Experimental investigation on micro-dynamic behavior of gas explosion suppression with SiO_2 fine powders

To study the effect of inert dust on gas explosion suppression mechanism,SiO_2 fine powders were sprayed to suppress premixed CH_4-Air gas explosion in a 20 L spherical experimental system.In the experiment,high speed schlieren image system was adopted to record explosion flame propagation behaviors,meanwhile,pressure transducers and ion current probes were used to clearly record the explosion flame dynamic characteristics.The experimental results show that the SiO_2 fine powders suppressed evidently the gas explosion flame,and reduced the peak value of pressure and flame speed by more than 40%.The ion current result shows that the SiO_2 super fine powders were easy to contact with and absorb free radicals near the combustion reaction region,which greatly reduced the combustion reaction intensity,and in turn influenced the flame propagation and pressure rising.

Influence of Recycled Concrete Fine Powder on Durability of Cement Mortar

In this paper,the durability of cement mortar prepared with a recycled-concrete fine powder(RFP)was examined;including the analysis of a variety of aspects,such as the carbonization,sulfate attack and chloride ion erosion resistance.The results indicate that the influence of RFP on these three aspects is different.The carbonization depth after 30 days and the chloride diffusion coefficient of mortar containing 10%RFP decreased by 13.3%and 28.19%.With a further increase in the RFP content,interconnected pores formed between the RFP particles,leading to an acceleration of the penetration rate of CO_(2)and Cl^(−).When the RFP content was less than 50%,the corrosion resistance coefficient of the compressive strength of the mortar was 0.84-1.05 after 90 days of sulfate attack.But the expansion and cracking of the mortar was effectively alleviated due to decrease of the gypsum production.Scanning electron microscope(SEM)analysis has confirmed that 10%RFP contributes to the formation of a dense microstructure in the cement mortar.

An investigation into flow mode transition and pressure fluctuations for fluidized dense-phase pneumatic conveying of fine powders

This paper presents the results of an ongoing investigation into the fluctuations of pressure signals due to solids-gas flows for dense-phase pneumatic conveying of fine powders. Pressure signals were obtained from pressure transducers installed along different locations of a pipeline for the fluidized dense-phase pneumatic conveying of fly ash （median particle diameter 30μm; particle density 2300 kg/m^3; loose- poured bulk density 700 kg/m^3） and white powder （median particle diameter 55 p.m; particle density 1600 kg/m^3 ; loose-poured bulk density 620 kg/m^3） from dilute to fluidized dense-phase. Standard deviation and Shannon entropy were employed to investigate the pressure signal fluctuations. It was found that there is an increase in the values of Shannon entropy and standard deviation for both of the prod- ucts along the flow direction through the straight pipe sections. However, both the Shannon entropy and standard deviation values tend to decrease after the flow through bend（s）, This result could be attributed to the deceleration of particles while flowing through the bends, resulting in dampened particle fluctua- tion and turbulence. Lower values of Shannon entropy in the early parts of the pipeline could be due to the non-suspension nature of flow （dense-phase）, i.e., there is a higher probability that the particles are concentrated toward the bottom of pipe, compared with dilute-phase or suspension flow （high velocity）, where the particles could be expected to be distributed homogenously throughout the pipe bore （as the flow is in suspension）. Changes in straight-pipe pneumatic conveying characteristics along the flow direction also indicate a change in the flow regime along the flow.

Ultrasound-assisted microfeeding of fine powders

Ultrasonic microfeeding of powders is a new and promising method for use in solid freeforming and pharmaceutical dosing. In this work, computer-controlled microfeeding systems using ultrasonic vibration of a capillary were built. A wide range of controlled, stable rates of flow and switching control were achieved in the acoustic vibration system and uniform powder doses were obtained in the ultrasonic system. Experimental results show that nozzle diameter, transmission fluid depth, waveform, voltage amplitude, frequency and oscillation duration all influence the dose mass. Among these factors, nozzle diameter, voltage amplitude and oscillation duration can be best used to control the dose mass. An artificial neural network （ANN） technique was applied to predict the dose mass. Based on these research results, four types of microfeeding were proposed.

