The Governance of Complementary Global Regimes Dealing With War and Crime:The Interaction Between the United Nations and the International Criminal Court

The establishment of an international judicial institution responsible to verify on a case-by-case basis when serious humanitarian crimes would fall within the competence of domestic judicial authorities,and when an international judiciary would be required is a visible accomplishment advocated for years.The important paradigm shift refers to governing the transitional challenges characterizing massive humanitarian escalations in conflict and post-conflict situations between the responsibility to protect civilians and the fight against the impunity of international crimes.In the current legislation of the UN the civilian protection duties are associated to the maintenance of peace and security and to the right of intervention in the domestic affairs of sovereign States for humanitarian reasons,extending further the reach of a criminal jurisdiction to punish the perpetrators.This has been the case in Darfur,Sudan,and Libya.Both these situations have been referred by the UN Security Council to the International Criminal Court(ICC).From an empirical perspective,it is still not demonstrated whether international criminal justice would have an impact on the maintenance and restoration of international peace and security,while its complementary role with global political regimes is in transition and deserves attention.The questions arising are as follow:how to rely on international criminal justice for the preservation,maintenance,and restoration of peace and security in extreme conflict zones,without solving the governance gaps during mass atrocity escalations characterized by jurisdictional referrals?Is this realistic considering the traditional concept of international security relying on old models of militarization,such as in the case of Libya?Are there political and strategic reasons for a postponement of accountability during such humanitarian interventions?In short,what kind of public authority is desired for the emerging regime of international criminal justice,and how would such tool function in the complexity of international governance?

Identify patterns of criminal law of causality

Understanding the causal relationship between the criminal law should start with the objective nature of behavior and then set out to determine whether there is the causal relationship between behavior and results, and then combine with the perpetrator＇ s subjective guilt to determine whether his conduct is harmful behavior, so as to determine the severity of his criminal responsibility. In criminal law the causal relationship between the harmful behavior and harmful results is an intrinsic, essential contact. Endangering behavior （i.e. reason） is generated with contingency; in criminal law causality itself is a dialectical unity of necessity and contingency. One should correctly distinguish causes and conditions in the cause and effect relationship; one cannot equate a causal relationship in criminal law with constituting crime and undertaking criminal responsibility. Criminal law of causality is the main content of a crime in an objective harm, which reflects the intrinsic link of the harm behavior and harm. Correctly solving the criminal law of causality is important for the solution how much criminal responsibility the armful behavior should bear.

The Criminal Law of Public Order as a Guardian of Public Interest in Terrorist Acts Scenario

Promotion of a model of the criminal law of public order represents an important point of reflection in criminal law doctrine. Public order, as a juridical good, has many predispositions to be exposed to criminal activity, and in this point of view, its special protection through criminal law norms constitutes a major concern of criminal legislation objectives. Criminal legislation （as a regulatory and modifying tool within society） is an intelligent social product It is a concrete expression of the important contribution of society in ensuring qualitative and quantitative relations of the model of public order. The latter finds expression as the object of a subjective right, which cannot be divided from the affirmation made by criminal legislation as a primary juridical good. In this context, the model of public order is associated with that of protection of general interest, in the subjective sense of the right to punish （ius puniendO, implemented by state authorities. In their universal meaning, all criminal offences in one way or another affect the normal functioning of public order, but terrorist acts can violate or impinge upon public order more closely and specifically. While affecting the designated model of public order, terrorist crimes put in question the architecture of the rule of law. In response to the mechanisms of terrorist offences, two main criminalization techniques are elaborated： （1） the classical technique of criminalization; and （2] the enumerative technique of criminalization. Criminal sanctions, by which the repression of this criminal vector is carried out, aim at ensuring not only the survival of human society, but also its cardinal values and interests, as well as the technical and scientific progress.

On the Criminal Law Protection of the Marine Ecological Environment

With the continuous and rapid development of the country’s economy and society,it has greatly promoted the leap of the marine economy and brought more severe challenges and tests to the protection of marine ecological environment.How to effectively measure the criminal law protection of the marine ecological environment and take effective measures Measures to deepen the effects of marine ecological environmental protection have become one of the focus topics of widespread concern in the industry.Based on this,this article first introduces the protection of marine ecological interests in China’s criminal law,analyzes the necessity of adjusting the ecological environment in criminal law,and discusses the deficiencies in China’s marine legal system and combines relevant practical experience to improve the marine environment.Various angles and aspects,such as laws and regulations related to resource crimes,put forward the basic approach to strengthen the criminal law protection of the marine ecological environment,and hope to help the practice of related work.

