Ambient Fine Particulate Matter Exposure and Blood Pressure:Evidence from a Large Chinese Multiple Follow-Up Study

Objective This study aimed to investigate the association of ambient PM_(2.5)exposure with blood pressure(BP)at the population level in China.Methods A total of 14,080 participants who had at least two valid blood pressure records were selected from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey during 2011–2015.Their long-term PM_(2.5)exposure was assessed at the geographical level,on the basis of a regular 0.1°×0.1°grid over China.A mixed-effects regression model was used to assess associations.Results Each decrease of 10μg/m^(3)in the 1 year-mean PM_(2.5)concentration(FPM1Y)was associated with a decrease of 1.24[95%confidence interval(CI):0.84–1.64]mmHg systolic BP(SBP)and 0.50(95%CI:0.25–0.75)mmHg diastolic BP(DBP),respectively.A robust association was observed between the long-term decrease in PM_(2.5)and decreased BP in the middle-aged and older population.Using a generalized additive mixed model,we further found that SBP increased nonlinearly overall with FPM1Y but in an approximately linear range when the FPM1Y concentration was<70μg/m^(3);In contrast,DBP increased approximately linearly without a clear threshold.Conclusion Efficient control of PM_(2.5)air pollution may promote vascular health in China.Our study provides robust scientific support for making the related air pollution control policies.

Spatial and Temporal Variation of Particulate Matter (PM10 and PM2.5) and Its Health Effects during the Haze Event in Malaysia

This study aims to assess and compare levels of particulate matter(PM10 and PM2.5)in urban and industrial areas in Malaysia during haze episodes,which typically occur in the south west monsoon season.The high concentrations of atmospheric particles are mainly due to pollution from neighbouring countries.Daily PM concentrations were analysed for urban and industrial areas including Alor Setar,Tasek,Shah Alam,Klang,Bandaraya Melaka,Larkin,Balok Baru,and Kuala Terengganu in 2018 and 2019.The analysis employed spatiotemporal to examine how PM levels were distributed.The data summary revealed that PM levels in all study areas were right-skewed,indicating the occurrence of high particulate events.Significant peaks in PM concentrations during haze events were consistently observed between June and October,encompassing the south west monsoon and inter-monsoon periods.The study on acute respiratory illnesses primarily focused on Selangor.Analysis revealed that Klang had the highest mean number of inpatient cases for acute exacerbation of bronchial asthma(AEBA)and acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(AECOPD)with values of 260.500 and 185.170,respectively.Similarly,for outpatient cases of AEBA and AECOPD,Klang had the highest average values of 41.67 and 14.00,respectively.Shah Alam and Sungai Buloh did not show a significant increase in cases during periods of biomass burning.The statistical analysis concluded that higher concentrations of PM were associated with increased hospital admissions,particularly from June to September,as shown in the bar diagram.Haze episodes were associated with more healthcare utilization due to haze-related respiratory illnesses,seen in higher inpatient and outpatient visits(p<0.05).However,seasonal variability had minimal impact on healthcare utilization.These findings offer a comprehensive assessment of PM levels during historic haze episodes,providing valuable insights for authorities to develop policies and guidelines for effective monitoring and mitigation of the negative impacts of haze events.

Effects of Lianhua Qingwen on Pulmonary Oxidative Lesions Induced by Fine Particulates(PM2.5) in Rats

