Mitigation of Transients in Capacitor Coupled Substations Using Traditional RLC Filter Techniques

This article presents an extensive examination and modeling of Capacitor Coupled Substations (CCS), noting some of their inherent constraints. The underlying implementation of a CCS is to supply electricity directly from high-voltage (HV) transmission lines to low-voltage (LV) consumers through coupling capacitors and is said to be cost-effective as compared to conventional distribution networks. However, the functionality of such substations is susceptible to various transient phenomena, including ferroresonance and overvoltage occurrences. To address these challenges, the study uses simulations to evaluate the effectiveness of conventional resistor-inductor-capacitor (RLC) filter in mitigating hazardous overvoltage resulting from transients. The proposed methodology entails using standard RLC filter to suppress transients and its associated overvoltage risks. Through a series of MATLAB/Simulink simulations, the research emphasizes the practical effectiveness of this technique. The study examines the impact of transients under varied operational scenarios, including no-load switching conditions, temporary short-circuits, and load on/off events. The primary aim of the article is to assess the viability of using an established technology to manage system instabilities upon the energization of a CCS under no-load circumstances or in case of a short-circuit fault occurring on the primary side of the CCS distribution transformer. The findings underscore the effectiveness of conventional RLC filters in suppressing transients induced by the CCS no-load switching.

AC Line Filter Electrochemical Capacitors:Materials,Morphology,and Configuration

Recently,more and more supercapacitors(SCs)have been developed as AC line filter capacitors,which are generally named AC line filter electrochemical capacitors(FECs).Compared to traditional bulky aluminum electrolytic capacitors(AECs),FECs have higher capacity and lower space occupancy,which makes them a strong competitor.However,different from the common SCs for energy storage,it is necessary to consider the frequency response of the SCs for AC line filtering,where the contradiction between frequency response and specific capacitance is a challenge.The researchers have proposed different solutions from the perspective of materials,morphology,and configuration for this challenge.Based on the above background,in this review,we briefly introduce the principle and parameters of AC line filter electrochemical capacitors.We systematically summarize the state-of-the-art progresses of FECs and discuss their possible application and development in the future.The development of FECs can greatly promote the planarization,integration,and miniaturization of filter capacitors,and provide a new solution for the utilization of green and unstable energy.

HIGH SELECTIVITY SC BANDPASS FILTERS WITH LESS CAPACITOR SPREAD

Two novel switched-capacitor(SC)bandpass filters using a single operational am-plifier(op amp)are presented.Optimal designs for minimizing capacitor spread are also given.Gain-bandwidth product(GB)effects of op amps on the proposed SC circuits are taken intoconsideration.Comparisons with the proposed circuits and the circuits given by the literatureshow that the new circuits require less chip area in monolithic integration and are less sensitiveto the GB effects.

NOVEL LINEAR TRANSFORMATION SWITCHED-CAPACITOR FILTER DESIGN

This paper presents a novel method that is applied to realize the Linear Transformation(LT)Switched-Capacitor Filter(SCF).It adopts the Voltage Control Voltage Source(VCVS)equalized transfor-mation to revise the original LC ladder filter and induce it into 16 basic sections and then extend the princi-ple of the LT in order to fit active and 3 port networks and give out switched-capacitor circuits corre-sponding to the 16 basic sections,which can realize all four kinds of filters——LP,HP,BP,BS filters.De-signed examples are given here.An Nth order filter only requires N amplifiers and the circuit is insensitive toparasitic capacitances.The experimental results of a 3rd order elliptic LP and a 6th order elliptic BP are giv-en and agree with the theory.

Tunable Bandwidth Third Order Switched-Capacitor with Multiple Feedbacks Filter for Different Center Frequencies

This paper proposes third order tunable bandwidth active Switched-Capacitor filter. The circuit consists of only op-amps and switched capacitors. The circuit is designed for circuit merit factor Q = 10. The proposed circuit implements three filter functions low pass, band pass and high pass simultaneously in single circuit. The filter circuit can be used for both narrow as well as for wide bandwidth. For various values of cut-off frequencies the behaviour of circuit is studied. The circuit works properly only for higher central frequencies, when f0 > 10 kHz.

Design of Sixth-Order Lowpass Elliptic Switched-Capacitor Filter

In this paper the design and implementation of sixth-order lowpass elliptic switched-capacitor filter( SCF) for interface circuit of Micro-Electro-Mechanical System( MEMS) sensor are presented. This work aims to lower total harmonic distortion( THD) without deteriorating other performances. After system design in Simulink,the filter is realized in transistor level and finally fabricated in Central Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation( CSMC) 0.5 μm metal-oxide-semiconductor( CMOS) technology. Typical measured results are: it operates with 25: 1 clock-to-corner frequency ratio and a 10 k Hz maximum corner frequency. The maximum passband ripple is about 0.49 d B and the minimum stopband rejection is 40 d B for the temperature from-20 ℃to 80 ℃. For the 250 k Hz clock frequency setting,given the 1 k Hz,- 8 d BVrms input signal,the measured worst case THD is-64 d B. The active area of the chip is 2.8 mm2 with 8 pads. The analog power dissipation is10 m W from a 5 V power supply.

