Impact of Urban 3D Morphology on Particulate Matter 2.5(PM2.5) Concentrations:Case Study of Beijing, China

Urban particulate matter 2.5(PM2.5)pollution and public health are closely related,and concerns regarding PM2.5 are widespread.Of the underlying factors,the urban morphology is the most manageable.Therefore,investigations of the impact of urban three-dimensional(3D)morphology on PM2.5 concentration have important scientific significance.In this paper,39 PM2.5 monitoring sites of Beijing in China were selected with PM2.5 automatic monitoring data that were collected in 2013.This data set was used to analyze the impacts of the meteorological condition and public transportation on PM2.5 concentrations.Based on the elimination of the meteorological conditions and public transportation factors,the relationships between urban 3D morphology and PM2.5 concentrations are highlighted.Ten urban 3D morphology indices were established to explore the spatial-temporal correlations between the indices and PM2.5 concentrations and analyze the impact of urban 3D morphology on the PM2.5 concentrations.Results demonstrated that road length density(RLD),road area density(RAD),construction area density(CAD),construction height density(CHD),construction volume density(CVD),construction otherness(CO),and vegetation area density(VAD)have positive impacts on the PM2.5 concentrations,whereas water area density(WAD),water fragmentation(WF),and vegetation fragmentation(VF)(except for the 500 m buffer)have negative impacts on the PM2.5 concentrations.Moreover,the correlations between the morphology indices and PM2.5 concentrations varied with the buffer scale.The findings could lay a foundation for the high-precision spatial-temporal modelling of PM2.5 concentrations and the scientific planning of urban 3D spaces by authorities responsible for controlling PM2.5 concentrations.

Effects of Lianhua Qingwen on Pulmonary Oxidative Lesions Induced by Fine Particulates(PM2.5) in Rats

Objective To investigate the antagonistic effects of different doses of Lianhua Qingwen on pulmonary injury induced by fine particulates PM2.5 in rats. Methods Fine particulates suspended in the environment were collected. Forty-eight healthy adult wistar rats were randomly divided into 6 groups with 8 rats in each group. Four groups of rats were exposed to PM2.5 by intratracheally dripping suspensions of fine particulates PM2.5(7.5 mg/kg) as dust-exposed model rats. Among them 24 rats in three groups received Lianhua Qingwen treatment(crude drug) at a dose of 2 g/kg, 4 g/kg, 8 g/kg per day for 3 days before dust exposure and were defined as low-dose, middle-dose and high-dose Lianhua Qingwen treatment groups respectively. The other dust-exposed model rats without treatment were assigned as PM2.5 control group. The un-exposed rats were set as saline control group(1.5 ml/kg saline) and blank control group. All rats were killed after 24 hours of the exposure. Lung tissue, serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF) were collected. The levels of malonaldehyde(MDA), lactate dehydrogenase(LDH), and glutathione peroxidase(GSH-PX) in blood serum and BALF, and superoxide dismutase(SOD) in blood surum were measured using fluorescent quantitation PCR; Expression of NF-E2-related factor 2(NRF-2), heme oxygenase 1(HO-1) and quinone oxidoreductase 1(NQO1) in lung tissues were measured using Western blot. Pathological changes of lung tissues in each group were also examined. Results Pathology revealed thickened alveolar septum, congestion of capillary, interstitial edema and infiltration of lymphocyte and neutrophil surrounding bronchiole in the PM2.5 control group, which weresignificantly relieved in the Lianhua Qingwen treatment groups. Compared to the blank and saline control groups, the PM2.5 control group had significantly higher levels of LDH and MDA(p<0.01) and lower level of GSH-PS(p<0.01) in BALF, significantly higher levels of LDH and MDA(p<0.05) and lower level of GSH-PS(p<0.05) in rat serum. The levels of MDA in blood serum and BALF were significantly lower in each treatment group than that in PM2.5 control group(all P<0.05). In both middle-dose and high-dose treatment group the measurements of LDH in serum and BALF as well as GSH-PX in serum were significant difference from those of PM2.5 control group(all P<0.05). Expressions of NRF-2, HO-1 and NQO1 in lung tissues were significantly different among middle-dose and high-dose treatment group compared with those in PM2.5 control group(all P<0.05). Conclusion Fine particulates PM2.5 in environment may induce pulmonary oxidative lesions in rats. Middle-dose and high-dose Lianhua Qingwen has antagonist effece on the injuries induced by fine particulates.