Objective To investigate the antagonistic effects of different doses of Lianhua Qingwen on pulmonary injury induced by fine particulates PM2.5 in rats. Methods Fine particulates suspended in the environment were collected. Forty-eight healthy adult wistar rats were randomly divided into 6 groups with 8 rats in each group. Four groups of rats were exposed to PM2.5 by intratracheally dripping suspensions of fine particulates PM2.5(7.5 mg/kg) as dust-exposed model rats. Among them 24 rats in three groups received Lianhua Qingwen treatment(crude drug) at a dose of 2 g/kg, 4 g/kg, 8 g/kg per day for 3 days before dust exposure and were defined as low-dose, middle-dose and high-dose Lianhua Qingwen treatment groups respectively. The other dust-exposed model rats without treatment were assigned as PM2.5 control group. The un-exposed rats were set as saline control group(1.5 ml/kg saline) and blank control group. All rats were killed after 24 hours of the exposure. Lung tissue, serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF) were collected. The levels of malonaldehyde(MDA), lactate dehydrogenase(LDH), and glutathione peroxidase(GSH-PX) in blood serum and BALF, and superoxide dismutase(SOD) in blood surum were measured using fluorescent quantitation PCR; Expression of NF-E2-related factor 2(NRF-2), heme oxygenase 1(HO-1) and quinone oxidoreductase 1(NQO1) in lung tissues were measured using Western blot. Pathological changes of lung tissues in each group were also examined. Results Pathology revealed thickened alveolar septum, congestion of capillary, interstitial edema and infiltration of lymphocyte and neutrophil surrounding bronchiole in the PM2.5 control group, which weresignificantly relieved in the Lianhua Qingwen treatment groups. Compared to the blank and saline control groups, the PM2.5 control group had significantly higher levels of LDH and MDA(p<0.01) and lower level of GSH-PS(p<0.01) in BALF, significantly higher levels of LDH and MDA(p<0.05) and lower level of GSH-PS(p<0.05) in rat serum. The levels of MDA in blood serum and BALF were significantly lower in each treatment group than that in PM2.5 control group(all P<0.05). In both middle-dose and high-dose treatment group the measurements of LDH in serum and BALF as well as GSH-PX in serum were significant difference from those of PM2.5 control group(all P<0.05). Expressions of NRF-2, HO-1 and NQO1 in lung tissues were significantly different among middle-dose and high-dose treatment group compared with those in PM2.5 control group(all P<0.05). Conclusion Fine particulates PM2.5 in environment may induce pulmonary oxidative lesions in rats. Middle-dose and high-dose Lianhua Qingwen has antagonist effece on the injuries induced by fine particulates.

Impact of Urban 3D Morphology on Particulate Matter 2.5(PM2.5) Concentrations:Case Study of Beijing, China

Urban particulate matter 2.5(PM2.5)pollution and public health are closely related,and concerns regarding PM2.5 are widespread.Of the underlying factors,the urban morphology is the most manageable.Therefore,investigations of the impact of urban three-dimensional(3D)morphology on PM2.5 concentration have important scientific significance.In this paper,39 PM2.5 monitoring sites of Beijing in China were selected with PM2.5 automatic monitoring data that were collected in 2013.This data set was used to analyze the impacts of the meteorological condition and public transportation on PM2.5 concentrations.Based on the elimination of the meteorological conditions and public transportation factors,the relationships between urban 3D morphology and PM2.5 concentrations are highlighted.Ten urban 3D morphology indices were established to explore the spatial-temporal correlations between the indices and PM2.5 concentrations and analyze the impact of urban 3D morphology on the PM2.5 concentrations.Results demonstrated that road length density(RLD),road area density(RAD),construction area density(CAD),construction height density(CHD),construction volume density(CVD),construction otherness(CO),and vegetation area density(VAD)have positive impacts on the PM2.5 concentrations,whereas water area density(WAD),water fragmentation(WF),and vegetation fragmentation(VF)(except for the 500 m buffer)have negative impacts on the PM2.5 concentrations.Moreover,the correlations between the morphology indices and PM2.5 concentrations varied with the buffer scale.The findings could lay a foundation for the high-precision spatial-temporal modelling of PM2.5 concentrations and the scientific planning of urban 3D spaces by authorities responsible for controlling PM2.5 concentrations.