On the Constitutional Review of Correction Activity of Chinese Criminal Law

Chinese criminal law has been amended ten times, which includes a single line criminal law and nine amendments. By taking into account the provisions of the constitution, democracy, the essence of the rule of law and safeguarding the human rights, Chinese criminal law amendment activities have different degrees of violation of the constitution. Criminal law as a restriction of civil rights of the harsh laws, its final decision of correction should be held by the National People＇s Congress. At the same time, the time interval of the amendment of the criminal law is controlled within a reasonable range, unreasonable charges and actions whose main purpose is to explain that the criminal law are constantly decreased, and the criminal law that protects the rights to security is gradually created.

On the Criminal Protection of the Right to Education of Chinese Citizens——With a Review on Article 32 of the Amendment to the Criminal Law(Ⅺ)

The Amendment(Ⅺ)to the Criminal Law of the People’s Republic of China responds to the institutional needs of civic education,and supplements the clause of the Criminal Law on protection of citizens’right to education nuy means of Article 32.Imposing legal responsibility in the form of internal punishments,administrative punishments,and economic compensation have failed to prevent infringements on citizens’right to education.Its role as a"secondary protection law"is the conceptual obstacle that hinders the Criminal Law from effectively intervening in the field of citizens’right to education.The equivalence between the legal interests of people to the right to education and the rights protected by the existing charges in the Criminal Law is the legitimate basis for it to intervene in disputes over the right to education.Based on Article 32 of the Amendment(Ⅺ)to the Criminal Law of the People’s Republic of China,it is suggested to further clarify the prepositional law,improve the liability provisions for the right to education,change the modest and restrained view of the Criminal Law regarding protection of the right to education,and expand the behavior types of Article 32 provided in the Amendment(Ⅺ)in due time.

英文词汇在法学教学中的应用--以law,justice,criminal等词为例

法学源自西方,许多法律词汇的教学如果借助其英文表达将会事半功倍。像"法律"这样的基本法学概念,借助英文law能够更准确地揭示其内涵;像"司法"这样的法律理念,借助英文justice能够更深刻地传达其精神;像criminal(罪犯)这样的法律术语,借助中英文的不同表达,更容易让学生在比较中把握中西法律文化的不同。

Commentary on the Newly Implemented Amendment Ⅷ to the Criminal Law Concerning Children’s Rights in China

Amendment VIII to the Criminal Law of the PRC, which went into effect on hMay 1, 2011, is not only in line with the basic spirit of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and relevant international human rights treaties, but also is related to the priority area of the Program for The Development of Chinese Children （2011- 2020）. Thus, it helps to safeguard the rights of juveniles and strengthens criminal law protection of their rights and interests. In consideration of the weak position of juveniles and the criminal law means of protecting their rights and interests,

From Power to Rights: Interpreting Inscribing “To Respect and Protect Human Rights” in the Amended Criminal Procedure Law

Human rights are one of the widely acknowledged value systems in the international ,community. The core of human rights lies in the life and dignity of human beings. On the one hand, criminal procedure law is related to life and freedom, which is the concern of everybody. On the other hand, it involves direct dialogue between national power and citizens＇ fights.

Rule by Criminal Law is a Seismograph for the Protection of Human Rights

Criminal law involves crucial rights of the public,including property rights,political rights,freedom,and even life.As a result,on the one hand,any change to the rule by criminal law may have a significant impact on people’s lives;on the other hand,any change to the rule by criminal law is a highly sensitive issue.In view of these points,the rule by criminal law is often referred to as the seismograph for the protection of human rights,indicating the utmost importance of rule by criminal law

Effect of educational intervention on attitudes toward the concept of criminal responsibility

AIM To evaluate the effect of educational intervention on individuals' knowledge of and attitudes toward forensic mental health.METHODS We conducted a questionnaire regarding attitudes toward various ideas about forensic mental health. The respondents attended a 1-h seminar regarding forensic mental health after answering the questionnaire. On completion of the seminar, the respondents answered another questionnaire containing many of the same questions as contained in the pre-seminar questionnaire.RESULTS A total of 86 individuals attended the seminar, and 78 responded to the questionnaire. Only 13(18.8%) participants were supportive of the concept of criminal responsibility initially, and there was a statistically significant increase in those who became more supportive after the seminar, with 22(33%) being supportive after the seminar(Wilcoxon signed-rank test, P < 0.001). Logistic regression analysis revealed that participants who were skeptical about forensic mental systems and those with fewer opportunities to see media reports regarding psychiatry were likely to become supportive of criminal responsibility after the intervention.CONCLUSION These results suggest that public attitudes toward criminal responsibility and mental health can be influenced via educational interventions.