IMPROVEMENT OF FLUIDIZABILITY OF FINE POWDERS--A COMPUTER STUDY

Simulations of the gas fluidization of a cohesive powder were performed usingthe Stokesian Dynamics method and an agglomeration-deagglomeration model to investigate methods ofimproving the fluidizability of fine powders. Three techniques (a) high gas velocity (b)vibration-assisted fluidization and (c) tapered fluidizer were used in the simulations whichprovided detailed information on the bed microscopy such as the motion of 100 particles in afluidizing vessel along with the formation and destruction of cohesive bonds during collisions.While all three techniques were found to effectively improve the fluidizability of a stronglycohesive powder, we suggest a combination of high velocity fluidization assisted by externalvibration of the fluidized bed to minimize entrainment of particles.

Flow properties of fine powders in powder coating

Three types of nanoparticles and their combinations were blended into a fine powder, which has been used in the powder coating industry. To study their effects on flow properties, the modified powder samples were characterized using a variety of techniques that tested the powder under different powder states ranging from dynamic to static. It was found that all three nanoparticles improved the flow properties of the powder to some degree, though the amounts of the nanoparticles needed were different depending on their physical properties. Secondly, inconsistency among these powder characterization techniques was also found. This is attributed to the different states of the powder samples during a measurement including dynamic, dynamic-static and static states. It was confirmed that characterization techniques which test the flow properties of a powder under all three states are needed to fully describe the flow properties of the powder. Finally, the effects of combinations of nanoparticles were explored, and it was found that combinations of nanoparticles can intensify, weaken or combine the effects of their component nanoparticles. The effects of nanoparticle combinations are not a simple summation of the effects of their comnonent nanoparticles.

Low-velocity pneumatic conveying in horizontal pipe for coarse particles and fine powders

First, the characteristics of low-velocity conveying of particles having different hardness are experimentally investigated in a horizontal pipeline in terms of flow pattern and pressure drop to show that the slug flow can be classified into two types depending on the settling of particles along the pipeline, and the period is small for slug flow without the settled layer, which is called solitary slug flow. The pressure drop for soft particles is shown to be larger than that for hard particles. Then, experimental results are presented on horizontal fluidized-bed conveying of fine powders to show that air release from the top surface of the conveying channel is an imnortant factor for high mass flow rate of particles.

FLUIDIZATION OF FINE POWDERS IN FLUIDIZED BEDS WITH AN UPWARD OR A DOWNWARD AIR JET

The hydrodynamic behavior of fine powders in jet-fluidized beds was studiednumerically and experimentally. The starting point of numerical simulation was the generalizedNavier-Stokes (N-S) equations for the gas and solids phases. The κ-ε turbulence model was used forhigh-speed gas jets in fluidized beds. Computation shows that a suitable turbulence model isnecessary to obtain agreement between the simulation and literature experimental data for ahigh-speed gas jet. The model was applied to simulating the fluidization of fine powders influidized beds with an upward or a downward air jet. An empirical cohesion model was obtained bycorrelating the cohesive force between fine particles using a cohetester. The cohesion model wasembedded into the two-fluid model to simulate the fluidization of fine powders in two-dimensional(2-D) beds. To study the fluidization behavior of fine and cohesive powders with a downward jet,experiments were performed in a 2-D bed. Agreement between the computed time-averaged porosity andmeasured data was obtained. With an upward jet in the bed center, the measured and computedporosities show a dilute central core, especially at very high jet velocities. Based on ourexperiments and computations, a downward jet located inside the bed is recommended to achieve bettermixing and contacting of gas and solids.

Effects of Curing Systems on Properties of High Volume Fine Mineral Powder RPC and Appearance of Hydrates

The effects of different curing systems on the properties of high volume fine mineral powder RPC （reactive powder concrete） and the appearances of hydrates were studied. The experimental results show that dry-heating curing promotes the development of pozzolanic reactivity of fine mineral powder; due to low cement content, 0.20 water-bind ratio and high reactive fine mineral powder content, the strength of RPC increases by around 200% after steam curing and subsequent dry-heating curing. Scanning electron microscopy and energy spectrum diagram showed that： after the high volume fine mineral powder RPC with 0.16 water-bind ratio underwent steam curing and dry-heating curing, there was no significant change in the appearance of hydrates; after the RPC with 0.20 water-bind ratio, the cement content of 150 kg/m3 and more steel slag powder underwent dry-heating curing, there was a certain change in the appearance of C-S-H, the structure of gel was more compact and was uniformly distributed, and the Ca/Si of C-S-H gel decreased from 1.41 to around 1.20.