Human Health Risks from Exposure to Heavy Metals of Suspended Particulate Matter around the Tongon Gold Mine, Côte d’Ivoire

The Tongon mine, the largest gold mine in C?te d’Ivoire, has been in operation since April 2010. However, to our knowledge to date, no study has been conducted on metallic contamination in suspended particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) where there is a lack of information on the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk to human health associated with the exposure of populations in the Tongon area to these pollutants. The general objective of this study is to evaluate the level of contamination of PM10;PM2.5 by heavy metals and their impact on the health of populations exposed to these pollutants in the Tongon gold mine area. The sampling and measurement of suspended particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) were done using a MiniVol TAS passive air sampler. Heavy metal concentrations were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (Nex ION 2000 ICP-MS, USA). The results indicate that the average concentrations of suspended particles (PM2.5 and PM10) obtained are all above the recommended exposure limits. In addition, among the heavy metals contained in the suspended particles, the concentrations of arsenic and nickel are high and all above the standard limit values. The assessment of the health risks related to the inhalation of PM10 particles reveals that their inhalation over a long period could cause a carcinogenic risk.

山柰酚改善细颗粒物PM2.5诱导的老龄大鼠肺损伤的作用和机制研究

目的细颗粒物(PM2.5)被认为与多种呼吸系统问题有关,在老年人群中尤为显著。本研究旨在探索山柰酚是否可以治疗PM2.5诱导的老龄大鼠肺损伤,并探讨其潜在的作用机制。方法30只雄性Wistar大鼠(16个月龄)被随机分为5组:对照组、PM2.5暴露组和PM2.5暴露+山柰酚低剂量、中剂量和高剂量组。PM2.5暴露持续时间2周后,检测各组大鼠的肺功能、肺形态、炎症程度以及Toll样受体4(TLR4)/核因子-κB(NF-κB)信号通路相关蛋白的表达水平。结果与对照组相比,PM2.5暴露导致老龄大鼠发生显著的肺损伤,表现为明显的肺功能受损和组织病理学改变,支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中的炎性因子TNF-α和IL-6浓度增加,血液中炎性细胞比例改变,肺组织中TLR4的表达和核转录因子-κB(NF-κB)磷酸化水平增加。山柰酚的治疗则呈剂量依赖性地改善了PM2.5所致肺功能损伤和组织病理学改变,抑制炎性因子分泌和炎症细胞比例失衡,抑制了TLR4/NF-κB信号通路的激活。结论山柰酚能够对PM2.5暴露引起的老龄大鼠肺损伤产生保护作用,抑制炎症反应和结构损伤,其作用机制可能与抑制TLR4/NF-κB信号通路的激活相关。

Indoor and Outdoor Particulate Matter Exposure of Rural Interior Alaska Residents

To assess the exposure of residents in rural communities in the Yukon Flats to particulate matter of 2.5 μm or less in diameter (PM2.5), both indoor and outdoor concentration observations were carried out from March to September 2019 in Ft. Yukon, Alaska. Indoor concentrations were measured at 0.61 m (breathing level during sleeping) in homes and at 1.52 m heights (breathing level of standing adult) in homes and office/commercial buildings. Air quality was better at both heights in cabins than frame homes both during times with and without surface-based inversions. In frame houses, concentrations were higher at 0.61 m than 1.52 m, while the opposite is true typically for cabins. Differences between shoulder season and summer indoor concentrations in residences were related to changes in heating, subsistence lifestyle and mosquito repellents. In summer, office and commercial buildings, air quality decreased due to increased indoor emissions related to increased use of equipment and mosquito pics as well as more merchandise. During summer indoor concentrations reached unhealthy for sensitive groups to hazardous conditions for extended times that even exceeded the high outdoor concentrations. Due to nearby wildfires, July mean outdoor concentrations were 55.3 μg·m-3 which exceeds the 24-h US National Ambient Air Quality Standard of 35 μg·m-3. Indoor and outdoor concentrations correlated the strongest with each other for office/commercial buildings, followed by frame houses and cabins. Office/commercial buildings with temperature monitors had one to two orders of magnitude lower concentrations than those without.