滤波参数对逆变器输出波形的影响研究

为了探究滤波电感、电容、滤波器结构及磁芯材料对逆变器输出波形的影响,文中设计一种LLC型滤波结构。在双极性驱动方式下,LLC型滤波电感、电容参数增大,逆变器输出波形对称性更好。但随着参数持续增大,该滤波结构会引起输出波形起始波动时间延长,波动程度增大,电路阻抗、无功功率增加及波形过矫正。对LC型、LLC型、LCL型三种滤波结构的对比研究结果表明:在电感、电容参数为3 mH和14.1μF时,三种结构都具备较好的滤波特性;LLC型滤波结构具备更好的线路阻抗平衡特性,输出波形对称性更好。研究了铁硅铝、锰锌铁氧体以及非晶纳米晶三种磁芯材料对LLC型滤波特性的影响,发现在参数相同时,磁导率越高波形对称性越差,阻抗变大会导致逆变输出波形畸变。因此,在逆变器滤波设计中应综合考虑电感、电容、磁导率及线路阻抗平衡问题,以提高滤波器的工作性能。

A NOVEL CONTROL STRATEGY FOR SINUSIODAL WAVE INVERTER WITH PI REGULATORS AND CAPACITOR CURRENT FEEDBACK

Objective For the inverters used in UPS, it is important to maintain the pure sinusoidal AC output voltage waveform over all loading conditions and transients. Methods A novel sinusoidal output voltage control strategy is pregented in this paper. The output voltage is controlled by introducing filtering eapacitor current feedback. Two simple PI regulators are used for the current and voltage control loops. Results With the new control strategy, the inverter achieves very low output voltage distortion, good output voltage regulation and strong perturbation rejection, fast dynamic response, and good performance under nonlinear loads. The THD under capacitance rectifying load is better than 0.2%, the output voltage regulation within 0 to full load is less than 0.1%. The resting time under load transient is within 200?μ s . Conclusion The merits of the new control strategy include rapid response and good steady state stiffness.

A Novel Dual-Rate Sampling Switched-Capacitor Configuration and Its Application

In order to realize accurate bilinear transformation from s- to z-domain,a novelswitched-capacitor configuration is proposed in the light of principles of dual-rate sampling and chargeconservation,which has also been used for building a 5th-order elliptic lowpass filter.The filter issimulated and measured in typical 0.34 μm/3.3 V Si CMOS process models,special full differentialoperational amplifiers and CMOS transfer gate switches,which achieves 80 MHz sampling rate,17.8MHz cutoff frequency,0.052 dB maximum passband ripple,42.1 dB minimum stopband attenuation and74 mW quiescent power dissipation.At the same time,the dual-rate sampling topology breaks thetraditional restrictions of filter introduced by unit-gain bandwidth and slew rate of operational amplifiersand also improves effectively their performances in high-frequency applications.It has been applied forthe design of an anti-alias filter in analog front-end of video decoder IC with 15 MHz signal frequencyyet.

A Design of the Elliptic Switched Current Filter

In conformity with a fifth order RLC elliptic filter circuit prototype, it is easy to conceive the corresponding RC active filter circuit. Simple and feasible method presented here can be used to contrive the equivalent switched capacitor filter circuit and switched current filter circuit. Consulting the technique data manual, we can expediently design a specific RLC filter. Therefore, it is of great convenience to design the switched current filter, which has the same performances. Such a kind of technology is useful in the domain of analogue sampled data signal processing.

一种无谐振C型滤波器的优化设计方法

现有无功补偿电容谐振抑制方法通常将无功补偿电容配置为无谐振C型滤波器,以降低谐振带来的谐波电压放大与滤波器有功损耗。但在抑制低频谐振时,无谐振C型滤波器的元件参数可选择范围较小,难以在实现低频谐振抑制的同时兼顾滤波器配置成本。针对这一问题,文中提出一种无谐振C型滤波器优化设计方法。首先,设计一种改进C型滤波器结构,在传统C型滤波器结构中增加低频谐振抑制单元,消除滤波器潜在低频谐振点;然后,建立计及滤波器配置成本、有功损耗、谐振抑制性能及元件参数选择范围的滤波器元件参数配置模型,求解改进C型滤波器元件参数最优值。最后,通过仿真对比证明,改进C型滤波器在控制配置成本与有功损耗的基础上,能明显降低谐波放大系数,具有更好的谐振抑制性能。

新能源储能微电网惯量支撑性能研究

针对传统虚拟惯量控制无法在频率恢复阶段使直流母线电压恢复至额定的问题,提出1种采用高通滤波器的虚拟惯量控制方法。MATLAB/Simulink仿真结果表明,直流母线电压变化可以反应微电网实时频率,新型虚拟惯量控制策略可以保证频率变化全过程稳定,在频率恢复阶段减小虚拟惯量加快频率恢复,为后续频率调节提供充足时间裕度。高通滤波器虚拟惯量控制方法可以使直流母线电压恢复至初值,在不改变超级电容储能惯量支撑的基础上,使新能源储能微电网保持直流母线电压稳定。