Ambient Fine Particulate Matter Exposure and Blood Pressure:Evidence from a Large Chinese Multiple Follow-Up Study

Objective This study aimed to investigate the association of ambient PM_(2.5)exposure with blood pressure(BP)at the population level in China.Methods A total of 14,080 participants who had at least two valid blood pressure records were selected from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey during 2011–2015.Their long-term PM_(2.5)exposure was assessed at the geographical level,on the basis of a regular 0.1°×0.1°grid over China.A mixed-effects regression model was used to assess associations.Results Each decrease of 10μg/m^(3)in the 1 year-mean PM_(2.5)concentration(FPM1Y)was associated with a decrease of 1.24[95%confidence interval(CI):0.84–1.64]mmHg systolic BP(SBP)and 0.50(95%CI:0.25–0.75)mmHg diastolic BP(DBP),respectively.A robust association was observed between the long-term decrease in PM_(2.5)and decreased BP in the middle-aged and older population.Using a generalized additive mixed model,we further found that SBP increased nonlinearly overall with FPM1Y but in an approximately linear range when the FPM1Y concentration was<70μg/m^(3);In contrast,DBP increased approximately linearly without a clear threshold.Conclusion Efficient control of PM_(2.5)air pollution may promote vascular health in China.Our study provides robust scientific support for making the related air pollution control policies.

Spatial and Temporal Variation of Particulate Matter (PM10 and PM2.5) and Its Health Effects during the Haze Event in Malaysia

This study aims to assess and compare levels of particulate matter(PM10 and PM2.5)in urban and industrial areas in Malaysia during haze episodes,which typically occur in the south west monsoon season.The high concentrations of atmospheric particles are mainly due to pollution from neighbouring countries.Daily PM concentrations were analysed for urban and industrial areas including Alor Setar,Tasek,Shah Alam,Klang,Bandaraya Melaka,Larkin,Balok Baru,and Kuala Terengganu in 2018 and 2019.The analysis employed spatiotemporal to examine how PM levels were distributed.The data summary revealed that PM levels in all study areas were right-skewed,indicating the occurrence of high particulate events.Significant peaks in PM concentrations during haze events were consistently observed between June and October,encompassing the south west monsoon and inter-monsoon periods.The study on acute respiratory illnesses primarily focused on Selangor.Analysis revealed that Klang had the highest mean number of inpatient cases for acute exacerbation of bronchial asthma(AEBA)and acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(AECOPD)with values of 260.500 and 185.170,respectively.Similarly,for outpatient cases of AEBA and AECOPD,Klang had the highest average values of 41.67 and 14.00,respectively.Shah Alam and Sungai Buloh did not show a significant increase in cases during periods of biomass burning.The statistical analysis concluded that higher concentrations of PM were associated with increased hospital admissions,particularly from June to September,as shown in the bar diagram.Haze episodes were associated with more healthcare utilization due to haze-related respiratory illnesses,seen in higher inpatient and outpatient visits(p<0.05).However,seasonal variability had minimal impact on healthcare utilization.These findings offer a comprehensive assessment of PM levels during historic haze episodes,providing valuable insights for authorities to develop policies and guidelines for effective monitoring and mitigation of the negative impacts of haze events.