PM2.5与妊娠不良结局的相关性研究进展

大气污染对人体的不良健康影响已受到国内外学者的广泛关注,其中大气细颗粒物(PM2.5)不但会对机体的呼吸、心血管、免疫等系统带来损害,甚至还会威胁下一代健康。妊娠期女性完全暴露于一定浓度的PM2.5可能会引起早期妊娠丢失、死胎死产、低出生体重儿、早产、出生缺陷等不良妊娠结局,乃至会完全破坏子代的代谢等,导致其出生后会个别慢性疾病的易感率大大提升。在本研究中,笔者对PM2.5致妊娠不良结局的流行病学、动物学研究进度实施概述、分析等,以期为今后的研究提供参考。

2022年南京市大气PM_(2.5)中多环芳烃污染特征及健康风险

目的了解南京市大气细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))中多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)污染特征,评估其健康风险。方法于2022年每月10—16日分别在江北新区和江宁区2个监测点开展PM_(2.5)和PAHs采样,分别采用称重法和高效液相色谱法测定PM_(2.5)和PAHs含量,利用健康风险评价模型评价PAHs的致癌风险。结果不同季节PM_(2.5)、PAHs和B[a]P的浓度存在差异(P<0.01),其中PM_(2.5)、PAHs浓度均是冬、春季高于夏、秋季,B[a]P浓度春季高于夏、秋季。两个监测点PAHs、B[a]P年均浓度、春季、夏季浓度的比较,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05),且江北新区均高于江宁区。两个监测点含量最高的多环芳烃是5环、其次是4环和6环。两个监测点3环、4环、5环、6环PAHs年均浓度均不同(P均<0.05),江北新区高于江宁区。PAHs年浓度中位数值对两个监测点人群的终生超额致癌风险均大于1.0×10^(-6)。PAHs年浓度95分位数对人群的年龄段超额致癌风险除江宁区0~2岁年龄段人群外,对其他年龄段人群的超额致癌风险均大于1×10^(-6)。结论南京市两个监测点大气PM_(2.5)中PAHs分布存在季节和地区差异,具有潜在的超额致癌风险。

N-乙酰半胱氨酸对PM2.5致大鼠肺损伤时MAPK主要通路蛋白活化及氧化炎症反应的影响（英文）

Objective To evaluate the antagonistic effects of N-acetylcysteine(NAC)on mitogen-activated protein kinases(MAPK)pathway activation,oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in rats with lung injury induced by fine particulate matter(PM2.5).Methods Forty eight male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups:blank control group(C1),water drip control group(C2),PM2.5 exposed group(P),low-dose NAC treated and PM2.5 exposed group(L),middle-dose NAC treated and PM2.5 exposed group(M),and high-dose NAC treated and PM2.5 exposed group(H).PM2.5 suspension(7.5 mg/kg)was administered tracheally once a week for four times.NAC of 125 mg/kg,250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg was delivered intragastrically to L,M and H group respectively by gavage(10 ml/kg)for six days before PM2.5 exposure.The histopathological changes and human mucin 5 subtype AC(MUC5AC)content in lung tissue of rats were evaluated.We investigated IL-6 in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF)by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA),MUC5AC in lung tissue homogenate by ELISA,glutathione peroxidase(GSH-PX)in serum and BALF by spectrophotometry,and the expression of p-ERK1/2,p-JNK1/2 and p-p38 proteins by Western blot.All the measurements were analyzed and compared statistically.Results Lung tissue of rats exposed to PM2.5 showed histological destruction and increased mucus secretion of bronchial epithelial cells.Rats receiving NAC treatment showed less histological destruction and mucus secretion.Of P,L,M and H group,MUC5AC in lung tissue,IL-6 in serum and BALF were higher than controls(C1 and C2)(all P<0.05),with the highest levels found in the P group and a decreasing trend with increase of NAC dose.The activity of GSH-PX in serum and BALF of PM2.5 exposed rats(P,L,M and H)was lower than that of controls(all P<0.05),with higher activities found in NAC treated rats(L,M,and H),and an increasing trend with increase of NAC dose.The expressions of p-ERK1/2,p-JNK1/2 and p-p38 proteins in PM2.5 exposed lung tissue(P,L,M and H)was higher than controls(all P<0.05),with decreased levels and dose dependent downregulation found in NAC treated rats.Conclusion NAC can antagonize major MAPK pathway activation,lung oxidative stress and inflammatory injury induced by PM2.5 in rats.