中频炉电容器维修探究

中频炉滤波电容在使用中发生损坏,造成中频炉停炉,严重影响生产。损坏的现象有外壳损坏、正负极接地等,原因主要是外部工艺条件改变和电容自身性能劣化。外部工艺条件包括冶炼过程工艺技术数据、操作手法、电网电压电流过高、环境过热情况等。电容自身性能主要有内部元件绝缘性,单体电容的性能,油液污染等。根据查找到的原因制定可行性修复措施,如控制工艺条件,改善冷却水循环,加装空调;电容内部元件绝缘性、参数性能恢复等。电容器修复能够节约大笔备件费用,提升人员维护技能。

特高压换流站交流滤波电容组件电热特性分析

针对稳态运行下高次谐波对特高压换流站交流滤波电容组件造成的严重发热问题,为设备状态分析和老化评估提供依据,以BP11/13型双调谐滤波器电容塔为例,建立了电容塔和薄膜电容器有限元模型。首先采用电热耦合方法,给定电容塔谐波电流幅值和频率,计算电容塔的电热特性,与换流站测量数据进行对比,验证了有限元模型的准确性,发现了电容塔发热严重的薄弱部位为中层电容器。然后对薄膜电容器元件进行精细化建模,研究了薄膜电容器铜损和介质损耗的特点,分析了薄膜电容器的发热来源为金属电极和电介质。最后,指出了电容组件的易损区域,提出了应重点关注和保护的部位,并给出提高设备安全和稳定性的建议。

交错并联BUCK电源CE102超标问题及解决措施

针对交错并联BUCK电源在10 kHz~10 MHz频率范围内传导噪声超标严重的问题,分析了交错并联BUCK电源的工作过程、纹波抑制和原始噪声,提出了EMI滤波器的设计方法,通过对差模电容高频特性、抑制原理的分析,结合插入损耗测试,对差模电容的选型进行了优化。实验结果表明,加装EMI滤波器后的交错并联BUCK电源能够达到GJB 151B—2013中CE102的测试标准,证明了设计的有效性。

HVDC用直流滤波电容器组均压技术研究

本文从HVDC用直流滤波电容器的台架结构出发,研究了台架设计对直流电压分配的影响,研究了电容器外壳连接元件串联段数、泄漏比与直流电压不均匀系数的关系,得出元件串联段数越多直流电压分配越不均匀的结论;结合电容器单元的特点,得出电容器的电时间常数是一个仅与ρε相关的常数的结论,并依据上述结论分析了大容量直流电容器组运行不理想的原因,给出了直流滤波电容器组的设计建议。

基于泰勒公式的单相桥式整流滤波电路分析

单相桥式整流滤波电路输出电压波形难以用解析式来描述,输出电压波形中,每个周期有一个输出电压下降的时间段。该时间段的长短与滤波电容和负载电阻的数值有关。通过对电路工作过程进行分析,得到相关物理量的数学函数关系式,通过泰勒公式对关系式进行近似简化分析,可以得到电压下降时间段时长与时间参数RC之间的关系式。根据关系式计算得到的数据与电路仿真数据较为接近。关系式可以用于电容值的选取、电压下降时间段时长的计算。

并网逆变器分裂电容型LCL滤波器参数优化设计

现有并网系统中传统LCL滤波器有效解决了电流谐振问题,而分裂电容型LCL滤波器则进一步降低了阻尼电阻的功率损耗。针对分裂电容型LCL滤波器的参数配置繁琐、计算密集、准确性低等问题,提出一种基于NSGAⅢ多目标优化算法来设计滤波器的参数,并给出了滤波器参数寻优的实现流程。仿真结果表明,该方法不仅改善了滤波性能和系统稳定性,还降低了功率损耗,大大降低了设计过程对经验的依赖,滤波器参数设计更加具有普适性。

基于电容电压全前馈的LCL型并网逆变器控制

对于LCL型并网逆变器,采用全前馈方案可以显著改善电网注入电流的质量,但是,由于升压变压器的漏感特性,导致无法直接测量电网电压,因此,这种方案的可行性受到了限制.为了解决电网电流畸变的问题,本文提出了一种新的电容电压全前馈方案,它将比例分量和二阶导数分量结合起来,并且在二阶导数分量中添加低通滤波器,从而使得整个可控频率范围内的电流具有正等效的特性,通过Simulink仿真,验证了本文方法的有效性.

三相四线制APF支撑电容电压脉动分析与设计

为保证有源电力滤波器交流侧输出相电压的准确性,有效进行谐波跟踪补偿,提升电能质量,直流侧母线电压必须保持足够稳定,因此直流侧电容容值合理取值至关重要.为此,本文综合考虑母线电压取值、电容纹波电流与电容损耗等限制因素,基于瞬时功率平衡推导出针对于三相四线制母线支撑电容容量设计方法,在有效抑制直流侧电压波动维持补偿性能的同时避免母线电容过取值,降低硬件成本,实验结果证明了所提方法的有效性.