Indoor and Outdoor Particulate Matter Exposure of Rural Interior Alaska Residents

To assess the exposure of residents in rural communities in the Yukon Flats to particulate matter of 2.5 μm or less in diameter (PM2.5), both indoor and outdoor concentration observations were carried out from March to September 2019 in Ft. Yukon, Alaska. Indoor concentrations were measured at 0.61 m (breathing level during sleeping) in homes and at 1.52 m heights (breathing level of standing adult) in homes and office/commercial buildings. Air quality was better at both heights in cabins than frame homes both during times with and without surface-based inversions. In frame houses, concentrations were higher at 0.61 m than 1.52 m, while the opposite is true typically for cabins. Differences between shoulder season and summer indoor concentrations in residences were related to changes in heating, subsistence lifestyle and mosquito repellents. In summer, office and commercial buildings, air quality decreased due to increased indoor emissions related to increased use of equipment and mosquito pics as well as more merchandise. During summer indoor concentrations reached unhealthy for sensitive groups to hazardous conditions for extended times that even exceeded the high outdoor concentrations. Due to nearby wildfires, July mean outdoor concentrations were 55.3 μg·m-3 which exceeds the 24-h US National Ambient Air Quality Standard of 35 μg·m-3. Indoor and outdoor concentrations correlated the strongest with each other for office/commercial buildings, followed by frame houses and cabins. Office/commercial buildings with temperature monitors had one to two orders of magnitude lower concentrations than those without.

Human Health Risks from Exposure to Heavy Metals of Suspended Particulate Matter around the Tongon Gold Mine, Côte d’Ivoire

The Tongon mine, the largest gold mine in C?te d’Ivoire, has been in operation since April 2010. However, to our knowledge to date, no study has been conducted on metallic contamination in suspended particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) where there is a lack of information on the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk to human health associated with the exposure of populations in the Tongon area to these pollutants. The general objective of this study is to evaluate the level of contamination of PM10;PM2.5 by heavy metals and their impact on the health of populations exposed to these pollutants in the Tongon gold mine area. The sampling and measurement of suspended particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) were done using a MiniVol TAS passive air sampler. Heavy metal concentrations were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (Nex ION 2000 ICP-MS, USA). The results indicate that the average concentrations of suspended particles (PM2.5 and PM10) obtained are all above the recommended exposure limits. In addition, among the heavy metals contained in the suspended particles, the concentrations of arsenic and nickel are high and all above the standard limit values. The assessment of the health risks related to the inhalation of PM10 particles reveals that their inhalation over a long period could cause a carcinogenic risk.

Antagonistic Effects of N-acetylcysteine on Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathway Activation, Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Responses in Rats with PM2.5 Induced Lung Injuries

Objective To evaluate the antagonistic effects of N-acetylcysteine(NAC)on mitogen-activated protein kinases(MAPK)pathway activation,oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in rats with lung injury induced by fine particulate matter(PM2.5).Methods Forty eight male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups:blank control group(C1),water drip control group(C2),PM2.5 exposed group(P),low-dose NAC treated and PM2.5 exposed group(L),middle-dose NAC treated and PM2.5 exposed group(M),and high-dose NAC treated and PM2.5 exposed group(H).PM2.5 suspension(7.5 mg/kg)was administered tracheally once a week for four times.NAC of 125 mg/kg,250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg was delivered intragastrically to L,M and H group respectively by gavage(10 ml/kg)for six days before PM2.5 exposure.The histopathological changes and human mucin 5 subtype AC(MUC5AC)content in lung tissue of rats were evaluated.We investigated IL-6 in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF)by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA),MUC5AC in lung tissue homogenate by ELISA,glutathione peroxidase(GSH-PX)in serum and BALF by spectrophotometry,and the expression of p-ERK1/2,p-JNK1/2 and p-p38 proteins by Western blot.All the measurements were analyzed and compared statistically.Results Lung tissue of rats exposed to PM2.5 showed histological destruction and increased mucus secretion of bronchial epithelial cells.Rats receiving NAC treatment showed less histological destruction and mucus secretion.Of P,L,M and H group,MUC5AC in lung tissue,IL-6 in serum and BALF were higher than controls(C1 and C2)(all P<0.05),with the highest levels found in the P group and a decreasing trend with increase of NAC dose.The activity of GSH-PX in serum and BALF of PM2.5 exposed rats(P,L,M and H)was lower than that of controls(all P<0.05),with higher activities found in NAC treated rats(L,M,and H),and an increasing trend with increase of NAC dose.The expressions of p-ERK1/2,p-JNK1/2 and p-p38 proteins in PM2.5 exposed lung tissue(P,L,M and H)was higher than controls(all P<0.05),with decreased levels and dose dependent downregulation found in NAC treated rats.Conclusion NAC can antagonize major MAPK pathway activation,lung oxidative stress and inflammatory injury induced by PM2.5 in rats.