AGGREGATE STRUCTURE OF FINE POWDER AND COMPACTION PROCESS

Compacting process of fine powder is greatly affected by the aggregate structure of particles. According to the experiment in which several kinds of silicon nitrides in different partical shape and size were compacted in uniaxialorientation, it is found that the volume compacting rate offorming body differs with the pressure. The aggregatestructure of each sample A, B or C was estimated by applying Cooper's equation to the analysis of the compacting process of each sample

Preparation of Strontium Bismuth Tantalum (SBT) Fine Powder by Sol-Gel Process Using Bismuth Subnitrate as Bismuth Source

Strontium bismuth tantalum (SBT) fine power was prepared by Sol-Gel method. Pentaethoxy tantalum, strontium acetate and bismuth subnitrate were used as raw materials, and were dissolved in proper order in ethylene glycol to form transparent sol. The mixed precursor was dried at 80℃ and annealed at 800℃ for 1 h. Crystallized nanometer sized SBT fine powder was obtained and characterized by XRD.

Influence and Characterization of Acidity on Fine Silicon Powder Immobilized Photocatalyst

TiO2 photocatalyst was supported with tetrabutyl titanate sol as precursor and fine silicon powder obtained from ferroalloys factory as carder to discuss the influence of pH value of gel precursor on microstructure and activity of photocatalyst in the process of synthesizing nano-TiO2 by using sol-gel method, the purpose of which is to provide fundamental data for the recycle of photocatalytic material. Under the irradiation of ultraviolet light, the photocatalytic degradation rate of methyl orange solution was used to characterize the photocatalytic activity of the sample. The specific surface area of the sample was tested by N2 desorption method, crystal form of TiO2 was analyzed by X-ray powder diffraction, and the microtopography of the sample was observed by scanning electron microscopy. The experimental results showed that the acidity of gel precursor could greatly affect the specific surface area and photocatalytic activity of the photocatalyst, and the optimum pH value of the precursor was determined as 2.0, and at this time the specific surface area of photocatalyst could reach 34.0 m^2/g. In the sample, the proporticn of anatase to rutile is 7：3, which makes l0 mg·L^-1 methyl orange solution fade after irradiation by 15W ultraviolet light for 24 h, and the degradation rate might be up to 98.1%.

Studies on Acid Leaching Methods for Fine Metal Powder Production

Two different processes (i) alloying followed by selective leaching of alloying constituent and (ii) controlled chemical attack of oversize powder stock were studied in some detail to assess their suitability for metal powder production. In a typical series of experiments on the alloying process, titanium, zirconium and nickel were alloyed with aluminium. The sample was then leached out with acid to yield the metals in powder form. The metal powders generally had a particle size spread in the range of <5 μm. The acid concentration and contact time were varied and both have influences on particle size of the final product. In the second process involving chemical attack of coarse powder, it is shown by taking the example of nickel that a range of particle size could be generated through close control of acid concentration and contact time.

Comparative Study on Super Fine Mesophase Powder and MCMB Used to Manufacture High-Density Isotropic Carbon Bulks

Mesocarbon microbeads （MCMB） and super fine mesophase powder （SFMP） were prepared firstly from a coal tar pitch and then hot-condensed into high-density isotropic carbon （HDIC） bulks under 160 MPa and finally sintered at 1 000 ℃. By analyzing the thermogravimetric behavior of the MCMB and SFMP powders, their volume shrinkage and weight loss during sintering and the bulk density and flexural strengths of their sintered bulks, it was found that the smaller sizes and the richer β-resin contents of SFMP ha）re facilitated formation of sintered bulks with more compact isotropic structure and higher flexural strengths than MCMB. Because of the filling and bonding effects of SFMP on MCMB bulks, addition of SFMP, albeit a little, can greatly increase the flexural strengths of sintered bulks of MCMB. However, adding MCMB, even a slight amount, into SFMP can severely impair the flexural strength of sintered bulks. This might be attributed to both the crack initiation along the boundaries between MCMB and SFMP and the formation of layered texture of MCMB sphere.