Legal Frame for Criminal Proceedings Against Juveniles in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina

The paper analyzes applicability of legal frame of international standards on the protection of juvenile rights which are expressed through the concept of protection of ＂the best interests of a child and juvenile＂, in view of the question whether the Federation of Bill performs appropriate activities and to which extent, and are there controversy points that need to be resolved separately. It points out the unknowns which the practices of the courts in the Federation of Bill have not yet completely resolved, and are related to the applicability of the new rules adopted by the Law on Protection and Treatment of Children and Juveniles in Criminal Proceedings of the Federation of Bill. Also, it presents a set of legal rules that regulate criminal proceedings against juveniles within the Federation of Bill, with a special emphasis on the basic characteristics of this process. Finally, possible solutions to the mentioned ambiguities and dilemmas are proposed in accordance with the principle of legal certainty as essential to addressees of the relevant legal norms

第四次《刑事诉讼法》修改的法治现代化期待

《刑事诉讼法》第四次修改已经纳入立法规划,本次修法的指导思想是吸收司法解释和解释性文件的合理规定,巩固司法改革成果,回应司法实践需要,遵循联合国刑事司法准则和国际通行的标准,反映社会发展的现实需要。此次改革不应采取“修正案”模式,而是采用法典化模式。该次修改应从体例结构到原则、制度和程序进行全面修改。在基本原则中当务之急是增加“无罪推定”和“直接言词”等原则。此次修法应当大幅度增加相关条文,至少增加至500条以上,一审程序应当增加至70条以上。修改应具有前瞻性,能保证适用30年以上。修改内容除了一审程序外,此次修法重点是辩护制度和证据制度。“特别程序”中应增设“涉案企业合规改革诉讼程序”“涉外犯罪案件诉讼程序”和“涉老案件诉讼程序”。

数据交易安全刑事合规的“软法”治理及清单模式

数据交易安全合规指参与数据交易活动的企业内外部各方主体进行的维护数据安全合规的治理活动。刑事治理是由各方主体参与的惩治和预防犯罪的过程,具有过程性。数据交易安全刑事合规是刑事治理的重要方面,可分为事前合规和事后合规两个阶段。《信息安全技术数据交易服务安全要求(征求意见稿)》和《上海数据交易所数据交易安全合规指引》及配套清单采取正面清单和负面清单的管理模式,列举了数据交易主体、数据安全管理体系、数据来源、数据产品可交易性等方面的合规要求。数据交易安全合规清单具有“软法”性质,“软法”与“硬法”相结合,形成企业刑事合规的规范体系。刑法根据数据交易主体及行为场景的差异,以不同的罪刑规范保护数据交易行为所涉及的多元法益。数据犯罪的空白罪状具有定罪指引作用,也为企业合规的开展留下了空间。在实践中应注重数据安全关联罪名适用与刑行衔接,将企业刑事合规融入刑事司法过程并与行政监管相协调。同时,积极发挥企业合规清单的刑事治理机能,构建和完善激励机制、滤罪机制、评估机制,实现合规清单治理的出罪机能与治本效果。

数字经济刑法客体的理论构造:安全与发展

全面发展数字经济的既定重大方针,已触发中国式数字经济刑法的萌芽与生长,也开启了传统经济刑法的数字转型。围绕传统经济刑法客体的讨论、分歧与共识,既凸显客体及内容的重要地位,也显示出理论研究的复杂性。尽管可以吸取上述讨论中的“先见”,但更应扎根数字经济,经由数字经济刑法的前提设定新的犯罪客体及其内容。现阶段,侧重围绕数据犯罪的客体论争虽具有一定的现实合理性,却也一定程度上遮蔽了数字经济刑法客体的特定性、整体性与周全性。全面兼顾安全与发展是数字经济的终极追求与价值根基,也应当是数字经济刑法的基本理念与一般规律。围绕数字经济的应用场景,结合数字经济刑法的内外生态,可将安全与发展的保护内容予以具体化、类型化。