基于β射线法的新型PM2.5自动监测系统研究

近年来大颗粒物污染日趋严重,准确监测颗粒物PM2.5迫在眉睫。目前国外监测仪器已在国际上普遍使用,国内真正的知识产权产品比较少,产品的精度以及稳定性也有待提高。采用基于β射线法原理研制了PM2.5质量浓度在线监测系统,在仪器结构中提出采用原位检测的方法,并进行与标准称重法的比对实验来验证系统的可行性,结果表明两者测量数据的相关性为0.988。通过数据校正补偿后与监控站赛默飞仪器比对实时监测数据,日测量数据平均值相对偏差仅为1.8%。

燃煤锅炉PM2.5控制现状及改进建议

燃煤锅炉消耗大量煤炭,对大气环境中PM 2.5含量影响很大。对燃煤锅炉PM 2.5的治理是一个综合治理的过程,即包含一次可过滤颗粒物和一次可凝结颗粒物的治理,也包含对二次颗粒物前驱物SO2、NOx等的治理。本文从一次颗粒物和二次颗粒物治理角度,论述了燃煤锅炉PM 2.5的产生、控制现状,提出了PM 2.5控制技术的改进建议。

细颗粒物PM2.5对大鼠IL-10、IL-22表达的影响及百令胶囊的干预作用

目的观察细颗粒物(PM 2.5)对大鼠肺损伤的影响,探讨中药百令胶囊对肺损伤的保护作用。方法2019年9—10月于河北省人民医院动物研究中心进行实验。将40只Wistar雄性大鼠按随机数字表法分为空白对照组、PM2.5染毒组及PM2.5+百令胶囊低、中、高剂量组5组。除空白对照组外,其余4组每3天将PM2.5混悬液(10 m g/kg)经大鼠气管内滴入进行PM2.5染毒,共10次。在PM2.5染毒基础上,百令胶囊组分别以低(0.25 g/kg)、中(0.5 g/kg)、高(1 g/kg)3种不同剂量的百令胶囊悬液每日连续给予大鼠灌胃,共28 d;通过HE染色观察各组大鼠肺组织炎性病理变化,并应用ELISA法测定血清中白介素10(IL-10)、IL-22蛋白含量,利用实时荧光定量PCR法检测大鼠肺组织IL-10、IL-22 mRNA的表达。结果大鼠肺组织病理检查发现,PM2.5染毒组可见大量慢性炎性细胞浸润,百令胶囊干预各组较PM2.5染毒组炎性细胞浸润情况明显减轻。与空白对照组比较,PM2.5染毒组大鼠血清IL-10水平明显降低(t/P=27.758/0.000),血清IL-22水平明显升高(t/P=28.190/0.000)。与PM2.5染毒组比较,百令胶囊干预各组随剂量的增加,血清IL-10水平逐渐升高(F/P=224.867/0.000),而血清IL-22水平则逐渐下降(F/P=149.115/0.000)。Pearson相关分析表明:血清IL-10与IL-22水平呈负相关(r=0.960,P<0.05)。实时荧光定量PCR法检测法结果显示,与空白对照组比较,PM2.5染毒组肺组织IL-10 mRNA表达水平明显降低(t/P=61.342/0.000),肺组织IL-22 mRNA水平明显升高(t/P=55.298/0.000);与PM2.5染毒组比较,百令胶囊干预各组随剂量的增加,肺组织IL-10 mRNA水平逐渐升高(F/P=1131.931/0.000),而IL-22 mRNA水平则逐渐下降(F/P=604.257/0.000)。结论PM 2.5短期暴露可造成大鼠肺部炎性损害,百令胶囊可通过促进IL-10的分泌及表达,以及抑制IL-22的生成,对肺部起到保护作用。