基于β射线法的新型PM2.5自动监测系统研究

近年来大颗粒物污染日趋严重,准确监测颗粒物PM2.5迫在眉睫。目前国外监测仪器已在国际上普遍使用,国内真正的知识产权产品比较少,产品的精度以及稳定性也有待提高。采用基于β射线法原理研制了PM2.5质量浓度在线监测系统,在仪器结构中提出采用原位检测的方法,并进行与标准称重法的比对实验来验证系统的可行性,结果表明两者测量数据的相关性为0.988。通过数据校正补偿后与监控站赛默飞仪器比对实时监测数据,日测量数据平均值相对偏差仅为1.8%。

燃煤锅炉PM2.5控制现状及改进建议

燃煤锅炉消耗大量煤炭,对大气环境中PM 2.5含量影响很大。对燃煤锅炉PM 2.5的治理是一个综合治理的过程,即包含一次可过滤颗粒物和一次可凝结颗粒物的治理,也包含对二次颗粒物前驱物SO2、NOx等的治理。本文从一次颗粒物和二次颗粒物治理角度,论述了燃煤锅炉PM 2.5的产生、控制现状,提出了PM 2.5控制技术的改进建议。

基于机器学习的郑州市大气PM_(2.5)与O_(3)浓度预测方法及气象因子的影响分析

近年来,我国面临着细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))污染形势依然严峻以及臭氧(O_(3))污染日益凸显的双重压力.为进一步准确预测郑州市大气PM_(2.5)与O_(3)浓度并探明气象因子的影响,本研究使用2018−2022年郑州市大气污染物和气象因子逐时数据,结合统计学单因素分析和机器学习LightGBM模型多因素分析,建立了一种基于长时间序列数据的PM_(2.5)与O_(3)浓度预测及气象因子影响分析的综合分析方法.结果表明:①训练后的LightGBM模型能够较好地预测PM_(2.5)污染,准确率达80.8%;对O_(3)污染预测的准确率为52.5%.②郑州市大气PM_(2.5)浓度与气压呈正相关,与比湿和环境温度均呈负相关;大气O_(3)8 h滑动平均浓度(O_(3)-8 h浓度)与比湿和太阳辐射均呈正相关,与气压呈负相关.③有利的气象条件可能是2021年PM_(2.5)年均浓度得到显著改善的重要因素;同时,不利的气象条件也促使2021年和2022年6月O_(3)月评价值(O_(3)日最大8 h滑动平均90百分位浓度)有所上升.研究显示,这种基于长时间序列的综合分析方法适用于大气PM_(2.5)与O_(3)浓度的气象因子影响分析,也能有效预测PM_(2.5)与O_(3)的浓度.

2016—2022年珠三角地区PM_(2.5)中多环芳烃污染特征及健康风险

目的评价多环芳烃暴露的人群健康风险,了解珠三角地区大气PM_(2.5)及其中16种多环芳烃的污染特征和来源。方法2016—2022年在广东省珠三角地区的广州、深圳、佛山及珠海市选10个区设置10个监测点,每月10—16日采集环境空气样品,测定PM_(2.5)及其中16种多环芳烃含量,分析多环芳烃污染来源,使用BaP毒性当量法评价多环芳烃呼吸暴露途径的人群健康风险。结果2016—2022年珠三角地区PM_(2.5)逐年平均浓度(x±s)分别为(57.45±29.66)、(51.26±35.69)、(43.86±33.17)、(40.53±24.70)、(29.26±34.27)、(31.57±24.91)、(30.17±21.06)μg/m^(3),呈下降趋势(Z=-29.83,P<0.01),PM_(2.5)中多环芳烃平均浓度(x±s)分别为(6.23±6.29)、(5.17±6.95)、(4.00±4.46)、(3.34±3.93)、(2.52±2.92)、(3.05±4.30)、(2.65±2.60)ng/m^(3),浓度虽然降低近60%,但下降趋势无统计学意义,多环芳烃16种成分除萘(NAP)外均呈下降趋势(P<0.05),2018—2022年PM_(2.5)中多环芳烃致癌效应健康风险CR值M(P_(25),P_(75))为5.35×10^(-7)(2.54×10^(-7),1.21×10^(-6)),自第69百分位数开始大于1×10^(-6),第99百分位数为9.19×10^(-6),均小于1×10^(-4)。结论珠三角地区四城市大气PM_(2.5)污染整体呈不断改善趋势,四城市中临海的深圳和珠海市优于佛山和广州市,PM_(2.5)与多环芳烃成分含量呈显著正相关,逐月变化趋势基本一致。多环芳烃污染主要是本地源排放所致,存在石化燃料燃烧、机动车尾气排放、石油挥发和有机物质燃烧等多重来源,不同城市多环芳烃污染构成和来源并不完全一致,且高温燃煤对多环芳烃浓度变化有重要影响。珠三角地区大气PM_(2.5)中多环芳烃具有潜在致癌风险,宜引起关注。