Researches on the Structure and Properties of Mullite Solid Solution Made from Industrial Waste

The waste slag from aluminum profile factory and silicon fine powder from ferroalloy factory were utilized as the main raw materials to synthesize mullite solid solution Al4＋2xSi2-xO10-x/2, whose defect formation mechanism, crystalline phase composition, crystal cell parameters, microstructures and morphologies were characterized in detail by XRD and SEM. The results show that because of the ultrafine particle size of the materials, the content of mullite solid solution synthesized by this method is higher than that by regular method. Keywords： waste slag from aluminum factory, silicon fine powder, mullite, solid solution

Validation of surface coating with nanoparticles to improve the flowability of fine cohesive powders

Fluidization of fine cohesive powders is seriously restricted by the strong interparticle cohesion. The rational combination of nanoparticles with fine cohesive powders is expected to obtain composite par- ticles with improved flowability. In this work, we firstly reviewed the sandwich and three-point contact models regarding the fundamental principles of nano-additives in reducing cohesiveness. Based on these previous models, the effects of the size of nanoparticles, their agglomeration and coverage on the surface of cohesive powders in reducing interparticle forces were theoretically analyzed. To validate the the- ory effectiveness for the irregularly shaped cohesive powders, an extreme case of cubic powders coated with silica nanoparticles was fabricated, and the flowability of the composite particles was determined experimentally. Ultimately, based oN force balance of a single particle, a semi-theoretical criterion for predicting the fluidization behavior of coated powders was developed to guide the practical applications of improving the flowability of cohesive powders through structural design and modulation.

Reduction of 1-3 mm iron ore by H_2 in a fluidized bed

The reduction of 1-3 mm fine powder of iron ore by H2 was conducted in a lab-fabricated kg class high temperature fluidized bed. The results show that the differential pressure in the fluidized bed, which has small fluctuation with time, increases with the increase of gas flowing velocity. The utilization ratio of gas decreases when the reaction lasts longer time indicating that the reaction is faster at the beginning of reduction and becomes slower in the latter process. The higher the reaction temperature is, the higher the utilization ratio of gas is, but the difference of utilization ratio among the different temperatures becomes smaller with time. The utilization ratio of gas and the metallization ratio can reach 9% and 84% respectively at 750℃ for 20 min, which shows the reduction reaction by H2 is very fast. The increase of metallization ratio with gas velocity performs quite good linearity, which shows that a higher velocity of reducing gas can be used to improve the productivity of the reactor when H2 is used as reducing gas. With the increase of charge height, the metallization ratio decreases, but the utilization ratio of gas increases. The reaction temperature can be reduced to 700-750℃ from 800-850℃ when H2 is used as reducing gas.

Commercial Processof Bi-based 2212 Single Phase Superconducting Precursor Powder

Laying emphasis on the preparation of Bi based 2212 single phase superconducting powder, some technological parameters, which effect the single phase degree and uniformity of powder, such as prebaking, sintering and heat treatment were investigated and discussed. Ensuring the powder T c at 83～85 K, the crucial impurity carbon was reduced to 0.03% and less. Adopting uncommon technique made the powder size to micrometer level, meanwhile the superconducting performance of the powder was unchanged. The fine superconducting powder was characterized. This process of Bi based 2212 superconducting powder was successful.

Study on the Durability of Recycled Powder Concrete against Sulfate Attack under Partial Immersion Condition

In order to make full use of waste recycled fine powder(RFP)in concrete and achieve the goal of carbon neutrality in the concrete industry,the durability of sulfate resistance is an important aspect of evaluating the performance of recycled powder concrete(RPC).Therefore,the durability of RPC under partial sulfate immersion was studied to provide theoretical guidance for understanding the erosion mechanism of RPC.The compressive strength,mass loss,and microstructure change patterns of RPC under partial immersion of 5%Na2SO4 and MgSO4 solutions were analyzed by cubic compressive strength,mass loss rate,SEM-EDS,and XRD.The results showed that the surface crystalline matter of concrete in Na2SO4 solution was mainly white powders,and that of concrete in MgSO4 solution was mainly transparent paste,both of which had a little spalling on the outer surface of the concrete.The compressive strength and mass loss rate of concrete with 20%RFP was relatively good,indicating that concrete with 20%RFP had better durability against sulfate.The compressive strength of the lower part of the concrete partially immersed in Na2SO4 solution was higher than that of the upper part and the strength of the lower part of RPC-2 was 3.11%higher than the upper part at 180 d;The pattern was reversed in the MgSO4 solution,where the strength of the lower part of RPC-2 was 19.74%lower than the upper part at 180 d.Microscopic analysis showed that the hydration products of RPC were mainly gypsum and ettringite,while the RPC produced more hydration products with the promotion of magnesium ion in the MgSO4 solution.The higher the replacement rate of RFP,the more frequent the gypsum-type failures in the concrete.