山柰酚改善细颗粒物PM2.5诱导的老龄大鼠肺损伤的作用和机制研究

目的细颗粒物(PM2.5)被认为与多种呼吸系统问题有关,在老年人群中尤为显著。本研究旨在探索山柰酚是否可以治疗PM2.5诱导的老龄大鼠肺损伤,并探讨其潜在的作用机制。方法30只雄性Wistar大鼠(16个月龄)被随机分为5组:对照组、PM2.5暴露组和PM2.5暴露+山柰酚低剂量、中剂量和高剂量组。PM2.5暴露持续时间2周后,检测各组大鼠的肺功能、肺形态、炎症程度以及Toll样受体4(TLR4)/核因子-κB(NF-κB)信号通路相关蛋白的表达水平。结果与对照组相比,PM2.5暴露导致老龄大鼠发生显著的肺损伤,表现为明显的肺功能受损和组织病理学改变,支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中的炎性因子TNF-α和IL-6浓度增加,血液中炎性细胞比例改变,肺组织中TLR4的表达和核转录因子-κB(NF-κB)磷酸化水平增加。山柰酚的治疗则呈剂量依赖性地改善了PM2.5所致肺功能损伤和组织病理学改变,抑制炎性因子分泌和炎症细胞比例失衡,抑制了TLR4/NF-κB信号通路的激活。结论山柰酚能够对PM2.5暴露引起的老龄大鼠肺损伤产生保护作用,抑制炎症反应和结构损伤,其作用机制可能与抑制TLR4/NF-κB信号通路的激活相关。

临沂市冬季环境空气PM2.5中水溶性离子污染特征及来源分析

为探究临沂市冬季环境空气PM2.5中水溶性离子污染特征及来源,于2016年12月11日—2017年1月9日在临沂大学、兰山区政府、高新区翠湖嘉园、汤庄办事处、河东区政府、临沂开发区6个采样点开展样品采集.结果表明:①采样期间全市ρ(PM2.5)日均值的平均值为144.86 μg/m^3,ρ(PM2.5)日均值在2016年12月20日和2017年1月4日出现峰值,分别为304.46 和341.65 μg/m^3.②水溶性离子日均质量浓度大小顺序依次为ρ(NO3^-)>ρ(SO4^2-)>ρ(NH4^+)>ρ(Cl^-)>ρ(K^+)>ρ(Ca^2+)>ρ(Na^+)>ρ(F^-)>ρ(Mg^2+)>ρ(NO^2-),其中,在PM2.5中w(NO3^-)、w(SO4^2-)、w(NH4^+)分别为22.33%、16.57%、13.62%,说明NO3^-、SO4^2-和NH4^+是临沂市PM2.5的主要组成部分.③临沂市污染天和非污染天ρ(PM2.5)日均值分别为164.00和56.86 μg/m^3.随污染水平增加,PM2.5中w(NO3^-)明显增高,w(SO4^2-)和w(NH4^+)基本不变,说明w(NO3^-)的增加导致ρ(PM2.5)的升高.污染天和非污染天的NOR (氮氧化率)分别为0.28和 0.11,SOR (硫氧化率)分别为0.34和0.28,说明污染越重,NOR和SOR越高,并且NO x 的气-粒转化速率较SO 2慢.污染天ρ(Cl^-)和ρ(K^+)分别为7.22和1.77 μg/m^3,分别是非污染天的2.5和3.0倍.④采样期间非污染天和污染天的N/S 〔ρ(NO3^-)/ρ(SO4^2-)〕分别为0.85和1.39,说明非污染天时固定源对PM2.5的贡献相对较大,而污染天时移动源对PM2.5的贡献相对较大.⑤通过PMF模型法解析出3个因子.因子1对PM2.5中水溶性离子的贡献率为56.13%,代表二次源和生物质燃烧源;因子2的贡献率为25.22%,代表工业源和垃圾焚烧源;因子3的贡献率为18.65%,代表扬尘源.研究显示,临沂市冬季PM2.5污染严重,水溶性离子来源复杂,应采取多源控制的污染防治对策.

