨料水射流抛光、磁力抛光、化学抛光等光整方法均存在一定的局限性。研究基于新型高速水基磨粒两相流技术,通过调控磨抛压力、加工时间对激光加工的DD6镍基单晶高温合金叶片圆型气膜孔进行光整探索,采用金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、激光共聚焦扫描显微镜等表征手段对比分析磨抛前后气膜孔的端口孔型尺寸、内壁微观形貌及表面粗糙度。结果表明:磨抛压力是影响气膜孔尺寸精度与质量的第一核心因素,磨抛压力过小则磨抛效果不明显,磨抛压力过大则极易诱发微裂纹并向基体内部蔓延而最终导致片状剥离或崩口,使得气膜孔尺寸精度及内壁质量下降。当磨抛压力为6 MPa、磨抛时间为90 min时,气膜孔内壁重熔层已基本完全去除,孔径扩大尺寸为0.024 mm,圆度最佳、倒角最大为0.1 mm,表面粗糙度由原始孔4.85μm显著降低至0.80μm,尺寸精度控制与内壁质量提升均较为理想。

基于叶片三维模型的气膜冷却孔自动化电火花加工

基于UG NX软件的涡轮叶片三维模型,研究了一套气膜冷却孔加工信息自动化提取方法和实现算法,集成了气膜冷却孔孔轴偏角与加工点位的自动提取、不同坐标系的适应性配准、叶片位姿调整偏角与变换坐标值的自动输出、分层获取扩散孔结构与圆直孔深度信息、自动补偿工具电极半径与放电间隙、优化扫描加工轨迹等功能,实现了电火花扫描加工扩散孔与电火花高速穿孔加工圆直孔的组合工艺自动化加工过程,并通过实验验证了该方法及其实现算法的实用性。

Discharge Coefficient of 3-in-1 Hole with Various Inclination Angle and Hole Pitch

Discharge coefficients of 3-in-1 hole of three inclination angles and three spacing between holes are presented which described the discharge behavior of a row of holes. The inlet and outlet of the 3-in-1 hole both have a 15° lateral expansion. The flow conditions considered are mainstream turbulence intensities and density ratios of secondary flow to mainstream. The momentum flux ratios varied in the range from 1 to 4. The comparison is made of the discharge coefficients of three shaped holes to find an optimal hole with low flow loss. The results show that the discharge coefficients of 3-in- 1 hole are highest in three shaped holes and therefore this article is focused on the measurements of discharge coefficients of 3-in-1 hole for various geometries and aerodynamic parameters. The measured results of 3-in-1 hole indicate that turbulence intensities, density ratios and momentum flux ratios have weak influence on discharge coefficients for inclination angle of 20°. The high turbulence intensity yields the small discharge coefficients for inclination angle of 45° and 90°. The increased both momentum flux ratios and density ratios lead to the increased discharge coefficients for inclination angle of 45° and 90°. The increased inclination angle causes the rapidly increased discharge coefficients. There is a weak dependence of discharge coefficients on hole pitches.

多因素影响下膜孔灌单向交汇入渗特性

为研究膜孔直径、膜孔间距、土壤初始体积含水率、入渗水头4个因素对膜孔灌单向交汇入渗特性的影响,通过室内土箱入渗试验资料来验证HYDRUS-3D模拟膜孔灌单向交汇入渗过程的可靠性,用HYDRUS-3D模拟不同膜孔直径、膜孔间距、土壤初始体积含水率、入渗水头条件下的单向交汇入渗过程,分析各因素耦合条件下单向交汇入渗规律,分别建立了各影响因素与单位膜孔面积累积入渗量、交汇时间、交汇面面积之间的经验模型.结果表明:4个因素对单位膜孔面积累积入渗量的影响程度从大到小依次为膜孔直径、土壤初始体积含水率、膜孔间距、入渗水头;对膜孔交汇入渗交汇发生时间的影响程度从大到小依次为膜孔间距、膜孔直径、土壤初始体积含水率、入渗水头;对入渗结束时交汇面湿润体面积的影响程度从大到小依次为膜孔直径、膜孔间距、土壤初始体积含水率、入渗水头.该研究结果可为确定最优膜孔灌技术要素组合提供理论依据.

炮孔壁初始冲击压力直接测量试验研究

基于电测法构建出一套测试系统对孔壁压力进行直接测量,以获得现场岩石炮孔中的孔壁压力实测数据,根据灵敏度、抗冲击和抗干扰能力等参数,选择PVDF压电传感器作为压力测试系统的敏感元件;根据爆炸荷载的加载特性,选择并联25Ω碳膜电阻的电流模式作为系统的测试电路;最后根据带宽、采样率等参数选择示波器进行数据采集。将测试系统应用于高速公路边坡爆破开挖中,试验得到炮孔壁轴向距炸药0、0.1、0.2、0.3 m 4个位置的压力时程曲线,结果表明:在90/32的装药条件下,轴向距炸药0~0.3 m范围内,孔壁峰值压力范围为1 446~156 MPa;各测点的压力上升时间为6.1~1.5μs,距离炸药越近、压力上升时间越长;对试验值进行拟合,发现在轴向距炸药0~0.3 m范围内孔壁压力峰值呈幂函数递减。试验验证了孔壁压力直接测试系统的可靠性。