PM_(2.5)有机提取物经由铁死亡诱导人支气管上皮细胞损伤的研究

目的探讨细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))有机提取物能否诱导人支气管上皮细胞铁死亡。方法通过索氏提取法提取PM_(2.5)中有机物作为受试物,使用BEAS-2B细胞,以0.1%DMSO溶液作为溶剂对照,染毒于不同剂量(2.5、5、10和20μg/mL)的PM_(2.5)有机提取物构建细胞染毒模型;使用铁死亡抑制剂(Ferrostatin-1,Fer-1)构建铁死亡干预模型。通过吸光度法检测PM_(2.5)有机提取物染毒后BEAS-2B细胞存活率、丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)和谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)浓度;通过荧光法检测细胞内Fe2+含量、活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)含量和脂质过氧化物(lipid peroxidation,LPO)含量;通过qRT-PCR方法检测铁死亡相关基因(如GPX4、SLC7A11、ACSL4、FTL和TFRC等)表达。结果与对照组相比,PM_(2.5)有机提取物染毒24 h后,当染毒剂量为10μg/mL时,细胞内Fe2+含量、ROS含量、LPO含量和MDA浓度均出现显著上升;而GSH浓度出现显著下降;qRT-PCR结果显示,细胞暴露于20μg/mL PM_(2.5)有机提取物时,细胞内铁死亡相关基因GPX4显著下调,SLC7A11、ACSL4、FTL和TFRC出现显著性上调。干预实验中,使用铁死亡特异性抑制剂Fer-1干预后上述变化得到明显改善。结论PM_(2.5)有机提取物可能通过诱导细胞铁死亡导致呼吸系统细胞损伤,进而对肺组织产生潜在健康影响。

富马酸二甲酯通过Nrf2/HO-1信号通路缓解细颗粒物对雌性大鼠胎盘的氧化损伤

近年来,已有大量的流行病学调查证实,孕产妇暴露于PM_(2.5)可能导致妊娠并发症和不良妊娠结局的风险增加。本研究旨在探讨孕前PM_(2.5)暴露对大鼠胎盘的损伤及富马酸二甲酯(dimethyl fumarate,DMF)对其调控机制。40只6周龄SPF级雌性SD大鼠,随机分为对照组(生理盐水)、低剂量PM_(2.5)组(1.5 mg/kg PM_(2.5))、高剂量PM_(2.5)组(7.5 mg/kg PM_(2.5))、DMF对照组(生理盐水+50 mg/kg DMF)和DMF干预组(7.5 mg/kg PM_(2.5)+50 mg/kg DMF)。大鼠每2 d染毒1次,共持续40 d。经PM_(2.5)暴露后,高剂量PM_(2.5)组胎鼠数量、胎鼠平均体长、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)含量明显低于对照组(P<0.05);丙二醛(MDA)含量高于对照组(P<0.05);经DMF处理后,DMF干预组的T-AOC含量显著高于高剂量PM_(2.5)组(P<0.01),能够明显缓解PM_(2.5)诱导的氧化损伤作用。H&E染色结果显示,暴露组胎盘组织迷路区血细胞有不同程度的减少,高剂量PM_(2.5)组血管脉络不清晰,DMF干预组胎盘迷路区的血细胞明显增多,血管脉络清晰整齐。Western印迹结果显示,低剂量PM_(2.5)组和高剂量PM_(2.5)组核因子E2相关因子(Nrf2)、血红素加氧酶1(HO-1)蛋白质水平低于对照组(P<0.01),与高剂量PM_(2.5)组相比,DMF干预组的Nrf2、HO-1蛋白质含量明显增高(P<0.05)。综上所述,DMF可能通过Nrf2/HO-1信号通路缓解孕前PM_(2.5)对胎盘造成的氧化损伤,提高机体的抗氧化能力。