N-乙酰半胱氨酸对PM2.5致大鼠睾丸毒性的保护作用

目的探讨N-乙酰半胱氨酸(N-acetylcysteine,NAC)改善亚急性暴露于大气细颗粒物(particulate matter,PM)2.5致大鼠睾丸损伤的作用。方法30只Wistar大鼠随机分为3组,分别为生理盐水对照组、PM2.5暴露组、PM2.5+N-乙酰半胱氨酸组。通过气管内滴注的方法进行染毒,每次剂量为5.0 mg/kg,每周染毒一次,共8周;NAC组在PM2.5染毒的基础上,通过灌胃方式连续给予150 mg·kg^(-1)·d^(-1) NAC;生理盐水对照组通过气管内滴注同体积生理盐水(1 mL/kg)作为对照。造模后HE染色制作睾丸组织病理切片,TUNEL法检测睾丸凋亡情况,分光光度计法检测睾丸组织超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)、和丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)指标,酶联免疫吸附测定(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)法测定睾丸白细胞介素10(interleukin-10,IL-10)及睾酮水平。结果PM2.5暴露组和PM2.5+NAC组大鼠血清睾酮水平及睾丸组织GSH、SOD、IL-10水平均低于盐水对照组,睾丸组织MDA水平升高,PM2.5+NAC组睾酮水平及睾丸组织GSH、SOD、IL-10水平高于PM2.5组,睾丸组织MDA水平下降(P<0.05)。在PM2.5暴露组中,曲精小管中多个细胞核表现出明显的深棕色染色,TUNEL阳性细胞的计数明显高于盐水对照组和PM2.5+NAC组(P<0.05);而PM2.5+NAC组凋亡细胞数明显低于PM2.5组,但高于盐水对照组(P<0.05)。PM2.5暴露组和PM2.5+NAC组睾丸细胞凋亡指数高于盐水对照组,PM2.5+NAC组低于PM2.5暴露组(P<0.05)。结论PM2.5亚急性暴露可以造成大鼠睾丸组织病理损伤,诱导睾丸细胞凋亡,引起氧化炎症指标改变,而NAC作为一种抗氧化剂,可以明显改善上述损伤作用,对PM2.5致睾丸毒性作用具有拮抗作用。

Effect of exposure to ambient PM2.5 pollution on the risk of respiratory tract diseases： a meta-analysis of cohort studies

The International Agency for Research on Cancer and the World Health Organization have designated airborne particulates, including particulates of median aerodynamic diameter 〈 2.5 gm （PM2.5）, as Group 1 carcinogens. It has not been determined, however, whether exposure to ambient PM2.5 is associated with an increase in respiratory related diseases. This meta-analysis assessed the association between exposure to ambient fine particulate matter （PM2.5） and the risk of respiratory tract diseases, using relevant articles extracted from PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase. In results, of the 1,126 articles originally identified, 35 （3.1%） were included in this meta-analysis. PM2.5 was found to be associated with respiratory tract diseases. After subdivision by age group, respiratory tract disease, and continent, PM2.5 was strongly associated with respiratory tract diseases in children, in persons with cough, lower respiratory illness, and wheezing, and in individuals from North America, Europe, and Asia. The risk of respiratory tract diseases was greater for exposure to traffic-related than non-traffic-related air pollution. In children, the pooled relative risk （RR） represented significant increases in wheezing （8.2%）, cough （7.5%）, and lower respiratory illness （15.3%）. The pooled RRs in children were 1.091 （95%CI： 1.049, 1.135） for exposure to 〈 25 gg/m3 PM2.5, and 1.126 （95%CI： 1.067, l. 190） for exposure to 〉 25 gg/m3 PM2.5. In conclusion, exposure to ambient PM2.5 was significantly associated with the development of respiratory tract diseases, especially in children exposed to high concentrations of PM2.5.