刑法谦抑性的系统论考察

刑法谦抑原则建立在法律对政治权力的有效抑制的理论基础以及刑法系统功能分出的社会基础上。刑法谦抑成为刑法系统自我指涉与外部指涉的沟通语义结构,为国家暴力的正当化使用提供必要条件。刑法谦抑的“话语—制度”构建,推动了政治系统与刑法系统结构上的耦合机制。暴力适用的合法化(政治权力运作)与个体权利保护(刑法规范运作)并不矛盾,权利与权力具有共生特点。面对当代社会中系统与系统性危害的不断涌现,刑法的适用范围有所扩张,且这种扩张具有正当性。不能将刑法谦抑原则仅仅限定为刑法系统对政治权力决策的外部指涉。借助社会沟通的无主体属性,将刑法谦抑理论视为识别社会诸领域危害的语义结构,这与传统行为主义刑法观下的规范理论具有显著区别。这种路径并不意味着放弃行为概念,而是用功能主义去改造刑法谦抑原则的实质内涵,推动个体权利体系的更新,创造系统沟通连接新的可能性。

网络刑法的发展回溯与理论供源

传统刑法体系遭遇网络犯罪形态后频现应答疲态,预防性立法由此显身,开启由网络犯罪策动刑法转型的号角,但网络刑法的理论根基尚不稳。网络刑法的演进是网络社会发展与网络犯罪迸发共同作用下真实的渐显;网络空间社会思维是网络刑法的建构基石,衍生丰富的刑法学意义。网络安全秩序价值的相对优位与网络自由的并重、网络安全法益的统领地位与刑法任务变更、预防性理念的内在觉醒与审慎运行,是网络刑法的根基之本,框定网络刑法的发展脉络。刑法知识迁移是渐进的,网络犯罪、网络归责、网络制裁堪当生成网络刑法知识范畴的参照性“母版”,未来可创设网络刑法典以实现知识结构的创造性立法固化。

论未来刑法学的十大着力点

刑法教义学是随着刑法的立法和司法不断向前发展的,在我国法治现代化的建设中,刑法理论对法治现实的指导意义得以彰显。本文根据我国刑法教义学的理论研究现状,对未来刑法学研究的十个重点问题进行了论述。这十个问题既包括刑法方法论等理论问题,也包括正当防卫、单位犯罪和共同犯罪等刑法总论问题和法定犯、财产犯和秩序犯等刑法各论问题,基本上涵盖了刑法理论的各个重要内容,对于我国刑法教义学的未来发展起到了路线图的作用。

生态环境法典的罪刑条款设置

“《刑法典》是环境刑法更好的归属”的观点,只是一种主观判断,不一定符合事实;我国清末以来的刑法典都预设了多元刑事立法模式,单一刑法典模式不是由刑法典自身形成的,而是由于其他法律不设置罪刑条款形成的,生态环境法典应当直接设置环境犯罪的罪刑条款;罪刑条款应当与行为规则、行政处罚条款密切接近,故应采取分散型设置方式;行政刑法的特点是通过补强行为规则,确保行为规则的有效性,故生态环境法典中的罪刑条款通常采取行政犯的表述方式,但部分条款也可以采取刑法犯的表述方式;罪刑条款应以行政处罚条款为基础,通过增加不法要素与责任要素的方式,使环境犯罪具备应受刑罚处罚性;处理行政处罚与刑罚处罚的关系时,重在防止以刑罚处罚替代行政处罚;应当将行为人积极履行《民法典》规定的“修复生态环境责任”,规定为环境犯罪的减免处罚事由;生态环境法典中的罪刑条款设置应注重必要性、明确性、合理性、协调性,不必顾虑与现行刑法典中环境犯罪条款的重复与交叉。

单位犯罪成立条款的立法修正——以单位刑事责任理论为分析工具

有关单位犯罪的刑法规定的修改和完善,应以组织体责任论作为单位承担刑事责任根据的学理基础。在将单位与自然人刑事责任追究分别予以考量的前提下,必须厘清单位刑事责任与单位中自然人刑事责任的关系。相较于“平行方式”“总分方式”“剩余方式”,“连带方式”重视单位犯罪与自然人犯罪的特征,在定罪时形成必要兼顾,在量刑时形成彼此关照,因而在法理论证上更易形成说服力,在司法实践中也更具可操作性。在此基础上,探讨完善单位犯罪成立条件的具体路径:应借鉴《民法典》《公司法》等法律优化单位犯罪主体范围;从违反对外义务和对内义务理解单位犯罪的行为类型属于真正的不作为犯;单位不像自然人那般具备认识能力和控制能力,无法在单位犯罪中完全贯彻罪责主义或者主客观相统一原则;“事前合规”可从违反义务的角度以积极条件的方式加以规定,而“事后合规”则不应在定罪阶段予以考虑,应在量刑阶段作为减免单位责任的事由。