细颗粒物PM2.5对大鼠IL-10、IL-22表达的影响及百令胶囊的干预作用

目的观察细颗粒物(PM 2.5)对大鼠肺损伤的影响,探讨中药百令胶囊对肺损伤的保护作用。方法2019年9—10月于河北省人民医院动物研究中心进行实验。将40只Wistar雄性大鼠按随机数字表法分为空白对照组、PM2.5染毒组及PM2.5+百令胶囊低、中、高剂量组5组。除空白对照组外,其余4组每3天将PM2.5混悬液(10 m g/kg)经大鼠气管内滴入进行PM2.5染毒,共10次。在PM2.5染毒基础上,百令胶囊组分别以低(0.25 g/kg)、中(0.5 g/kg)、高(1 g/kg)3种不同剂量的百令胶囊悬液每日连续给予大鼠灌胃,共28 d;通过HE染色观察各组大鼠肺组织炎性病理变化,并应用ELISA法测定血清中白介素10(IL-10)、IL-22蛋白含量,利用实时荧光定量PCR法检测大鼠肺组织IL-10、IL-22 mRNA的表达。结果大鼠肺组织病理检查发现,PM2.5染毒组可见大量慢性炎性细胞浸润,百令胶囊干预各组较PM2.5染毒组炎性细胞浸润情况明显减轻。与空白对照组比较,PM2.5染毒组大鼠血清IL-10水平明显降低(t/P=27.758/0.000),血清IL-22水平明显升高(t/P=28.190/0.000)。与PM2.5染毒组比较,百令胶囊干预各组随剂量的增加,血清IL-10水平逐渐升高(F/P=224.867/0.000),而血清IL-22水平则逐渐下降(F/P=149.115/0.000)。Pearson相关分析表明:血清IL-10与IL-22水平呈负相关(r=0.960,P<0.05)。实时荧光定量PCR法检测法结果显示,与空白对照组比较,PM2.5染毒组肺组织IL-10 mRNA表达水平明显降低(t/P=61.342/0.000),肺组织IL-22 mRNA水平明显升高(t/P=55.298/0.000);与PM2.5染毒组比较,百令胶囊干预各组随剂量的增加,肺组织IL-10 mRNA水平逐渐升高(F/P=1131.931/0.000),而IL-22 mRNA水平则逐渐下降(F/P=604.257/0.000)。结论PM 2.5短期暴露可造成大鼠肺部炎性损害,百令胶囊可通过促进IL-10的分泌及表达,以及抑制IL-22的生成,对肺部起到保护作用。

汾渭平原PM_(2.5)和O_(3)污染导致的健康效应及情景预测

细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))和臭氧(O_(3))已成为主要大气污染物,对人体健康危害较大.本文选取大气污染防控重点区域汾渭平原作为研究区,分析2014-2021年PM_(2.5)和O_(3)浓度变化特征及其健康效应,并估算2030年实现不同减排标准的潜在健康效益.结果表明:①2014-2021年汾渭平原PM_(2.5)年均浓度呈下降趋势,而O_(3)年均浓度却呈波动上升趋势,PM_(2.5)和O_(3)复合污染天数下降趋势显著.②归因于PM_(2.5)污染的早逝人数和经济损失均呈下降趋势;而归因于O_(3)污染的早逝人数及经济损失均呈上升趋势,2021年归因于O_(3)污染的全因、呼吸系统疾病和心血管疾病早逝人数较2014分别增加了60.36%、11.94%和74.32%,经济损失增加了136.60%、65.18%和157.20%,其中西安市和洛阳市健康风险与经济损失问题相对突出.③若2030年PM_(2.5)和O_(3)年均浓度均达《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095-2012)二级标准限值,汾渭平原归因于PM_(2.5)和O_(3)的早逝人数较2021年将分别下降15.99%和2.71%,而随着人均可支配收入的逐年增加,健康经济损失将分别增加6.39×10^(8)元(95%CI:5.20×10^(8)~7.56×10^(8)元)和30.05×10^(8)元(95%CI:16.17×10^(8)~43.26×10^(8)元);若进一步将PM_(2.5)和O_(3)浓度降至更低,可进一步避免早逝人数的增加,且带来显著的经济效益.研究显示,汾渭平原PM_(2.5)治理有所成效,但是O_(3)污染问题凸显,其导致的健康死亡人数及经济损失均呈上升趋势,应保证达到现有标准的基础上制定更高目标标准,才能有效改善居民健康状况,并带来显著的经济效益.