Predictive Meteorological Factors for Elevated PM2.5 Levels at an Air Monitoring Station Near a Petrochemical Complex in Yunlin County, Taiwan

Since 1991, air pollution has gained special attention in Taiwan after a petrochemical complex was constructed in Mailiao Township, Yunlin County. We explored the association between the magnitude of PM2.5 and meteorological factors during 2012-2016. Our findings revealed that 1) mean PM2.5 levels gradually decreased from 30.70 μg/m3 in 2013 to 25.36 μg/m3 in 2016;2) wind speed is the main determinant of air quality—air quality significantly improved when it was faster than 4 m/sec;and 3) wind direction is another determinant of air quality—when the wind direction was southerly, air quality improved. Elevated PM2.5 levels were defined as those hourly levels higher than the third quartile (36 μg/m3). The significantly negative predictive factors for elevated PM2.5 levels were the summer or autumn seasons, rainfall, increased wind speed, and wind direction from 150&#176 to 230&#176 from the north. The significantly positive predictive factors for elevated PM2.5 levels were working hours from 6 a.m. to 2 p.m., a temperature between 11&#176C and 25&#176C, relative humidity between 40% and 68%, and wind direction (e.g., northerly wind, northeasterly wind, and easterly wind). The predictive formula is attached in the Appendix. Therefore, people should protect themselves on these high-risk days.

PM2.5与妊娠不良结局的相关性研究进展

大气污染对人体的不良健康影响已受到国内外学者的广泛关注,其中大气细颗粒物(PM2.5)不但会对机体的呼吸、心血管、免疫等系统带来损害,甚至还会威胁下一代健康。妊娠期女性完全暴露于一定浓度的PM2.5可能会引起早期妊娠丢失、死胎死产、低出生体重儿、早产、出生缺陷等不良妊娠结局,乃至会完全破坏子代的代谢等,导致其出生后会个别慢性疾病的易感率大大提升。在本研究中,笔者对PM2.5致妊娠不良结局的流行病学、动物学研究进度实施概述、分析等,以期为今后的研究提供参考。

哈尔滨市大气PM_(2.5)中五种金属成分复合暴露对人群死亡风险的影响

目的定量评估哈尔滨市大气PM_(2.5)中金属成分复合暴露对人群死亡的暴露-反应关系及联合效应大小。方法基于监测系统收集哈尔滨市2013—2018年每日死亡数据、每日气象和大气污染物数据。采集大气细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))并进行金属成分浓度测定,基于随机森林模型预测大气PM_(2.5)中每日金属成分浓度。运用分位数g计算回归(quantile g-computation,qgcomp)估计大气PM_(2.5)中金属成分复合暴露对非意外、心血管系统和呼吸系统疾病死亡的联合效应,并探索敏感暴露人群,最后采用加权分位数和回归(weighted quantile sum regression,WQS)进行敏感性分析。结果2013—2018年期间,哈尔滨市非意外、心血管系统和呼吸系统疾病日均死亡人数的中位数(M)分别为75、42和7例。大气PM_(2.5)多种金属成分复合暴露每增加一个四分位数,非意外死亡的相对风险(relative risk,RR)为1.026(95%CI:1.010~1.043);心血管系统疾病死亡风险的RR值为1.038(95%CI:1.016~1.060)。分层分析结果表明男性和≥60岁人群为大气PM_(2.5)金属复合暴露的敏感人群。敏感性分析进一步证实上述研究结果较稳健,且金属As对人群死亡贡献的权重最大。结论大气PM_(2.5)中金属成分复合暴露可增加人群非意外死亡和心血管系统疾病死亡的发生风险,且男性和≥60岁人群是金属复合暴露的敏感人群。

2022年南京市大气PM_(2.5)中多环芳烃污染特征及健康风险

目的了解南京市大气细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))中多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)污染特征,评估其健康风险。方法于2022年每月10—16日分别在江北新区和江宁区2个监测点开展PM_(2.5)和PAHs采样,分别采用称重法和高效液相色谱法测定PM_(2.5)和PAHs含量,利用健康风险评价模型评价PAHs的致癌风险。结果不同季节PM_(2.5)、PAHs和B[a]P的浓度存在差异(P<0.01),其中PM_(2.5)、PAHs浓度均是冬、春季高于夏、秋季,B[a]P浓度春季高于夏、秋季。两个监测点PAHs、B[a]P年均浓度、春季、夏季浓度的比较,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05),且江北新区均高于江宁区。两个监测点含量最高的多环芳烃是5环、其次是4环和6环。两个监测点3环、4环、5环、6环PAHs年均浓度均不同(P均<0.05),江北新区高于江宁区。PAHs年浓度中位数值对两个监测点人群的终生超额致癌风险均大于1.0×10^(-6)。PAHs年浓度95分位数对人群的年龄段超额致癌风险除江宁区0~2岁年龄段人群外,对其他年龄段人群的超额致癌风险均大于1×10^(-6)。结论南京市两个监测点大气PM_(2.5)中PAHs分布存在季节和地区差异,具有潜在的超额致癌风险。

北京地区紫外辐射长期变化特征分析研究

本文利用2005~2020年北京地区观测得到的辐射资料,揭示近十多年来北京地区紫外辐射的变化规律,同时对影响紫外辐射长期变化的主要因子进行了分析。结果表明,紫外辐射呈现出明显的日、季节变化特征。日变化呈现出单峰的变化规律,在正午时出现一天中的极大值,而早晚则是低值时段,极大值和极小值分别出现在中午12时(北京时,下同;16.26 W m^(−2))和上午08时(5.64 W m^(−2))。紫外辐射从春季开始逐渐增强,到夏季出现一年中的极大值,随后开始下降,直到冬季出现一年中的极小值,月均极大值和极小值分别出现在6月(12.17 W m^(−2))和12月(5.4 W m^(−2))。紫外辐射年均值为9.74 W m^(−2)。紫外辐射与晴空指数呈现正相关,与气溶胶光学厚度和大气细颗粒物PM_(2.5)呈现负相关。

2020—2022年海口市城区大气PM_(2.5)中重(类)金属组成及来源解析

目的探析海口市主城区大气PM_(2.5)中重(类)金属污染的组成和主要来源。方法于2020—2022年对海口市主城区进行逐月定期(10—16日)采集大气PM_(2.5)样品,每日持续采样时间不少于22 h;利用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测量PM_(2.5)样品中25种重(类)金属成分;对PM_(2.5)中检出率较高的16种重(类)金属成分采用正定矩阵因子分解模型(PMF)解析主要污染来源。结果2020—2022年海口市主城区大气PM_(2.5)质量浓度范围4.00~64.00μg/m^(3),均数(x±s)为(20.48±12.88)μg/m^(3)、中位数(M)17.00μg/m^(3)及四分位数间距(IQR)14.25μg/m^(3),年度间PM_(2.5)24小时平均浓度差异不具有统计学意义(χ^(2)=1.24,P>0.05);不同季节PM_(2.5)24小时平均浓度差异具有统计学意义(χ^(2)=44.86,P<0.01),PM_(2.5)24小时平均浓度(均数)高低顺序为冬季>秋季>春季>夏季;16种重(类)金属的质量浓度范围为0.01~1008.00 ng/m^(3),质量浓度M值由高到低依次为Fe>Al>Zn>Mn>Pb>Ba>Cu>Sr>Ni>Se>V>As>Sn>Cr>Cd>Li。PMF模型解析结果表明,PM_(2.5)中16种重(类)金属污染主要贡献来源以道路及土壤尘源(49.82%)和交通尾气源(36.96%)为主,次之贡献源有混合燃烧源(9.61%)、建材施工尘源(2.51%)和船舶燃油源(1.10%)。结论2020—2022年海口市大气PM_(2.5)质量浓度均未超过我国《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095-2012)24小时平均浓度二级限值(75μg/m^(3))水平,PM_(2.5)中重(类)金属构成主要以Fe、Al、Zn、Mn和Pb元素为主,其主要贡献源是道路及土壤尘源和交通尾气源。