妊娠期PM_(2.5)暴露与足月低体重儿的关联分析

目的探讨孕期各阶段PM_(2.5)暴露与足月低体重儿发生风险的关系。方法收集2015年9月1日至2017年12月31日在河北省22个危重孕产妇监测点分娩的118783名孕产妇住院资料,并收集其孕期各阶段的空气质量监测数据;根据足月新生儿是否低体重儿,将其分为足月低体重儿组和足月非低体重儿组,比较两组的孕期PM_(2.5)暴露情况,采用logistic回归模型分析其对足月低体重儿患病的影响。结果足月低体重儿组孕期各阶段PM_(2.5)暴露水平明显高于足月非低体重儿组(P<0.05);妊娠期暴露于PM_(2.5)会增加足月低体重儿的发生风险;全孕期、孕早期、孕中期、孕晚期PM_(2.5)暴露浓度每增加10μg/m3,足月低体重儿的发生风险分别增加4.9%、1.6%、1.7%、1.5%;高龄妊娠、低龄妊娠、产检次数少、初产、多产次(产次≥2)、多胎妊娠、胎儿女性、孕妇患妊娠高血压疾病、前置胎盘、胎盘早剥、心脏病均为足月低体重儿的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论妊娠期高浓度PM_(2.5)暴露会显著增加足月低体重儿的发生风险,应注意做好孕期防护。

大气PM_(2.5)长期暴露与肾功能的关联研究

目的评估长期暴露于大气细颗粒物(fine particulate matter,PM_(2.5))5种成分(黑炭、铵盐、硝酸盐、有机物、硫酸盐)对肾功能的长期效应。方法基于中国健康与养老追踪调查(China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study,CHARLS)2011年和2015年的数据,纳入5696名中老年人,使用贝叶斯核机器回归(Bayesian kernel machine regression,BKMR)方法探究黑炭、铵盐、硝酸盐、有机物和硫酸盐5种PM_(2.5)成分对肾功能的单独效应、交互效应和联合效应。结果2011—2015年慢性肾脏病发生率为5.53%。有机物、黑炭、硝酸盐和硫酸盐的后验包含概率(posterior inclusion probabilities,PIP)值均为1.000,对估算肾小球滤过率(estimated glomerular filtration rate,eGFR)的影响较大。当其余4种变量固定在第25,50和75百分位时,有机物每增加1个四分位数间距(interquartile range,IQR),估算肾小球滤过率eGFR效应值分别为-9.18(95%CI:-40.16,21.80),-61.57(95%CI:-87.50,-35.64),10.24(95%CI:-16.53,37.01);黑炭每增加1个IQR,eGFR水平分别上升16.67(95%CI:-12.50,45.84),33.30(95%CI:10.30,56.30),53.40(95%CI:25.00,81.80);硫酸盐每增加1个IQR,eGFR水平与其呈负相关,效应值分别为-89.83(95%CI:-161.17,-18.47),-73.28(95%CI:-102.49,-44.47),-22.76(95%CI:-91.42,45.90)。PM_(2.5)组分联合效应与估计肾小球滤过率总体呈负相关。结论有机物单独暴露与中老年人估计肾小球滤过率水平降低相关,PM_(2.5)混合物与估计肾小球滤过率呈负相关关联,对慢性肾脏病具有正联合影响。